 Dear students, evolution of human history, the changes on the population dynamics, on the increase in the number of population, or probably decrease in the number of population because of the certain societies that have established throughout the human history. Whether it was a horticulture or a pestrel society, whether it was a hunting and gathering society, whether it's of the agrarian society, or whether we are just talking about the industrial society, how industries, they brought ease, how industry brought development, how industry brought contentment, how industry made people settle at one stage, and it also provoked people to leave their underdeveloped regions and coming to the developed regions. How industries have been the reason of urbanization and so many other things. So industries have been the development of industrial societies. They have been a very important factor when we talk about the change in the population characteristics or the dynamics. So with industrialization, yes, yes, industries you have, my dear students, but the occupational specialization you think will be, they became greater than ever. Today, the kind of work you do has a lot to do with your standard of living. So people know, so people now often size up one another in terms of their job, rather there, according to their family's ties, agrarian people do. So this is what I'm talking about, the change in the societal behavior or the society values. The more you are doing a good work, that is probably your recognition more than the family where you belong to. Industries, the rapid change in the industry, the rapid growth in the industries had even changed the way people think. The more you are rich, the more you belong to the affluent class, probably that is your the first identification in the society. Agrarian societies, can the people used to have strong ties, people used to live strongly? So another kind of environment that we would like to see is what we get. Rapid change and people's tendency to move from place to place that also makes social life more anonymous, increase culture diversity and promote subcultures and countercultures. You see how the sort of advantages, the sort of facilitation now we have, how it is easy it has become to move from one place to another. We have cars, we have aeroplanes, we have jet planes, you have everything, the connectivity has become very important. Now that connectivity among the population segments that have resulted into the change into the cultures that has introduced us towards the culture diversity. This is a big city now full of flights, this is a picture of a shopping centre as you can see and there is a traffic going on, there is a great hustle and bustle and how the economy is going on, how the social life is going on. This is a picture from a Pakistani society where our, that shows a huge population which is a country which consisted of a number of people they live in this country. Industrial technology also changes the family to reducing its traditional importance as the centre of the social life. Dear students, students of sociology, students of social science, different social sciences got subjected to social work, gender, anthropology, political science or other subjects. We are very much always interested to know the social institutions. So your family's institutions also have industrial development, makes significant change which we can see and which we can see in our traditional values. Family, especially the western world developed countries, it does not no longer, it does the family serve as the main setting for work, learning and religious worship. Now the family's significant role in the western world is to fulfil it. Technological change also plays a part in making families more diverse with a great shape of single people, divorced people, single parent families and step families. Now these are the change in this population dynamics. How so many divorced people are around, how we can see the weakening of the marriage institution, how you see single parent, single people and not in the institution of marriage and they are living together, they live in relationships are very common in the western world. Even they adopt children, they are raising children without coming into the, entering into the marital ties. So and single parent, step families, so all these are the dynamics, all these are the changes. That were not very visible in the past and this is how the fast life has introduced us to all these things and this is how the population dynamics, perhaps a greater effect of industrialisation has been to raise living standards. The human beings which have set, it is to raise the living standards. And the new technology where we have our advantages, we get comfortable life, I have told you about the losses there, which we are not able to create a balance problem where we see societal values being lost. Along with this, the inequality, even social inequality decreases slightly because industrial society provides extended schooling and political rights for everyone. There are some things, it can also decrease and in many places it increases what you will see. How will it decrease? Because people will have lots of opportunities and because of those opportunities, they will be able to teach their children. Around the word industrialisation, the effect you will see in many places in the world. Right now we are talking about industrialisation, we are talking about development. Because of the factor of industrialisation, countries divide in companies. They are developed countries, they are developing countries, they are underdeveloped countries. This is an important fact, industrialisation has pretty much changed the dynamics of the human population. Whether we talk about the family values, whether we talk about the social statuses, whether we talk about the difference between the rich or whether we talk about the ease and comfort that have brought the industrialisation in our lives.