 Hello, I welcome you all once again to my channel, Explore Education, I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, SS Khanna Girls Ruby College, University of Allahabad. And in the series of discussing various issues over the main heading of primary education, this time I am going to discuss the problem of enrollment, retention and dropout in primary education. The lecture will be in bilingual mode and it will be useful to you for certain purposes for your objective examinations, subjective examinations, your general BA, MA and professional B.H. MA courses. So, first of all, problem of enrollment in primary education. Enrollment means naamankan, retention means dharan, and dropout means shala tiaa. Means the problem of primary education is that either the child does not enroll, means naamankan does not get admission in the school, then if the admission takes place, then the child does not retain in the system, means at least 8 years of elementary education he does not complete the education and drops out, that is, he drops out in the middle of the education. So, this problem is going on for many years and a lot of work has been done on it and we have definitely improved it a lot. Still, we have to know what is the problem, what are the root causes and how can it be improved. So, the flagship programs like Samagra Shiksha, you must know that Samagra Shiksha has compiled three programs. Which one? Sarva Shiksha Bihar, SSA, which came in 2000, Rashtriya Madhimik Shiksha Bihar and Teacher Education. Means, they make Samagra Shiksha with these three programs, you can talk about Samagra Shiksha again on Samagra Shiksha, Samagra Shiksha is written because they said that education is not compartmentalized, that once you talk about primary, once you talk about secondary. So, it is very holistic, it is connected, you talk in continuity, that is why you have compiled Samagra Shiksha. Sarva Shiksha Bihar took Rajasthriya Madhimik Shiksha Bihar took and also took Teacher Education. And Rajasthriya Uttar Shiksha Bihar, including many other programs of government, are in operation in the country for promoting access, enrollment and in achievement etc. In education, at different levels of education, extending from the level of basic education to the level of higher education. They are saying that Samagra Shiksha is going on, Rajasthriya Uttar Shiksha Bihar is going on and all this is going on because of the different ways of education, from basic education to higher education, access, that is, till the child's primary education, they have made it non-complicable and they have made it available, they can get it or increase it. But mainly, we will talk about primary education here. Okay. So, issues of access and enrollment, if it is done in primary education, that is, what is the problem that the child does not reach there or the child does not ask for it. Parents do not ask for it in primary education, so what can be the problem, what can be the issues? Location of the institutions, where is the institution, if the child has access to it, then the child, in order to get an admission, the children do not reach there. Less number of the institutions. The people who are like that, their number is less, or they are in the home, in the community, what is the problem, poor facilities in the institutions, the facilities are not proper in the institutions. Poor condition of the family, the family's financial condition is so bad that they feel that it is a burden for the child to get admission and send it to the higher education, it is a very serious education, it feels that education is difficult, because every one has government education, government facilities, and no clubs. Pressure of domestic work, sometimes mother and father work and domestic They think that the child can help them, so they don't let them go through the pressure of domestic work. Or illiteracy and lack of awareness of parents. It's a lesson in people, and it's still the feeling of awareness that it's important to teach the child. And social and cultural norms. As of now, cultural norms are going on in villages and cities. It's been a long time since I've been here. There's no need to teach the girls. They don't have to get a job. They have to spend once in their marriage. So they have to pay for their education. So that's the way it is. Then, strategies for enhancing access and enrollment. So what should be done? The access and enrollment of the student is going to be increased in primary education. What kind of techniques and strategies can be done? So, arranging proper transport and communication facilities to the educational institutions. If the educational institution is far away, as you know, it means that the child should go to school in one kilometer area. But if it's far away, then we should arrange proper transport and communication facilities for the child. Establishing the number of educational institutions according to the requirement. If the requirement is high, then there should be more institutions in that area. Creating adequate facilities in educational institutions. If the educational institutions are far away, then there should be more facilities in that area. Provide age-appropriate admission facilities for the out-of-school children. For those children who have left school, the age-appropriate admission facilities should be provided for them. According to their age. Establishing residential and mobile educational institutions wherever required. If the need is there, then the residential school should be opened. The child should stay there and study. If the educational institutions are far away, then there should be more facilities in that area. As you know, there are residential schools in Navodaya Vidyalaya. Then, providing awareness and counseling for the parents regarding the education of their children. That is to say, if we do counseling and campaign with them, how much education is necessary for their children. Making education affordable for the students. If the government is free, then we should be able to afford