 Yes, we can hear you well. Very good, very good. Thanks again. So welcome everyone to the Global Protection cluster annual forum 2020. I am very glad to see today many colleagues I recognize even more glad to see many colleagues I don't recognize it does mean that the reach on this important topic. Goes as much have as well on the partners beyond the traditional protection partners and that is great. The 2020 Global Forum is, as you have seen in the brochure for this event is jointly hosted by the GPC strategic advisory group. The child protection gender based violence housing land and property and mine action areas of responsibility of the global protection cluster, but also operation with many specialized agencies that work with us on general protection issues including this important topic. The forum for those of you who haven't attended previous sessions is split into three segments. The first one is technical in nature. And is designed specifically for field coordinators that are working on in the national and sub national protection clusters and areas of responsibilities. But we also have as a second type the thematic segment and today's session is one of them. And these are important topics that we would like to engage as much the cluster coordinators and at national level but also the wider protection community. And third and finally at the end of the year we will have a high level segment to really push some of the priorities that we hear during the sessions this year, including today's session to to actually push the member states and partners to to focus focus on that. So today's event is on protecting victims of trafficking. The global estimates of trafficking in person indicate that millions of people are victimized worldwide. In crisis countries crisis affected population are acutely and vulnerable to this crime. Trafficking in person is a humanitarian protection concern it's a crime and abuse that violates the dignity and integrity of the person and in dangerous or their life, their community their physical security. Importantly, global data shows that 60% of the trafficking victims are exploited within their own country. I repeat 60% of the trafficking victims are exploited within their own country. Well, this is evident for specialists and practitioners that work on trafficking issues. It's important to this social dissociate this concept that or perception that trafficking involves this crossing the border concept to the reality where we see the majority of people trafficked within their own country. Therefore essential that the humanitarian and protection community respond to trafficking from the outset and throughout the operations and the factor in a preventive way before the crisis starts. The global protection cluster is committed to embedding anti trafficking action into protection response we're committed to make it systematic we're committed to make it accountable we're more committed to make it commensurate to the size of the town. We have comments collecting data on trafficking risks in the 26 countries where the protection cluster law act. This is published in our situation reports. We will use and we started using this data to advocate to strengthen the response and to really become smarter in the program design and how we complement the work that is done on the ground. We have also established the global protection cluster task team on anti trafficking that brings together basically specialist and expert organization where programs on the ground to come together to bolster the response in itself but also the coordination. Trafficking is one of these notorious crimes that requires that addressing it requires really relying on local actors. And this is important in this time and age where the localization concept is so important. Working on trafficking really needs us to as international organization to walk the talk on localization. Otherwise we have no chance of seriously addressing this crime. But beyond localization. Also this crime is a typical crime that requires peace humanitarian human rights and development actors to come together to address. The scale and complexity of the crime is also again in this time and age a typical example where we stand no chance of seriously addressing it. If we don't have this this concept of a nexus coming together in practice to address. So as you see we have a lot to learn trafficking is complex phenomenon requiring this holistic response. We depend on everyone to come together and us helping those actors in the front lines that are doing the job. So I thank you all for joining us today. We continue our commitment to understanding and responding this trafficking and crisis. And I'm looking forward to hear from you learn from you and sharpen our ideas on how to better support all your organizations on the front lines. Thank you so much Sam back to you. Thanks so much for that introductory remarks William great to hear from you. Attendees we're very lucky today to also have the new special rapporteur on trafficking in persons. Miss. She won Malali join us today. And so I ask her to kindly take the floor and share some opening remarks with us. Thank you. Good afternoon and thank you very much for the opportunity to speak today. I'm delighted to join this session and to be part of this work. As many of you will know, my predecessor Maria Grazia Jamar Naro had undertaken significant work in making the links between human trafficking, trafficking in persons and peace and conflict situations, and had worked in particular to try to break down the different kinds of silos that arise. In responding to situations of crisis to ensure that a response to human