 Welcome. I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Panayan grammar. Currently we are studying Hal Sandhi or Consonant Sandhi. Hal Sandhi is the Sandhi which replaces Hal. Hal is a Consonant. We stated that Hal Sandhi can be classified broadly into two, Ekasthanika Ekadesha where there is one substituent which gets replaced by one substitute and the second one is Ekasthanika Dvyadesha, one substituent being substituted or replaced by two substitutes. The Ekasthanika Ekadesha is further classified into two, Burbanimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha and also Burbanimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha. This classification is explicitly stated primarily because of the use of the instrumental case in the Hal Sandhi. Notably, the Shchutva Sandhi and the Shchutva Sandhi. The Sutras, Stostunash Chuhu and Shtunash Tuhu, these two Sutras state the Shchutva Sandhi and the Shchutva Sandhi respectively and while stating these two Sandhis, the Sutra employs the instrumental case which is very unique. This did not happen in the Achh Sandhi and it is not going to happen also in the Visarga Sandhi as well as the Swadhisandhi. This is a peculiarity only of Hal Sandhi and that is the reason why this particular classification of Burbanimittaka and Paranimittaka has to be explicitly stated. Currently we are dealing with the Paranimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha and this is represented diagrammatically in this fashion where you have A followed by B and they are in close proximity in the Samhita mode where B is the Paranimitta right hand side environment. In this environment A gets substituted by C. So, Paranimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha right hand side environment in that environment one substitute event A is substituted by one substitute namely C. The input is A plus B and the output is C plus B. A is replaced by C. We are looking at the Anusvara Sandhi as well as the Parasavarana Sandhi in this particular context and we have already seen the Sutras explaining these two types of Sandhis. We also studied the examples of Ma occurring at the end of the Pada and then Ma is substituted by an Anusvara and then that Anusvara gets substituted by a Parasavarana optionally by the application of the Sutra Vapadantasya. Now in this lecture we study examples of some other types. For example, Ma coming at the end of an internal Pada. We have already studied the concept of internal Pada. Internal Pada is the term that is applied to a Pratipadika when certain suffixes follow. They start with the Sutra 412 and continue up to 5, 4, 160. In all these Sutras several suffixes are stated. Now starting from 412 omitting the first 5 if you look at the rest of them then in this particular set the suffixes that begin with consonants when they follow the Pratipadika which comes immediately before them is termed as Pada. For example, this Bhaam suffix. Bhaam is a consonant beginning suffix stated in 412. It is not amongst the first 5 and therefore when Bhaam follows Pum which is a Pratipadika actually its Pums sir is deleted. This Pums becomes Pada internally. This is the internal Pada. So, this Pum Pratipadika is an internal Pada in the environment of the consonant beginning suffix and so on. So, here are some examples where Ma coming at the end of the internal Pada becomes the substituent for the application of Monus Swaraha and that Ma is substituted by the Anus Swara by the application of the rule Monus Swaraha. So, when we have Pum plus Bhaam the Pratipadika actually is Pums plus Bhaam and so sir is deleted. Now we have Pum plus Bhaam and in this case now Pum plus Bhaam this Ma coming at the end of the Pada is substituted by an Anus Swara. So, we have Pum plus Bhaam as the output generated by the application of the Sutra Monus Swaraha. Then this becomes the input for Anus Swara and then this Anus Swara is substituted by the Prus Swara of this Bha and the nasal Prus Swara of this Bha is Ma so we get Pum Bhaam. This Anus Swara gets substituted by Ma and so we get the form Pum Bhaam as the output. Similarly, we have Kim plus Bhaam once again the suffix Bhaam is taken and Kim is the Pratipadika. So, Kim is the Pada because this is the consonant beginning suffix stated in 412 and this is not amongst the first five this is the instrumental dative and ablative dual suffix and so this is a Pada and Ma coming at the end of a Pada Monus Swara applies and substitutes Ma by an Anus Swara in this way and we have Kim plus Bhaam as the output generated. Then we have once again Anus Swara getting substituted by Ma so we have Kim plus Bhaam and Kim Bhaam. Here is one more example where we have Chiram plus Tanna. Tanna is the suffix stated by the Sutra in Panines grammar. This is the Sutra in the fourth chapter and Tanna is the suffix over there. Chiram is the Pada to which this suffix Tanna is added. So, now this Ma