 Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Panayan Grammar. This is the final lecture of At Sandhi, we have been studying At Sandhi in quite a lot of detail because it is a very important type of Sandhi, we say that At Sandhi is that Sandhi which replaces ach, ach is a vowel. This Sandhi could be a consonant or could be another vowel as well depending on the environment. Let us take a recap of what we have done so far about At Sandhi and also some related topics to deal with. We always stated and I constantly repeated that there are two classifications Ekasthanika Ekadesha and Dhristhanika Ekadesha and we kept on studying these two diagrams. Ekasthanika Ekadesha you have A plus B as the input and A plus B in Samhita mode, A coming immediately before B and in case of this environment A gets substituted by C. So, A plus B is the input and C is the output. This C plus B is the output. This is Ekasthanika Ekadesha and Dhristhanika Ekadesha is the second classification where you have A plus B as the input and A coming immediately before B and B coming immediately after A. Now in place of both of them C is the one substitute. So, A plus B is the input, C is the output. This is the Dhristhanika Ekadesha. We said that Ekasthanika Ekadesha has got these two instances. If you have Ek followed by Ach then in place of Ek, Yen is the substitute. This is the first instance and the second instance is H followed by Ach and H is substituted by Ayava. These are the two major, these are the two instances of Ekasthanika Ekadesha and we have studied them in detail. We also interpreted the Sutras, Ekoyanachi and Echo Ayava to understand the Sandhi better. We also studied the Udeshya Vidhayabhava and the number of substituents that are delineated because of this Udeshya Vidhayabhava. Then we also studied the criteria for selection of the substitute. We then also studied the template examples and the specific examples of both these Sandhis. We also studied the statements made by the later Paninian grammatical tradition in order to make the treatment exhaustive and also to account for the changes that are brought in by the course of the time. Then we studied the five types of five instances of Dvisthanika Ekadesha. The first and the second one are stated on this slide. So, if you have a followed by any Ach in general, both of them they get substituted by one Guna substitute. This is the first instance and the second instance is if a is followed by H, both of them they get substituted by Vrdhi. Of course, in the Samhita mode. So, O and H, O and H they are all in the Samhita mode and Guna over here and Vrdhi over here are the substitutes. And then we have Pararupa as well as Savarnadirga. So, you have A plus B, A is Purva, B is Parar and in place of A plus B, this Parar namely B is stated to be the one substitute. This is Pararupa and if you have Ak followed by another Ak, obviously the Savarna Ak, then in place of both of them Akdirga is the substitute stated by the Sutra Akasavarnadirga. This is the Savarna Dirga Sandhi. And finally you have Purva Rupa Sandhi where you have A plus B in close proximity in the Samhita where A is Purva and B is Parar and in place of both of them you place the Purva that is A. These are the five types that we have studied and these are the Sutras. So, Guna Sandhi is stated by the Sutra Adgunahan 6187. Vrdhi Sandhi is stated by the Sutra Vrindireji 6188. We also studied some more Sutras stating Vrdhi Sandhi. Then Pararupa Sandhi is primarily stated by Engi Pararupam 6194. Then Savarna Dirga Sandhi stated by Sutra Akasavarnadirga 6111. And finally the Purva Rupa Sandhi is stated by the Sutra Amipurvaha onwards 6117 onwards. The Dvisthanika Ekadesha is governed by the Adhikara Sutra Ekapurva Parayoho which means one substitute takes place in place of two sounds namely previous and latter. Ekapurva Parayoho is an Adhikara that governs the five instances of Dvisthanika Ekadesha. Panini in his own grammar has stated Ekoyanachi as well as Echo Yavayavaha and the other Sutras of the Ayavaya of Sandhi before this particular Adhikara. If you look at the numbers Ekoyanachi is 6177, Echo Yavayavaha is 6178 and then the other Sutras Ittedhattyutsu 89 and so on, Chayyajayyau Shakyarthe they come before 6184 in the Samhitayam Adhikara. Now in this lecture, let us look at some other issues related to Aj Sandhi. And the four issues that we shall deal with are stated on this particular slide. Let us take some sentence examples and try to apply the rules and try to dissolve the Sandhi. Let us also study how the Aj Sandhi rules feed the Swarasaan Swara rules, accent rules. Then let us deal with this complex task of Sandhi splitting in which some directions will be mentioned. And finally, let us deal with the topic of Asiddha with reference to the Aj Sandhi. So let us take the sentence examples first. And these examples are primarily taken from the very celebrated and popular text called Shreemad Bhagavad Gita. So this example we have already taken