 Okay. Hello, everybody. I'm Neil Sorensen. I'm a communication specialist with the Land Portal Foundation. And I'm here with Jean-Marie Duran, a senior land tenure expert with the land tenure unit of the ESP division of the food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. And right now the second Arab land conference is currently happening in Cairo, Egypt. And this is the last day of the Arab land conference where Jean-Marie has been a speaker. And so we wanted to take this opportunity to have an interview with Jean-Marie and to get his insights into what is going on in the land space in the Arab sector. Jean-Marie, tell us a little bit about your work on land issues and how it relates to the Arab region. Okay. Thank you, Neil. So as you said, I am a land tenure expert in the land tenure unit of FAO. I am seconded by expert in France, actually, to FAO. And I am specifically focusing on Francophone countries, actually. So I intervene a lot in West Africa, North Africa, et cetera. And some of the countries I am working with, such as Mauritania or Tunisia, for example, are concerned, actually, are invited in the second Arab land conference. So we have already activities in some of the countries of the Arab region. As you know, our backbone, the backbone of our intervention in terms of land tenure and non-governance is the voluntary guidelines on the responsible tenure, governance of tenure. So this is the document negotiated in 2012 and endorsed by the Committee on Health Food Security, which is the basis, actually, of our work throughout the world in many countries. I think this second Arab land conference, following the one held in Dubai in 2018, is of high importance, actually. There are a lot of land tenure challenges in this region. I will not cite all of them, actually, because they are numerous, but during this conference we have recalled the importance of topics such as women's access to land, secure women's access to land, recognition of women's land rights, the importance of youth, actually, also, which is a key question, a key challenge in the Arab region, as well. We have highlighted, as a few, several important aspects, I think, of land tenure and non-governance. In particular, the potential, let's say, impact that can have the development of land consolidation, and we have organized a roundtable on this with more than 110 participants, which was quite interesting. And we have also organized another roundtable on how to integrate VGGT principles in the land degradation neutrality processes. Indeed, we are currently developing a technical guide in collaboration with UNCCD. This is a demand of the COP 14 of UNCCD, and we are developing this technical guide to actually facilitate land degradation mitigation measures by taking into consideration integrating the land tenure issues. So these are some of the important aspects that we have addressed in this second Arab land conference, not the only ones. I will cite also the notion of water tenure, on which we are currently working through some projects in several countries, including in the Arab region. So these are these kind of, let's say, topics that we have addressed, and which are already addressed in our work in the field. Thank you, John Maurice. This morning in your presentation, you mentioned that the promotion and facilitation of sustainable multi-stakeholder approaches and mechanisms is really important for obtaining land rights. Can you share your thoughts on that statement? Yes, sure. As you know, the multi-stakeholder platforms is something which is recommended in the Voluntary Guidelines. In paragraph 26.2, the Voluntary Guidelines recommend actually to, let's say, set up this kind of multi-stakeholder mechanism at local, national, original level. We have supported through projects, actually, this kind of multi-stakeholder mechanisms, notably in West Africa, but also in the Arab region, in Mauritania. Mauritania has set up a national multi-stakeholder platform and a local multi-stakeholder platform in Bogey, in the Senegal River Valley. Why is it interesting and is it to be fostered, actually, to set up this kind of multi-stakeholder mechanism? First of all, I think this is a good arena for a peaceful dialogue on land issues and challenges and to find solutions to cope with them, actually. When you have a land reform, a land agenda to transform actually in an administration, to improve land administration, non-governance, this is a very good way, I think, of addressing the issues to put together all the concerned actors from governments, civil society, but also private sector, if possible, and also professional organizations, such as farmer organizations, etc. Organizing a peaceful debate, actually, is a good way to, let's say, prepare all together responses to these important challenges and the dialogue is not easy, in general, regarding non-tenure. So this is an arena where this dialogue can be facilitated. This morning, precisely, during the master class, organized by Billy Zimmerman, we talked about a very important aspect also of non-governance in the region, which is capacity development. As you know, FAO has a lot to offer in terms of capacity development, as we have developed e-learning courses on non-tenure, technical guides, etc. And capacity development needs are very important, I think, in the Arab region. It has been said by many participants of the session. And the multi-stakeholder platforms can be a very good arena also to organize, let's say, capacity development activities. In particular, because you have precisely these different categories of actors. And in particular, you can put together governments and civil society organizations and they can learn together and even from each other, which is otherwise a bit difficult sometimes. So I think this is a very good arena to do that. I must say that we have also interesting collaborations about the multi-stakeholder platforms with ILC in particular, who is also supporting this kind of mechanism. And in some countries, we collaborate. So yes, I think this is clearly something to be further developed. And there are not so numerous in the Arab world. And I think it can be a real opportunity. And the experience of Mauritania for this to this regard can be a good source of inspiration. All right. Thank you so much, Jean-Marie Cendurand here. Thank you for your important insights into what's happening in your work and how it affects, is important for the Arab region. Really appreciate your insights. Thank you. Thank you very much. And I really appreciated this second Arab land conference. And I thank very much the organizers and the government of Egypt because it was a real challenge to organize this conference in these difficult conditions. And I think they have really succeeded in doing something profitable for all the participants. So really, I thank them for these efforts.