 Last case study before we'll go to discussion is the Dean of the School of Design and Environment at the National University of Singapore, Heng Chey Kieng. Sorry for the horrible pronunciation of it. Thank you. That was pretty good. I must just thank LSE as well as the Dutch Bank for inviting me here and sharing some of the experience that we had in Singapore. As well as to enjoy this beautiful city of Mumbai. I must admit that I wear another hat at the Urban Redevelopment Authority as its board member and chairs a couple of committees there, including the Design Advisory Committee. So I do speak with some knowledge of the inner workings. First, some basic data. We're in the middle of a region of about 500 million people and within 7 hours flight from a radius of a market of 2.8 billion people. We have practically no agriculture, so very, very different from most of the countries that, in fact all the countries that we know of almost. Service makes up two thirds of the economy and we have a GDP of 31,000 US dollars. As you can see, we are a city state, a nation state, an island state rather, and our limits clearly defined by the sea and the streets around us had been both our disadvantage and as it turned out in terms of planning and advantage as well. We have 700 square kilometers and still growing. The area has increased by 12% since the 60s. We're currently 4.6 million population, hoping to achieve 6.5 million recently announced by the Prime Minister and we're a cosmopolitan society. Well, if you go to the home page of the Ministry of National Development, the vision is to make Singapore an enduring home and a distinctive global city. If you now go through the website of Urban Redevelopment Authority, it says to make Singapore a great city to live, work and play in. So it is a very people-oriented, enduring home, a great city to live, work and play. Let me sort of start the story with what Singapore used to be in the 60s when I was a little kid. We had high population growth of 4%, 13% unemployment. About 600,000 people live in slums and squatter areas on the city fringe. Over the last 40 years, some of the challenges and problems face. In the 60s, of course, the severe housing shortage, the slums are overcrowding and I think the solutions which were implemented then was a very, very aggressive public housing program that provided 54,000 units of flats in five years. I highlighted this in yellow so that I can go a bit in the detail later. And we also, with the help of another board, EDB, the Economic Development Board, we went also into a very aggressive program of industrialization where we located 12 square kilometers of industrial land. In the 60s, we began to formulate a strategic plan, a concept plan, and I'll deal with that a bit later. In the 70s, the concept plan was slowly, the concept plan and master plan was then implemented. In the 80s, the challenges were really to provide a better environmental quality and quality of life and we put in place traffic management. Over and above, of course, the building of roads, the construction of a highway network system, et cetera. And we also look into the importance of urban design and public realm and conservation. I won't deal with the 90s in the last 10 years, but let's look at some of those things I've highlighted, the first vision and planning and development process. I think in the case of Singapore, we are fortunate to have a clean, corruption-free, strong and good government with almost absolute control over land. When it started just after the Second World War, the government at that time, the British government, probably owned about 50% of state land ownership, probably about 45% thereabouts. But currently, the government has under its control, 90% of Singapore's land. And of course, I said 12% of which came from the island state also make it such that once we have solved our own urbanization problems by providing housing, et cetera, to the resident population, we are in absolute control of the boundaries and the kind of rural urban migration that are typical of a lot of cities in the world is absent in that sense. And probably also because of this, we can almost make planning work. That's sort of like a planning laboratory. So we have concept plans every 10 years, review of master plan every five years, coordinated land sales and development. Let's look at the public housing program. It is really one of the major programs that I think broke the backbone of poverty. Very aggressive after independence, 54,000 flats. By 1970, 36% of the population lived in it. Right now, it's closer to 85. And the quality of housing has improved tremendously and continues to improve with the interim upgrading program, with the main upgrading program as well as selective on-block redevelopment schemes. The recent public housing flats look more like private condominiums now. The provision of jobs close to homes, if we look at this list of the new towns, you'll find that on the right-hand column, something like 1.4 million units of flats and with the land use kind of mixed almost 20% going to commercial industry and institutional meaning that you have the job opportunities really close to home. Integrative kind of land use, and you can see there a circle of about 1.5 kilometers with the MRT station in the middle. Very green in greater detail. But what's more important I think is besides this integration of land use planning and transport planning, there's the balancing of supply and demand. We can build roads, we can build highways, but it's never enough. So we harness technology and we try to also manage demand by managing car usage and car ownership. So as early as 1995, we implemented area license scheme which is like a congestion charge that you have in London. In 1990, we have this thing called Certificate of Entitlement. We also have a tax system which makes cars, car ownership probably one of the most expensive in the world. We have electronic road pricing in 1998 and now it's totally electronic. Other things like green link determining system, et cetera, et cetera. But I think in the 80s, we begin to focus more and more on urban design and public realm and elsewhere I've written that our public space could be described as an evolving layer that is seen as resolving a consciousness of an Asian statehood, contemporary global aspiration and influence and more than in any other democratic Asian city or country, state sanctioned and promoted, coordinated and staged planning and design. A mouthful but that's what we are, really stage planning and design. In this series of pictures here, you'll see the kind of public space which are associated with different agendas from housing, business, green spaces, conservation and the transportation system. Very quickly, this is what we got from the colonial period and with the housing agenda, what you see in orange are the public space that associated with it. Here is a pedestrianized street within the housing scheme in the city itself. Again, the orange ones are on the first story. The dark orange ones are on the upper stories and the most recent ones still under construction is the extension of public realm all the way on the skydecks and this is a 50 story housing scheme in the middle of the city. Park connectors, another public space system, currently about half completed, more than 100 kilometers of it and extending into the city and here the systems, both the green ones and the brown ones and another form of public space associated with this land sales program that the government has being in control of 90% of land it has every tool it has to make sure that developers follows its urban design stipulations and has now become very sophisticated. I'm going to three-dimensional things like this. Finally, let me just flash through these slides to say that conservation has also produced another layer of public space that you can see here, conservation and development of new built and elsewhere also in this system and the introduction of MRT has also introduced another whole layer and multi-faceted layer actually, multi-level layer of public space which now if you telescope them together you see quite a system of public space that is now taking form. Thank you.