at the beginning. Let us take it once again. Karmanyavadhika Raste. This is the verse. And here we have three words. Karmany, Ava and Adhikaras. Three words are uttered in Samhita mode or in close proximity. So here we have E followed by this A. And so this is the scope of application of eco-energy. And here we have a at the end of Ava followed by a at the beginning of Adhikaras, which is the scope of application of Akasavarnay Birgaha. So both the Sandhis take place and you have Karmany, Ava as the input and Karmanyavadhika Raste as the output. Similarly, Ava, Adhikaras as input and Ava, A and Adhikaras as the output. When you join them together, you get the line Karmanyavadhika Raste. So there are these two Sandhis that are playing an important role over here. And they are Yen Sandhi as well as the Savarnadirgha Sandhi. Similarly, if you look at Sangostva Karmany, Maate Sangostva Karmany. Here we have Sangha U plus Astu and Akarmany, 3 words. Now Sangha U, this U comes because of the Sutras applying and we shall study them when we take up Swadhisandhi section. Right now, let us assume that this U comes in because of the Sutras. And so we have A followed by U. So this is the scope of application of Guna Sandhi. And then we have Astu, where A is the beginning vowel and Astu has got U at the end and immediately after this U comes A. So there are lots of Sandhis that can take place over here. So now this Sangha plus U and you have the scope of application of Guna. So Guna taking place and so Sangho, Sangho this is the output generated within a padha. Now after this becomes O, now this U which is the right hand side environment, this comes into play and now this O and U, O coming at the end of the padha, U coming at the beginning of the padha. So there, now we have Purva Rupa Sandhi stated by the Sutra, that is applied over here. And so we have O as the one substitute in place of both O and U. Similarly this U and this U, they both are in Samhita mode and so this U is substituted by Uva that is Yand Sandhi. So we have Sangh, O, Stva and Akarmani as the next stage in the derivation. And so then when we join them together, we get Sangho, Stva, Karmani as the sentence. And here we have Guna as well as Purva Rupa as well as Yand Sandhi taking place. Similarly, the other example is Poojarhav and Arisuudana, Katham Bhishmam Aham Sanghe, Poojarhavari Sudana, Ishubhip Pratyot Siami, Poojarhavari Sudana, Katham Bhishmam Aham Sanghe, Dronam Chamadhu Sudana, Ishubhip Pratyot Siami, Poojarhavari Sudana. So here we have Poojarhav plus Arisuudana, Au followed by A, the scope of application of Ayavaya Sandhi. So Au gets substituted by Aav. So we have Poojarhav and Arisuudana and when we join them together, we get Poojarhavari Sudana. This is the example of A-Yavaya Sandhi. Similarly, Tamu Vacha Rishi Ke Shah. So Tam is derived in this manner, Tha plus Am and U Vacha is derived in this manner, U, A, Vacha and A. Internal Prakriya happens. We are not going into the details of all these, just suffice for us to say that there is some prasadana taking place. So you have U, A and then Vacha and A and then since this A and this A, they both are in Vidinapada. However, this is Am. So there is Purva Rupa Sandhi that takes place and so we have as the one substitute. So Tha, A, Ma, Tam and U replacing both these vowels. This is some prasadana. So some prasadana applies. Here Amipurva applied. Here some prasadana applies and we have a Purva Rupa Sandhi and so we have U Vacha, Tam, U Vacha. There are two Purva Rupa Sandhis taking place in this fourth example. Then we have Siddhanti Mamagatrani. So we have Siddh plus A plus Anti and here we have A followed by another A. They are Vidinapada and so Atogane applies and Purva Rupa Sandhi takes place. So this A comes over here as the substitute and we get the form Siddhanti. This is the example of Purva Rupa Sandhi. Similarly Pashayi Tam, Pandu Bhutranam, Acharya Mahateem Chamum. So we have Pasha plus A Tam and this A is followed by A. This is the scope of application of Vridhisandhi and so we have Pashayi plus A plus Tam as the output that is Pashayi Tam. This is the example of Vridhisandhi. So this is how we can take multiple examples of sentences and we can show various Sandhis applying and making those units fit to be used as part of the sentence. Now let us go to the second topic, Feeding the Accent Rules. We have seen this topic before. Let us take a recap. The output of Aksandhi becomes the input for Accent Rules. This is very important. In both situations within a Pada there is internal Sandhi and also between two Padas. That means when it is an external Sandhi. We have already studied how Yen Sandhi becomes an input to the Accent Rules when we study two important Sutras. Udattayano Halpurvath 61174 and Udattasparitayouryanah Sparitonudattas here 824. Let us study this Sutra which is important as far as the Dvisthanika Ekadesha is concerned. The Sutra says Ekadesha Udattena Udattaha 825. So the one substitute in place of