education. Meaning, we should be able to afford the parents who are not providing for them. Opening alternative modes to formal education like distance education, non-formal education, open education, etc. to meet the educational demands of those students who cannot enter into formal education. Those children who cannot become a part of formal education. If there is any problem, then provide distance education for them. If you are at home, you can study. Sometimes you have to go to school. It can be a part of non-formal education. It can be a part of open education. Those children who are not able to become a part of formal education. Making special provision in education for children of disadvantaged areas like rural areas, slum areas, etc. You will have to pay special provision for those areas. Sorry. So, this is enrollment. Why enrollment is less and how can we increase enrollment? Then, the children have enrolled in education. They have taken admission. But it is more important to retain them. Retention of a student in education. Retain means stopping, so that the student can be educated. Retention of a student in education generally implies a condition or situation in which the student remains or participates in a level of education or a course of learning in which she or he is admitted till she or he completes the level of education or course of learning. It means that the person who has taken admission completes it, participates it. This is retention. If a child is admitted in elementary school and leaves the school before she or he completes her or his elementary education in the school, then she or he is treated as not retained till completion of her or his elementary education. It means that the child has taken admission in elementary education but if she completes the whole course of elementary education or leaves the school, then it is believed that she or he is not retained in the system. Generally, the retention rate is counted on the basis of a level of education or a course of learning. The efficiency of an education system is understood to many extents through the retention of its students in the system. The efficiency of an education system and how effective it is can be seen that how much children are retained. Retention is strongly influenced by dropout in one end and promotion in the other end. It means that the retention will be influenced by leaving the child. If there is no dropout, then it will be retained and it will be promoted in the next class. So now we have to know what is dropout. Dropout means that we have left studies in the middle. Dropout in education. Dropout of a student in education implies to a situation in which the student leaves a level of study or course of learning. The child has taken admission but the child is not retained and dropped out and left the child in the middle. So what is dropout? It is the opposite of retention. If the child stops, then it is not a dropout. If it is dropped out, then it is not retained. So both are the opposite of each other. Dropout or discontinuation in education is a kind of wastage in education. We have to talk about wastage and stagnation. So what is dropout in education? Why? Because the education system is made like this that we have accepted that the child has taken admission. So according to our teacher's birthday and the equipment is there and the child has left the child in the middle. So what is this? Dropout is a serious concern in the different levels of education in the country. In this kind of education, this is a very serious concern. This is the issue that needs to be talked about. In elementary level of education, the country followed no detention policy for a long time. But the dropout rate of students did not reduce satisfactorily in the elementary level of education. So it has been said that no child will fail in the no detention policy. It has been going on for a long time. Despite this, dropout rate is still high. There has been a steady decline in dropout rates in primary education since 2009-10. But it has been seen since 2009-10 that gradually dropout rate has decreased in primary education. Between 2009-10, 2012-13 the annual average dropout rate in primary education declined from 9.1% to 4.7%. That is, from 1991-10 in 2012-13 it has increased by 4.7%. It is a bit old data. The dropout rate, though declining from year to year still remains a major challenge. Newpa studied in 2014 and said that this is happening despite this, this is a big challenge for us in education. In primary education, the second education situation is worse. The dropout rate is very high in secondary stage of education in comparison to other stages of education. In other words, in primary education the child takes an admission in primary education. This is about 70% which is only 40% in primary education. So dropout in education poses a threat to the education of the country. This is a big challenge for us in education. It creates the alarming situation for education by lowering down the retention in education. That is, it reduces the retention and this is a dangerous situation for teachers. Then, why does the child leave the reasons of dropout? Poverty, availability and accessibility are three main reasons. That is, either he is very poor or he doesn't have a club or he doesn't have a school or he doesn't have any progress in raising enrollment rates for primary education schools have been less successful at preventing dropouts during this critical learning period. This means that we have developed many schools and enrollment has increased but we still haven't completed the dropout completely. According to data put out by the MHRD Ministry of Human Resource Development and it was even higher at the secondary level at 17.86%. If you look at the data of 2014 then the dropout at the primary level is 4 to 10, 3 to 4 percent whereas at the secondary level it is 17 to 8 to 6 percent. So, which domestic work to lift the children in household chores economic condition, health and safety and Ruchi, Ruchi's feeling, he doesn't have to study, he