 So, what do we have? We have that Hume is trying to say that moral beliefs are justified by the passions, and they're justified by the passions as opposed to the understanding. Justified by the passions as opposed to the understanding. So, what you want, what you desire justifies your moral beliefs. What's true or what's false? Well, that's something different. The passions deal with desire. They deal with what you want. The understanding deals with what's true or what's false. Okay, so we can say this, and it's very easy to say this, but let's try practicing a little bit. So, let's take a look at a collection of statements, and let's ask ourselves. Are these statements from the passions, or are they from the understanding? Are these statements from the passions, or are they from the understanding? Okay, well, let's try one. The capital of Texas is Austin. All right, the capital of Texas is Austin. Well, yes, this is from the understanding. That should be pretty straightforward. That should be pretty obvious. All right, no matter what you might want, maybe you want the capital of Texas to be in Corpus Christi. That way we can have beach days with the state legislature. No, no matter what you might want, that's not going to change the fact that the capital of Texas is Austin. Where the capital is, is not determined by what you want. All right, let's try another one. Chocolate is good. Chocolate is good. Well, yeah, according to Hume, this is from the passions. And this is from the passions. Whether you want chocolate, whether it's good or whether it's bad, that determines by, excuse me, whether the chocolate is good or whether it's bad, that's determined by what you want. If you want chocolate, then yes, chocolate is good. If you don't want chocolate, I mean, first of all, I feel sorry for you because who could not want chocolate. But if you don't want chocolate, then that determines that chocolate is bad. Not some fact about the world, not some truth that's independent of what you want or believe. The only thing that determines whether chocolate is good or bad are your passions. So if you want chocolate, then chocolate is good. Water is composed of dihydrogen monoxide. And so it's composed of one oxygen molecule and there's one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. And it's very, very happy. Well, whether water is composed of dihydrogen monoxide or something else, that is not determined by what you want. That is determined by some fact of the world. That is true. That belief is from the understanding, not from the passions. That belief is from the understanding, not from the passions. You can want water to be composed of something else, but it's not going to change the fact that water is composed of something else. So water is composed of dihydrogen monoxide. That is from the understanding. All right. Now, so according to Hume, a Republican is the current President of the United States. That is determined by the understanding. That is determined by what is true in the world. Now, you may want it to be otherwise. You know, whether this is true or false, you might want it to be otherwise, but you don't get to change the political party of the current President of the United States. So a Republican is the current President of the United States. That's from the understanding, if it's true. That's from the understanding, if it's true. How about this? A Democrat would be a good President. You know, whether a Democrat's President or not, right? The statement is a Democrat would be a good President. Well, for Hume, that's from the passions. That's determined by what you want. Whether a Democrat or Republican is currently President is a different question of which one would be a good President according to Hume. So yeah, according to Hume, whether a Democrat would be a good President, that's determined by the passions, not by the understanding. Okay, let's try another one. A diet of hamburgers and french fries is an unhealthy diet. That is determined by the understanding. This is something that's true in the world. This is not true about what you desire. Plenty of people desire hamburgers and french fries, but that's not going to change the fact that if that's all that you eat, you will likely die very quickly. So yeah, a diet of hamburgers and french fries, that's an unhealthy diet. That's from the understanding. That's what's true or false. You can desire hamburgers, but that doesn't make them healthy. There is no life on Mars. Well, this is true in virtue of the understanding. You may want there to be life on Mars, but whether there's life on Mars or not, that is true in virtue of, well, what's happening on Mars, not in virtue of what you want. So this is from the understanding, not from the passions. Wait, did you guys see that? Hmm. Okay. So we've had a little practice. We've had a little practice with the difference between the passions and the understanding. And Hume says, passions justify moral beliefs. What you want determines what's moral or immoral.