 Okay, we're now going to play around with this online calculator that uses the KIA identity to project future CO2 emissions, and this identity, as we now know, uses the fact that CO2 emissions are going to be a product of various terms that contribute to emissions growth, population, GDP per person, relative economic growth, energy intensity, the amount of energy we can get for a given amount of money, and carbon efficiency, how efficient we are at producing energy in a non-carbon intensive manner. So the idea is that population, we can use demographic projections that, for example, have global population leveling out somewhere around 11 billion later this century. Projections of relative, that is per capita economic growth that as the world becomes more industrialized, as developing nations develop more industrial economies that we're likely to see an increase in relative economic expansion per person. Energy intensity in principle should decrease over time as we develop more efficient means of obtaining energy. We will decrease the cost in dollars for a given watt of power. And finally, carbon efficiency. As we switch over to less carbon intensive sources of energy, we will decrease over time the amount of carbon that we emit for each unit of power, say a terawatt of power. So we can calculate CO2 emissions trajectories as a product of these various terms. Now let's use the default values that are set in the calculator and do the calculation. And here we go. This red curve is the projected future carbon emissions given the values that we've chosen for the various terms. And the blue pluses here show historical values of carbon emissions. And so we can sort of see how our projection ties into the past historical trends. We can use a carbon cycle model that involves some assumptions about both the oceans and the terrestrial biosphere that calculates the changes in CO2 concentrations over time given this carbon emission scenario. And the red curve is what we're projecting for future CO2. By 2100, we reach about 700 parts per million. And you can compare that trajectory to various stabilization scenarios. The green curve shows what CO2 concentrations would be if we were to stabilize CO2 concentrations at 350 parts per million. The blue is 450 parts per million. And so on. The yellow is 750 parts per million, eventually CO2 concentration stabilizes at 750 parts per million in that stabilization scenario. So we can see how our projected emissions are comparing with various stabilization scenarios. And if we take this as sort of business as usual, these various assumptions about population GDP, energy intensity, and carbon efficiency, then we see that, in fact, will be well over the 750 stabilization scenario will already be at 700 parts per million at 2100 with CO2 continuing to rise. We can calculate accordingly the amount of carbon-free energy we would need given the assumptions of population, energy intensity. We can calculate how much carbon-free energy we would need to produce to meet our energy demands if we are to keep CO2 to the specified level. And so we see the amount of carbon-free energy that would be required in the various CO2 stabilization scenarios. And the red curve is the amount of carbon-free energy that we would need to produce.