coming at the end of this Pratipadika Chiram followed by a consonant beginning suffix stated in the fourth chapter. So, this Ma becomes an Anus Swara by the application of the Sutra Monus Swara. So, this is the output generated Chiram and Tanna. This becomes an input for Anus Swara. And so this Anus Swara is substituted by the Savarna of the para sound that is T and the nasal para Savarna of the is Na. So, we have Chiram and Tanna and so we get Chiram Tanna as the desired output generated. This is how Ma coming at the end of the internal Pada gets substituted by the Anus Swara and that Anus Swara then gets substituted by the Para Savarna. After having studied the Anus Swara substitute that takes place of Ma. Let us now Ma coming at the end of a Pada. Let us now study examples of this Sutra Nascha Padantasya Jali in which consonants Na and Ma coming in the middle of the Pada and not at the end of the Pada when Jhal follows are substituted by an Anus Swara. We have already studied this Sutra. Let us take a recap of the meaning of this Sutra and then let us go study the examples of this particular Sutra. What this Sutra means is the following. Immediately before a Jhal sounds Na and also Ma which appear not at the end of a Pada are substituted by an Anus Swara. What is a Jhal? Jhal means all consonants minus the 5th as well as Yavorla. This is a Jhal. So, I repeat immediately before a Jhal sounds Na and Ma which appear not at the end of a Pada are substituted by an Anus Swara. So, if we have Na and Ma coming in the middle of the Pada not at the end of a Pada followed by Jhal. So, this must be part of the same Pada Na or Ma plus Jhal and then this Na or Ma is substituted by an Anus Swara. So, we get the output Anus Swara plus Jhal by the application of this particular Sutra. So, this can be shown in the form of a diagram in this manner. These are the various examples and in this case we are following the order of the sounds stated in the Jhal Pratyahar that is Jabhain, Ghadadhas, Jabhagadhas etc. So, first we have the example of the verbal root where Bh, comes at the end of the verbal root and Na comes before this Bh. So, we have Skan Bh the verbal root. Skan Bh, this Na is not occurring at the end of the Pada. Obviously Bh is the Jhal that comes immediately after it. So, now this Na is substituted by an Anus Swara by the application of the Sutra. This is the output generated. Skan Bh. And then Anus Swara, this Sutra applies and then this Anus Swara is substituted by the Parasavarna, the Savarna of Bh. The nasal Parasavarna of Bh is Ma. So, this is the output generated Skan Bh. This is the verbal root. In fact, all the examples shown on these slides, they are that of the verbal roots. So, for example, the verbal root stated is One Gh, where Na is followed by Gh. Gh is Jhal. So, immediately before this Jhal, Na is substituted by an Anus Swara by the application of this particular Sutra, Nascha Padantasya Jhali. And so, the output generated is One Gh. Anus Swara is the substitute. And then this becomes an input for Anus Swara is the Parasavarna. And so, this Anus Swara is substituted by the Savarna of this Gh, which is the nasal Parasavarna, which is Na. And so, the output generated by the application of Anus Swara is Yai Parasavarna, is One Gh. This is still a verbal root and then it is further processed. Similarly, Bandh. Na is followed by Dh, which is part of Jhal. And so, Nascha Padantasya Jhali applies. And then this Na is substituted by an Anus Swara. So, we get Bandh. This becomes an input for Anus Swara Yai Parasavarna. And this Anus Swara is substituted by the Savarna of Dh. The nasal Savarna of this Dh is Na. So, the output generated by the application of 8458 Anus Swara Yai Parasavarna is Bandh. This is still a verbal root and then this is processed further. Similarly, we have Janj, the verbal root, in which Na is followed by J, which is a Jhal. And so, Nascha Padantasya Jhali applies, which substitutes this Na by an Anus Swara and this particular output is generated. This becomes an input for Anus Swara Yai Parasavarna. And this Anus Swara is substituted by the Parasavarna. The nasal Savarna of this J is Yau. So, the output generated is Janj. Similarly, we have Kumbh, in which Na is followed by Bh, which is a Jhal. So, Nascha Padantasya Jhali applies and the output generated is Kumbh, where Anus Swara is the substitution. And then this becomes an input for Anus Swara Yai Parasavarna. And so, this Anus Swara is substituted by the Savarna of this Bh. The nasal Savarna of this Bh is Ma. So, the output generated is Kumbh. Then we have Ranga and Na is followed by G, which is a Jhal. So, Na is substituted by an Anus Swara, Ranga, by the application of the Sutra Nascha Padantasya Jhali. And then this becomes an input for Anus Swara Yai Parasavarna. So, this Anus Swara is substituted by the Savarna of this G. And the nasal Savarna of this G is Ma. So, the output generated