two substituents is Udattah. If one of the substituents is Udattah. So we have Udattah plus Anudattah as the input and the output is Udattah. Or Anudattah plus Udattah and the output is Udattah. And the third option is Udattah plus Udattah and the output is also Udattah. Ekadesha Udattena Udattah. Let us take the examples of each. So we have Udattah plus Anudattah as input and Ekadesha Udattena Udattah applies 825 applies and the output generated is Udattah. So here is a concrete example. So we have Rama followed by Am and we are deriving Ramam which is the Dvitiya Ekavachana accusative singular. Now the word Rama has got the final vowel Udattah. This a is Udattah so it is unmarked. This a is Anudattah and that is why it has got a horizontal bar below it to indicate that this a is Udattah. Now Am is a sup suffix so by default any sup suffix is Anudattah. So this is also marked as Anudattah. So now we have Rama plus Am by 412 and the accent rule supply and now we have 6107 Amipurvaha applying. So we have Ram, Am and Am. Now what is the accent of this Am that is the issue. So the substituents of this are this Am at the end of Rama and Am at the beginning of Am. Now Am at the beginning of Am is Anudattah and Am at the end of Rama is Udattah. So in fact this is a combination of Udattah plus Anudattah and so now 825 says that the resultant combination would be a vowel which is Udattah. So this a remains Udattah therefore it remains unmarked and so we have Ram, Am with the final a being marked as Udattah. Let us take the other example where we have Anudattah followed by Udattah that is an input and 825 applies and the output generated is Udattah. So here we have Labhate plus Atra. Labhate is a verbal form and it is not appearing at the beginning of a sentence mind you. There is some word that appears before this word and so we have Labhate followed by Atra. Now Labhate has got all vowels Anudattah. So all of them they are marked with the horizontal bar below the letters followed by Atra where you have got Tr with the vertical bar on top of it indicating that it is a Svarita that comes immediately after an Udattah that is a which is unmarked. So Labhate has got all Anudattahs and Atra has got a Udattah. Now in this case we have a followed by a this is the scope of application of the Sutra Enga Padantadati generating the Purvarupasandhi. So we have Labhate, a and Tr. So now this a which is a substitute will also get an accent. So its substituents namely a and a have also got some accents. So a is Anudattah and a is Udattah. But now a to 5 comes into play and says that because one of the substituents is Udattah the substitute has to be Udattah. So in Labhate Tr a becomes Udattah and so it remains Anmar and Bhah becomes Anudattah, La becomes Anudattah and Tr remains as Svarita. So this is how in Labhate Tr a to 5 plays a crucial role as far as the accent distinction is concerned. Finally we have Udattah plus Udattah as input and Udattah as the output. So we have Ramo plus Atra in which O is Udattah and Atra has got a as Udattah. So here there are two Udattahs O and A. Now 6109 applies and replaces O and A by Urva that is O and so we have Ram, O and Tr and so this O now will inherit both the features of Udattahs of both the vowels. In fact by a to 5 Ekadesha Udattah and Udattah O will become Udattah. So we have Ramo Tr where O is Udattah and because Ra comes before it so it is marked as Anudattah with the horizontal bar below Ra and Tr is treated as Svarita with the vertical bar on top of the letter. This is how the accent rules are fed by the Sandhi rules, Ach Sandhi rules. We have seen previously how Ekoyanachi which is Ekasthanika Ekadesha that feeds into the Svarasutras accent rules. Here are the examples where Ekadesha namely Dristhanika Ekadesha in the Adhikara Ekapur Vaparayohu when this Ekadesha takes place how the Ekadesha feeds the accent rules. This is extremely important considering the fact that there are three layers in Paninyan Grammar Artha Shabda and Svarah. Now let us study what is Asiddha and how it can be studied in the light of Ach Sandhi. So within the Adhikara Ekapur Vaparayohu which deals with Ekadesha there is a Sutra Shatvatukor Asiddha 6186 which deals with Asiddha. Asiddha literally means non-existent. Something does not exist. So what Shatvatukor Asiddha says is that the one substitute in place of both previous and latter is not existent in the domain of Shatva and the augment Tuk. Tuk means th. I repeat the one substitute in place of both previous and latter is not existent Asiddha in the domain of Shatva and Tuk. Let us take the examples. So first example is that of the suffix Tua being added to the verbal root E to study with the proverb Adhi. So we have Adhi, E and Tua. So Adhi and E are shown in curly brackets because they form one unit. Adhi and E they always come in combinations. You will not find this E without Adhi. However, Tua is added only after E. So there are parenthesis left hand side before E and right hand side