 Good morning. Let's start a new topic which is solid waste management. So let's see what is waste management. Today we will be dealing on the solid waste. The other common type of waste is hospital waste which needs special precautions for collection, disposal and segregation. But in solid waste management the collection, segregation and disposal is not very critical because it doesn't involve any infectious material. But in biomedical waste there are a lot of infectious materials so it can cause and spread diseases like HIV, hepatitis B. So solid waste management what we see in our common day-to-day life we see the city waste or the municipality or the Punjab waste how the workers collect waste from different bins on the street on the roads and they transport it to some place, a common place and they dispose it. So this is what we are running today. The good solid waste management. So there are a lot of waste categories and its definition is not very important for us. So the basic principle of any waste is, especially solid waste is reduce, reuse and recycle. That is three hours of waste management. We need to reduce it like if we have disposable goods, paper plates, power or plastic spoons. Since we can reduce and reuse the items which can be reused should be considered and there should be recycling not just discarding. So solid waste management this will be the scenario first there will be a storage of waste then collection transport and handling recycling and disposal. So storage will be we know we have seen this type of bins in our streets and the collection, house to house collection and from the public bins the people scavengers will be collecting the waste to a common sport and some of the waste will be recycled and others will be disposed. So these are the basic methods of waste disposal. So the first one is dumping. So this is a commonly asked question dumping, control tipping, instant ration all these questions are very important for things here. So the common practice seen in our country especially in our country which is a third world country or a dialectic country is dumping. Second one is control tipping or sanitary landfill, incineration, composting, man up its sound. The first one is dumping. So the dumping is just dumping a waste on a common sport which is away from the public or which is away from city limits where the problems of this waste is not causing any nuisance to the public. So this is just dumping of whatever waste we collect from the streets roads households will dump in a low-lying area. So it is the most unsanitary method, most unacceptable method anywhere. It is not practiced in anywhere in Europe or western countries but still it is the most common practice adopted or happened to adopt in our country. So the problem is it is very openly placed so it is exposed to flies and rodents. The nuisance it may dispose by wing it will fall into a well reverse and it will contaminate our water drinking water. So they we just dump it and we are not looking back to it. So the next method is control tipping or sanitary landfill. It is somewhat a satisfactory method compared to our dumping because there will be a compacted earth that we cover the waste with earth at the end of each working day. So the problems of dumping are solved now because once we cover the waste with earth there won't be any nuisance or smell or chances of flying the waste into water bodies are solved. So where we place these waste is when we get a suitable land we keep the waste over there and we will compact it and cover it with excavated earth every day or on a regular interval so that it won't create nuisance to the public. There are three methods basically trench method, ram method and area method. So refuse is compacted on its exposed surface with excavated earth of 30 cm. So every day or on a regular interval this refuse or this waste will be covered with earth of 30 cm. So the first one is trench method. We create trenches. So we create trenches. We dig trenches of 6 to 10 feet deep and 12 to 36 feet wide. So what we do is we compact the refuse and cover with excavated earth. Whatever waste we have we put it into a trench of 6 to 10 feet deep and 12 to 36 feet wide and we put excavated earth over it. So refuse is filled up to 6 feet. So it can be used in one acre land per year for 10,000 population. So this is trench where a suitable land is available that is a flat land is available. But in ram method if we don't have a flat land and the area is a terrain or moderately the terrain is moderately sloping so you can go for a ram method. The same the same method but the problem is if it is a sloping area we have to dig in that fashion and the same pattern will be followed or we put the refuse and then we put the excavated earth. The area method is something like where we already have some land depression or disused quarries or clay pits. The land is already not available. So we go for some land depressions or quarries and clay pits. So the refuse is deposited part and consolidated in uniform layers for 6 to 8 weeks. Each layer is sealed with a mud cover at least 12 inches. The problem is we have to get the mud or excavated earth from outside because the land is already