is Ranga. Similarly, we have the verbal root Gand. And then this Na is followed by D that is a Jhal. And so, Nascha Padantasya Jhali applies and the output generated is Gand. And then this Anus Swara is substituted by the Savarna of this D. The nasal Savarna of D is So, the output generated is Gand. Similarly, Klanda is followed by D which is a Jhal. So, Nascha Padantasya Jhali applies and the output generated is this Klanda. And this becomes the input for Anus Swara Yai Parasavarna. And so, the Anus Swara gets substituted by the Savarna of D. The nasal Savarna of D is Na. So, the output generated is Klanda. Then we have Unkhna followed by Kh, which is a Jhal. So, Anus Swara Yai. So, Nascha Padantasya Jhali applies and substitutes this Na by an Anus Swara Unkhna. And then Anus Swara Yai Parasavarna applies which substitutes this Anus Swara by the Savarna of this Kh. So, the nasal Savarna of Kh is Na. So, we get the output generated Unkhna. Similarly, Tunph, Na is followed by Ph. The Strapadantasya Jhali applies and the output generated is the Anus Swara Tunph. Anus Swara Yai Parasavarna applies and the output generated is Tunph. Similarly, Unkhna, where Na is followed by Kh, Nascha Padantasya Jhali applies and the output generated is Unkhna. Anus Swara Yai Parasavarna applies and the output generated is Unkhna. Similarly, Mantha is the verbal root where Na is followed by Th and the Strapadantasya Jhali applies and this Na is substituted by an Anus Swara Mantha and then Anus Swara Yai Parasavarna applies and this Anus Swara is substituted by the Savarna of Th and the nasal Savarna of Th is Na. So, the output generated is Mantha. Similarly, we have Puntha as the verbal root. Na is followed by Th. So, Na is substituted by an Anus Swara by the Strapadantasya Jhali and then this becomes an input for the Strapadantasya Yai Parasavarna. So, this Anus Swara is substituted by the Savarna of Th. The nasal Savarna of Th is Na. So, we have Puntha as the output generated. Similarly, we have Mancha where Na is followed by Ch. So, Na is substituted by Anus Swara by the application of the sutra Nascha Padantasya Jhali and then Anus Swara Yai Parasavarna applies and substitutes this Anus Swara by the Savarna of Ch. The nasal Savarna of Ch is Na. So, we have the output Mancha. Similarly, Runtha Na is followed by Th. Strapadantasya Jhali applies and Anus Swara is the substitution that replaces Na. So, we get Runtha as the output. This becomes the input for Anus Swara Yai Parasavarna and this Anus Swara is then substituted by the Savarna of Th which is the nasal Savarna. So, we get the output Runtha. Then we have Anta the verbal root where Na is followed by Th. So, Nascha Padantasya Jhali applies and this Na is substituted by Anus Swara. So, we get Anta as the output. This becomes the input for Anus Swara Yai Parasavarna and so this Anus Swara is substituted by Na. We get the output Anta. Then we have Mancha as the verbal root where Na is followed by K. Nascha Padantasya Jhali applies and substitutes this Na by an Anus Swara. Mancha, Anus Swara Yai Parasavarna applies and substitutes this Anus Swara by the Savarna of K. The nasal Savarna of K is Na. So, the output generated is Mancha. Then we have Kanpa the verbal root in which Na is followed by Pa which is Jhal and so we get Na substituted by Anus Swara Kanpa in this fashion. Anus Swara Yai Parasavarna will apply and will substitute this Anus Swara by Ma. So, we get Kanpa. Then we have Ninsu Na followed by Sav which is the Jhal. So, Na becomes an Anus Swara. So, we have Nimsu. Now, this sir does not appear in the Pratyahara Yai. So, there is no scope for Parasavarna substitution. This Anus Swara remains as it is. Similarly, Brin Ha, Na is followed by Ha which is the Jhal. So, Na gets substituted by an Anus Swara. So, we get Brum Ha. Now, this Ha is not part of Yai. So, this Anus Swara is not further processed. No further substitution takes place. These are the examples of Na coming at the in the Pada not at the end of the Pada followed by Jhal. Let us take an example where Ma is coming in the middle of a Pada and is followed by Jhal and then this Ma gets substituted by the Anus Swara. For example, we have Ah and Kram plus Sia plus Te and this Ma is followed by Sir which is a Jhal and this is in the middle of the Pada not at the end of a Pada. So, this Ma is substituted by an Anus Swara, Ah Kram Sia Te. Similarly, let us take some more examples of Para Savarna within a Pada. For example, the word Anka, this Anus Swara is to be substituted by a Savarna of K which is the nasal Savarna of K which is Ng. So, Anka, the word Anka in Sanskrit should be written like this Anka and not like this. Similarly, Pancha and this Anus Swara takes the nasal Savarna substitute of Ch and so the substitution is here. So, the word derived is Pancha. Similarly, Kantha, the nasal substitute of Th which is nasal that becomes the substitute in place of Anus