 In our last session, we were talking about the ethics theory and again of its different implications and its comprehension and its further elaboration and its contextualization based upon different scenarios, circumstances and institution. Now today, ladies and gentlemen, we are going to talk about the four patis. The four patis is based upon the feminist ethics theory, which emphasizes on empathy, but there are three other patis, ladies and gentlemen. The three other patis are sympathy, apathy and antipathy. Now it is very important to understand all of these four patis because it has a very intense and very deep impact on organizations, on organizational behavior and on even the sector performance of different institutions. Now when we look at, for example, the first pati which is sympathy, then sympathy basically is reactive and tends to elaborate upon the reactive negativity which tends to exist. We cannot sympathize if someone gets promoted. We cannot sympathize if someone gets a jackpot. We cannot sympathize if some venture capitalist gives millions of dollars to a particular startup. We cannot sympathize if someone is sick. We can sympathize if someone is sick. Now what does that mean? That basically means that we always sympathize with someone or an institution when something goes wrong, not when something is going right. So this contextualization of sympathy basically is about something negative happening and secondly it is reactive. You cannot sympathize proactively. You cannot sympathize with someone saying that, I sympathize with you because I think you are going to become sick tomorrow, no. You will sympathize with someone when someone is sick. You can sympathize with an organization when it reflects bad performance or bad results. You cannot project sympathy. Now what is apathy? Apathy basically emerges from the word indifference. Behisi and that basically means that when some stakeholder or someone is not concerned, does not care just to share with you an example. For example, if there is an accident and two people get injured and everyone comes around just to see what has happened but no one takes the injured to the hospital, then this is apathy. If the price of sugar is exponentially increasing and no one is doing anything about it, that is apathy. If the labour is not getting its rights, then that is apathy. If the different stakeholders in an organization are not fulfilling their roles and responsibilities, then that is apathy. So indifference. Antipathy is a step beyond. Antipathy basically means enjoying the pain or displeasure of someone else. It tends to connote that I win when you lose or when you suffer. So when we talk about antipathy, it basically is a negative extreme of something wrong. Now antipathy again can be correlated to sadism, to sadistic approach and again the suffering of others. And that is unethical. We cannot enjoy the suffering of others. We cannot celebrate the pain of someone else or the loss of someone else because that is an antipathy. Now when we talk about empathy, then empathy is putting yourself in someone's shoes. Understanding the different implications, the different perceptions, the different constraints and limitations, the different expectations. Empathy is when someone in the organization is concerned about others and before they ask, that person will do something for them, putting yourself into the other person's shoes. So in short ladies and gentlemen, we should try to increase our empathy. We should try to increase our sympathy. We should try to decrease our empathy and we should do away with our antipathy. That will make you a better individual and better individuals make better organization. The second thing in the feminist ethics theory is, is creating healthy social relationship and that basically connotes inclusivity and diversity, tolerance, equity, respect for each other, providing other a chance to go forward. That healthy social relationship is not about bondage only in work but is also about bondage after work. It is about developing a family fabric within the organization, which would lead to loving care for each other and definitely the avoidance of harm and intruding upon someone's harm so that someone cannot get harm. It is a higher pedestal of values, it is a higher comprehension of humanity and it is the very essence of corporate governance of how we should conduct ourselves, of how we should behave, what is our thinking process, what is our attitude, this is what matters. So organizations are not built of bricks and mortars only. Organizations are built by humans and those humans have four very strong emotions empathy, sympathy, apathy, antipathy. Do away with antipathy and apathy and try to enhance sympathy and empathy. So therefore organizations should not only be profit centric but should be human focus. Add value and optimize in human resource, it would lead to higher performance and profits for organization and that is food for thought ladies and gentlemen till our next session. Thank you so much.