after Tua. So technically Tua is added to E. However, this E does not occur without this proverb Adhi. So there are these curly brackets indicating that this is one unit. So now we have Adhi, E and Tua and in this case we do the Sandhi over here which is aakas sabarane dirhaha. So we have Adhi plus Tua 61101. Then Tua is replaced by Lyap by 7135. So we have Adhi plus Lyap. Now this Lyap has got P as a marker, Ly as a marker and only here remains as the suffix. Now because of this P, generally the augment Tuk is added after a short bubble, rasvasya pitikruti tuk, 6171. Now in case of the verbal root E, this is short. But because there is the sabarane dirhasa ni that has already taken place, there is no more short bubble. This is a long bubble. Now can we add the augment Tuk over here? It seems no. But Shatvatukora siddha 6186 is specifically designed to solve this problem which now says that even though you have done the Sandhi and there is this Adhi, long E, consider it as short E. So this is actually the substitute but now consider it as not happened, non-existent. So consider this short E over here. And if we consider that this is short E and so we have the verbal E over here. So we can now add the augment Tuk and we get Adhi and here and finally Adhi here. So consider that this Sandhi has not happened. So we have Adhi plus E over here and the verbal root is E. So we can add the augment Tuk and we can derive the form Adhitiya. Similarly if we go to Ko Sitchat, Ko plus Asitchat. Now there is this Sandhi, Purvarupa Sandhi, stated by the Sutra Inga Padanta Dati will take place and we will have Ko Sitchat. So now this O will be considered as part of the Purvapada and this will be considered as the initial element of this word and then the Shattva which is the substitute, shah, retroflex that is negated by the Sutrasadpadadyahu. So this Shattva will be negated. So this O as a Ekadesha has already happened, consider it as not happened and if this is not happened then this sir also comes immediately after O and the basic condition of Shattva is not fulfilled and so there is no Shattva. So we have Ko Sitchat deriving the correct form. Now in the step Adhi plus year 6186 comes into play and says that even though the long substitute has already taken place, consider it as non-existent and there is Shattva well in place so the augment is then added and we get the form Adhi peer. In Ko Sitchat one substitute is non-existence and hence sounds to sir still comes immediately after short O and hence the conditions for 8359 are not fulfilled and hence sir does not get substituted by sir and we get the desired form Ko Sitchat. Now let us look at Sandhi splitting. So we have so far studied the Sutras with the help of which Sandhi is generated. We also in this lecture studied some examples where Sandhi got generated. Now let us talk about Sandhi splitting. Simply reversal of rules will help Sandhi splitting. This is quite simple but there are problems. The major problem is over generation. So we will take an example of Savaranadirga Sandhi. Now when you have to split a Sandhi given a text you will have to then tap each and every long vowel for example because there is possibility that every long vowel consists of the constituents a plus a etc. 4 possibilities. Now that will lead to quite a lot of over generation and in order to avoid over generation the Sandhi splitting task may require a strong lexica. So lexica of basic building blocks as well as intermediate forms that is subword level information that needs to be provided as well as the finally derived forms. This is needed in order to do the Sandhi splitting effectively without causing too much over generation. So for example if we have karman neva adhikaras and there is only one long a over here. So this long vowel can be split into the following components karman neva and adhikaras, karman neva and adhikaras, karman neva and adhikaras or karman neva and adhikaras. Amongst these four now the lexica will come to our help and we will be able to tell us that there is one more here there that can be split into e plus or e plus a and then karmani ev that is part of the lexicon and not eva and so the options eva are eliminated. Similarly the word in the lexicon is adhikaras and not adhikaras and so adhikara that option is also eliminated. In this way the most probable option seems to be the first one and it needs to be supported also by lexicon. This is how the Sandhi splitting can happen effectively. To summarize in detail we have studied several aspects of aksandhi, its classification, its instances, their template examples, the specific examples, the rules, the traditional meta rules to interpret the sutras stating which these aksandhis. So we have to close the aksandhis now after this exhaustive study and then now we proceed to study the consonant sandhi or the hull sandhi which is the second most important type of sandhi in Sanskrit grammar. We shall do this in the next lecture. Thank you for your patience.