Swara. So, we get the output Kantha always. Similarly, Vind and the Para Savarna of this Anus Swara is Na. So, we always get Vind. So, always write Go Vind with this Na. Similarly, Shampa and this Anus Swara is followed by Per. So, this Anus Swara always gets substituted by the Savarna of Per. So, the nasal Savarna of Per is Ma. So, the output generated is Shampa with Ma. This is how Para Savarna works in a Pada. Para Savarna within a Pada is obligatory or mandatory. Only at the end of a Pada it is optional. This is very important to remember. After having studied the Anus Swara Sandhi and Para Savarna Sandhi in detail with several examples, let us now look at Para Savarna Sandhi in some other environment. This is different than the Para Savarna that comes in place of Anus Swara. This Para Savarna is replacing two. That is why this is slightly different. So, let us study Para Savarna Sandhi in another environment, namely in place of two. The Sutra stating this particular fact is Thorli, at 460. Thorli has got two Padas, Toho and Li. Toho is 6 slash 1 of 2. 2 stands for Tathadadhana and 6 slash 1 is in place of. So, in place of 2 that is Tathadadhana is the meaning of Toho. Li is 7 slash 1 of Le, which means immediately before the sound Le. Para Savarna is 1 slash 1 of Para Savarna which is continued from the previous Sutra Anus Swara Sandhi. Having put all these words and their meanings together, we get the meaning of the Sutra Thorli, at 460 stating the Para Savarna. Immediately before the sound Le, 2 will be substituted by the homogeneous of the latter that is Le. I repeat immediately before the sound Le, 2 will be substituted Toho by the homogeneous of the latter Para Savarna that is Le in this particular case. So, these will be the template examples. When we have Th followed by Le, this Th will be replaced by Le and the output generated is Le plus Le. Similarly, Th plus Le will be the input, Thorli, at 460 applies and the output generated is Le plus Le. Similarly, Th plus Le is the input and the output generated is Le plus Le again. Similarly, Th plus Le is the input, Th is substituted by Le. So, the output generated is l plus l. Then we have n plus l as the input and the output generated is the nasal l. N is nasal and so the substitution over here which is closest to n is nasal l. This is also the sovereign of per sound l. So this is the overall substitute nasal l. Let us now look at the specific examples. So th plus l is the input and l plus l is the output and here are the examples. Yet plus l over. So th is the sthani followed by l. This is the compound. So samhita is obligatory. This th is substituted by l by the application of the sutra, torli and finally we get l l, opa, a compound. Similarly, we have apatat plus loke. There are two separate padas over here. Apatat has got the at the end followed by loke which has got l at the beginning. So there is this samhita intended by the speaker and here th then gets substituted by l. So we have apatal loke, apatal loke as the desired output generated by this sutra. Now let us look at the examples of th plus l as the input and l plus l as the output. So we have this example, math plus labha and this th is substituted by l and so we get mal labha and finally mal labha. Then we have yudh plus layer. This is an example of dha plus l as the input and the output generated is l plus l. So yudh plus layer where dha is substituted by l. So we have yulh layer, yulh layer as the finally generated output. Then dha plus l as the input totally applies and the output generated is l plus l. So we have two examples over here, dha plus lina as part of the compound and dha becomes the substitute when dha is substituted by l by this sutra and so we get the output talina. And then in the sentence dha plus lupyate dha appears at the end of this pada followed by l at the beginning of this second pada in the samhita mode. So this dha is substituted by l. So we have tal lupyate as the output generated. Finally we have dha plus l as the input and the output generated by the application of this sutra torli is l plus l, nasal plus l. So we have vidvan plus likhati where vidna comes at the end of this pada, l comes at the beginning of this second pada and now this n is substituted by the savarna of this l and that savarna is the nasal l. So we have vidvan likhati, vidvan likhati. To summarize we studied the anusvara sandhi and the para savarna sandhi in detail from the concept onwards up to the template examples and then the specific examples. We noted that this applies at different levels as far as the external sandhi is concerned as well as the internal sandhi is concerned. So this particular sandhi notably the para savarna sandhi is optional as well as obligatory. We also studied another example of para savarna sandhi namely torli. We continue studying the next types of hal sandhi in the coming lecture. Thank you very much for your patience.