present in the trench and ram method we are excavating it. So the mud or excavated earth will be present at the site itself so you can just refill after the refuse. So in land depression or area method the excavated earth or mud is not present so we have to get the mud or excavated earth from outside and seal it. So sealing will prevent all the noises, smell, dust and infestation of flies and rodents. So what happens once you cover it with mud there will be chemical, bacteriological and physical action. So the temperature will keep on rising up to 60 degree Celsius or more within 7 days and kill all the pathogens and decomposition will happen. And it takes 4 to 6 months for a complete decomposition but what we do is we will not use the same site twice because the segregation or proper disposal has not happened. We just cover it with earth. The dumping site if you cover it with earth it becomes sanitary landfill or controlled tipping. The main problem of this one is see the landfill we dig it we cover it with earth after the refuse. Then after 4 to 6 months the decomposition will be complete. This is already present some area method the land depression. The main problem with this sanitary landfill method is that gas produced after 4 to 6 months is methane or the methane will be keep on producing and which is not a good byproduct from the waste because it is one of the contributing factor for global warming because since it is a greenhouse gas. So methane gas can cause global warming. So this is not also an acceptable method but it is way better than dumping. So we follow it. The third one is incineration. Actually this incineration is nothing but burning of the waste. This is most commonly used in medical waste management that will be delta in next class. Incineration the volume of waste will be drastically reduced. So it will be reduced to 20 to 30 percentage. So there are various types of incinerators single chamber double chamber and rod tricking. So that will be dealt in detail in when we study biomedical waste management. So this is solid waste management. So we have incinerators we have seen incinerators and portable incinerators are many places the common compostable materials will be composted and there will be refuse it will be refuse will be disposed to in area method or some other open spaces. So incineration is nothing but burning of the product or the waste. So the most acceptable and most commonly used practice by the question countries or European countries is composting. So compost is we have seen compost in our villages where the biogas we create from the compost and cow dunk compost we have seen. So it is a bacteriological action where the byproduct is carbon dioxide instead of methane. So carbon dioxide water and heat will be byproducts. So at the end of this composting process we get a compost which is of manual values we can use it for plants. So it is like combining the refuse with sledge. So sledge and refuse should be combined on a particular manner then only this composting will be proper and the proper compost will be produced. So we have three methods in compost one is bioclure method mechanical composting and vermicomposting. So the raw material is like organometer we can't add all the plastics and other stuffs which were not seen in our sanitary landfill or dumping. There no segregation was happened but in composting proper segregation should be there only organic matter we can include the other things we need to remove and we need to add water. So finally we produce humus which is humus microorganisms and it will become organic matter which is of manual values. You can use it for plants and refuse. So the common method is Bangalore method or it is also known as hot fermentation processor anaerobic method. It is invented by IASC in Bangalore Indian Council of Agricultural Research. So you have to dig a trench exactly 3 feet deep 5 to 8 feet broad and 15 to 30 feet long then only this process will work as planned. So what we do is we keep on adding refuse and night soil 15 centimeter 5 centimeter fashion. So first we add refuse then we land a layer of night soil refuse night soil refuse night soil and refuse and over the last layer. So by this length it will that the depth was 3 feet. So 3 feet is over so we will add excavated earth on this. So there will be bacterial action and there will be byproduct of carbon dioxide and water and heat. So over 4 to 6 months it will become a manure or compost that can be used for agricultural purpose. So this is Bangalore method. This is excavated earth placed. So underneath this refuse night soil layer is replaced for 3 feet. So 3 feet depth and 5 to 8 feet broad and 15 to 30 feet long. So you can see that 15 to 30 feet long 5 to 8 feet broad and 3 feet deep. So this is anaerobic method because we are covering it. So only now aerobic process will happen because absence of oxygen. So there will be anaerobic fermentation process will happen and reproduced carbon dioxide water and heat. So this is given by a scientist named L. N. Acharya. I was talking about IAC Bangalore in 1939. So this is anaerobic method and the material is allowed to use after 4 to 6 months. So whereas a mechanical composting, the second