 Dear students, in this module, we are going to discuss institutionalized political change, rebellions and revolutions. Political change refers to the process by which political institutions and systems are transformed over time. Institutionalized political change involves gradual nonviolent reforms of political systems and institutions, often through the mechanisms of democratic elections and peaceful protests. When we talk about political change, there are different ways in which political changes or policy reforms are possible. Because the masses are not satisfied with their existing political structures, political changes are being sought for this reason. In their opinion, the existing setup is not being able to adequately deliver their desires or their wishes. So, there are many ways to bring political change, and there are many differences there. One way of political change is that it is an institutionalized political change that we see in the democratic process, that elections are called in countries and on the basis of those elections, there is a second party at the place of one party. Likewise, peaceful protests can bring political change through them, that if the masses are not satisfied with the existing government policies, then they do peaceful protests, protest, and until they protest, until the existing form of government is not replaced. So, in Pakistan, if you see that the institutionalized political change has occurred through transition from military dictatorship to civilian democracy and the implementation of constitutional reforms. Rebellions, on the other hand, are forms of political change that involve resistance against existing political authorities, often through armed struggle or violent protests. So, when peaceful mechanisms of political change are not functioning, then the rebellious form of political change is imposed on the people, sometimes it is mostly in the form of violence, and in this people use of weapons, use of weapons. So, rebellion is also a form of political change, but in such cases, in human history, we rarely see the normal form of political change. Even in Pakistan, if we see that rebellions have occurred in various regions, including Balochistan conflict and Pashtun-Tahfuz movement, revolutions, on the other hand, are forms of political change that involve a complete transformation of political institutions and systems, often through violent means. On the other hand, revolutions involve a completely new form of government, but also a completely new constitution. So, revolutions are rare in history. A very famous example is of the French Revolution in 1789, in which the traditional or conventional form of government was introduced, and a new form of government was introduced. So, in Pakistan, there have been several attempts of revolutions, including the Awl Haq school for Islamization, Provez Musharraf's Enlightened Moderation, and Pakistan People's Party's Attempted Socialist Revolution in the 1970s. So, understanding the dynamics of this political change is essential for analyzing the challenges and opportunities facing contemporary societies, as well as the potential for social and political transformation.