doesn't have money but founds to be the top he leaves it. How to control student dropout How can we stop student dropout It is recommended that the government conduct awareness camps in cities, towns and villages to expose the hundreds of illiteracy and unemployment. Government should use awareness camps to create awareness in the city, in the city to show how difficult and helplessness is, that it is not good. has mentioned two initiatives that will be undertaken to curb the problem. Last year, Shikhya Vian 2020 gave two initiatives on how we can stop the dropout rate. The first is to provide efficient and sufficient infrastructure to all students. That is to say, all the students who have taken admission in our school, will be affected and sufficient. That is to say, they will not have to reduce the infrastructure. And the second is to set up alternative and innovative education centers for the children of migrant labourers. Those labourers who are migrants, who do not stay in one place, who work in other places, we will have to make some alternative facilities for those children. We can stop some of these for some new education centers. These are vital steps to ensure that children have access to safe and engaging school education as well as bring back the ones out of school. That is to say, we can bring back the ones who have left school and we can retain them if we accept them. Our dropout early warning system enables schools to identify students who are at risk of dropping out of school and to focus on individuals who struggle to perform well. That is to say, we have to bring a dropout early warning system to our education system. That is to say, we have to keep an eye on the children who are in trouble in their studies or we feel that they can be left behind. Schools should practice innovative teaching methods to draw students towards education and spark interest in it. We should not do anything that can cause them trouble in their studies. Digital learning strategies can be used to provide education in the confines of their homes. Students can access free educational content through smart phone applications or YouTube provided by different institutions. That is to say, those who are not able to get out of their homes can be provided with digital learning solutions. There are a lot of clubs online. Smart phone applications are difficult to provide on YouTube. Those who do not have money and are unable to take admission, how can they be seen on YouTube? But we can do something about it. Those who have money but do not have money can do it for them. That is to say, we can get something out of it. Let's talk about universal retention. We want all children to be in the sub-region. No one should drop out. After the enrollment of the students in a school is over, it is essential to see their progress in successiveness. When a child takes admission, it is necessary to see in the coming years how much they are doing good. In other words, we must see that there is no stagnation in the school. It means that we do not stop the attention policy. But we must not stagnate the child. Again, we must see that the child does not leave the school. We must also see that we do not leave the school without doing it. So that there will be no wastage in education. So that there will be no problem in education. So, what are the issues of retention? Overall, institutional facilities. If you do not have a facility in the institution, then the environment of the institution is not good. So, teacher shortage and absenteeism are not there. Or they do not come. Curriculum load, which we have talked about. Curriculum load is learning on a child. Lack of parental interest and involvement. If the interest of parents is not involved, then also the child is dropped out. And financial constraints. And the interest of money. During the phase of school education, primary education is one of the strong pillars which determine the development of all the difficulties. That is, if primary education is not taken, then this is a very big hurdle for it. That all the intellectuals, all the developments, it is necessary that primary education is fulfilled. So, what is the present situation? In recent decades, India has made significant progress on access to schooling and enrollment rates in primary education. But dropout rates and low levels of learning remain challenges for the state and the government. We have done a lot. We have increased access to schooling and enrollment rates. But for the state government and the state government, the challenge is still low level of learning. The child who is doing the retain is not achieving it or does not retain it and drops out. With enrollment reaching at least 96% since 2009. That is, after 2009, the unemployment rate has increased significantly. And girls, in which you know that the role of RTE is right to education. And girls making up 56% of new students between 2007 and 13. And in between 2007 and 2013, there were 56% of new girls. It is clear that many problems of access to schooling have been addressed. It seems that there are many problems that we have reached. We have solved them. Some of the issues which need to be understood and worked on to improve the overall situation of primary education in India are some issues, some issues are still that we need to work on. For which we need to fully retain universal retention. What are the optimizations of technology? The technology input is there. We can remove the problems by upgrading the teacher by upgrading the teacher and enabling the child's interest. We have developed a building good assessment system so that the child can have an overall assessment and make a part of the education of gender studies. So, in this way, the problem of enrollment is of the child, then it should be retained in education and not dropped out. There are many issues and problems of strategies and solutions. So, I have completed one more topic in primary education. Thank you and don't forget to like and subscribe my channel Explore Education. I have done from my side.