part of composting that is aerobic method. Anaerobic we are using anaerobic process but it is aerobic method. This is commonly used in western countries. So first the material will be screened and they will be pulverized. They will be crushed to a particle size less than 2 inches and they will mix it with the other refuse and they will incubate it and process completed in 4 to 6 weeks. So recycling will be the first part is we will screen it if it is pulverizable. So then we will crush into or we will degrade into very less amount, very less small particle that is less than 2 inch particle and mix it with other refuse or we can use it for other purpose because it is not anymore creating any nuisance or any other problems because we have destroyed it or we have reduced it to a less size. So 4 to 6 weeks it will be completed. So there will be big machines of this mechanical composting for pulverizing this material into less than 2 inches. So since it is happening in open air the machine will be always open so there will be oxygen contact all the time. So it is known as aerobic method. So the last one is vermicomposting. It is a kitchen waste and other waste we will keep it in a garbage. So after end of some 4 to 6 months we can use it for agricultural that is vermicomposting. We commonly use kitchen waste. The manopit is just a bit where it can be used like in our village homes the V2 pits commonly and they keep on adding cow dung where cows are there. Cow dung will be added to one pit with leaves and other waste and the other pit will be empty. So after 4 to 6 months after once the first pit is completed we cover it then we will keep on adding waste to the second pit. We wait for 4 to 6 months for the first pit to become a proper manure and we will use it for agricultural purpose. So the time being we can use second pit. We will always be needing 2 pits. So when we keep on adding until it fills then we use the second pit and we wait for 4 to 6 months for the first pit to become manure and the last one is buried. So when we go for a small camp of have a very small function we can use a trench of 1.5 meter wide and 2 meter deep and the refuse cover with 20 centimeter of excavated earth. So can be method and solid waste management. So these are the 6 methods of solid waste management. So I will just go for a recap. The first one is dumping. First one is dumping then control tipping of sanitary landfill. In dumping we just place it in open place, nuisance, rod and flies or contamination of water bodies all smell is problem. Control tipping we have trench method, ram method and area method. Trench method is when land is available. We put the refuse and we cover it with excavated earth. Ram method where the terrain is sloping and we follow the same trench 1.6 to 10 feet and 12 to 36 feet wide. So it can be used for 10,000 people for one year if one acre land is present. So area method is naturally occurring depressions of or resort lipids will be used and it is 6 to 8 feet. Refuse is added that at least 12 inches of excavated earth or mud should be placed over it. The problem is we have to get the mud or excavated earth from outside because it is already existing in land depressions clay or clay pits for quarries. So the chemical and battery physical and physical options will occur. Though there will be heat production 60 degree Celsius and 4 to 6 months. But the main problem is there will be methane gas production which is forced for global warming. Incineration is combustion. The volume will be drastically reduced. There will be simple chamber, double chamber and rotricans. It will be diluted by a medical base management. Composting is the most accepted method. It has bantleur, mechanical and vermicomposting. Instead of methane, the microctase, carbon dioxide, there will be proper desegregation and proper segregation of material. Only organic matter will be added to the pit. So finishing product or compost will be used for agricultural purpose. So bantleur method 3 into 5 into 8 feet into 15 to 30 feet long. This is deepness and broadness and length. So 15 centimeter refuse, 5 centimeter night soil will be kept on adding until 3 feet. Then we will add excavated work like this. And we will wait for 4 to 6 months as given by Eleanor Sharia in 1939 in the Institute of Science Bantleur. So there will be carbon dioxide production. So it can be used as a agricultural manner. So mechanical composting where the material is segregated, screened and pulverized into less than 2 inches and that will be used or that will be disposed. Once it is less than 2 inches, it won't have any problems such as noisons or any problem of a waste. So the vermicomposting also, kitchen waste will be added to the compost and we can use it for the agricultural purpose which is very eco-friendly. Manor pits we usually keep 2 manor pits, 1 get fields and we start using second. We cover it with earth in the first one after 4 to 6 months. Again we use 4 agricultural purpose. So there will be always 2 pits and burials for small camps. We take a trench of 1.5 meter and 2 meter deep. So that's all about soil waste management. Next I will come up with the hospital waste or bio-medical waste management. Thank you.