trafficking is comprehensive and effective. I hope to continue that work to continue building on those foundations that have been set in terms of working in peace and conflict settings, but more broadly working in humanitarian settings to raise awareness around the use of different actors in humanitarian settings, whether it's refugee protection IDP settings or other situations where there are heightened risks of trafficking in persons due to increased vulnerability arising from displacement loss of shelter loss of employment or other disruptions perhaps ongoing conflict also. And as was said, conflict settings may give rise to increased risks of human trafficking, but it's not always across borders, it can be and is increasingly within states within jurisdictions within regions and different kinds of networks may be involved, it's highly organized criminal networks linked to armed groups, some but sometimes much more informal networks of families communities, sometimes links with the state itself, and these post particular challenges. I think the work of the global protection cluster will be to identify the roles of all humanitarian actors and the specific responsibilities in humanitarian settings to look at protection issues from a very early stage. So, some responsibilities in relation to identification of victims or potential victims, referral for protection and ensuring that there is effective access to specialized services and supports, but also ensuring that prevention measures are taken very early on, so that we don't get to the point of responding to this serious human rights violation trying to ensure coordination between different actors to prevent the occurrence of human trafficking. And where it does occur, ensuring that everybody is ready to bring about a situation where there is accountability that we can combat impunity for this crime and serious violation. I think the key thing that I want to say is that this has often been looked at as a criminal justice concern and criminal justice issue, sometimes as an issue around migration control. But really it's a very serious human rights concern and that the need for that human rights based approach and response has been emphasized again in the renewal of my mandate in the resolution adopted at the Security Council at the Human Rights Council and other resolutions adopted at the Security Council specifically on trafficking in persons that this is a serious human rights violation and requires coordination between different actors. So I look forward to listening to the contributions this afternoon and to continuing to working with the Global Protection Cluster. Thank you. Many thanks, Siobhan. We certainly have our hands full in the anti-trafficking response in humanitarian settings. We know there's a lot of work to come, but we're very grateful for your support and we hope to work really closely with you throughout your mandate over the next three years. Thank you so much to all of the participants for joining in today. As you can see, we have a bit of a jam-packed session and as William and Siobhan both alluded to, a holistic trafficking response involves so many components and not just a criminal element. We really need to focus on the protection response and considering the social and economic aspects of this phenomenon. So before we get into the meets of today's session, I'll just go through a few housekeeping details for everyone so we're on the same page. For those of you who may not have noticed so far, we have simultaneous translation into Spanish. We have one speaker today who will be presenting in Spanish and so the translator will come on board there. Please, you can see in the Zoom panel there when you need to switch the translation. We'll also be recording this session so anyone wants to come back and listen to us again. We will be publishing the link on the Global Protection Cluster website. I think something Renata and I have noticed before in previous Global Protection Cluster annual forums is that sometimes we give voice to what's happening at the global level and don't hear as much about what's happening in the field. So in today's session, we have invited four panelists who are working on the anti-trafficking response in various ways to present to us today. And we really wanted to take a step back and really amplify those voices. I think what we can hear from everyone is there is still so much to learn in what an effective anti-trafficking response looks like in a humanitarian setting. So we're very lucky today to have Andrea who is from IOM. She's a counter-trafficking specialist and she's also one of the co-leads of the Global Protection Cluster task team on anti-trafficking. And she'll be running through with us the basics. What is trafficking dispelling some of the myths and also helping us understand how trafficking is integrated into the protection work we do. We then have Lily who is also a counter-trafficking expert who has been the trafficking project director in northeast Nigeria. We then have Gilberto from UNODC Columbia who's going to be speaking to us about how to strengthen institutions in the anti-trafficking response. We're then lucky to have Irina from IOM Ukraine who is going to speak to us a little bit about how to gather data on trafficking, which we know is really critical and something that a lot of people say we don't know how to even start to respond to trafficking because we don't have the data. So really looking forward to hearing from Irina. And then finally we have Estiana from Venezuela who is going to be speaking to us about how they actually manage cases, how they identify, refer and assist victims of trafficking. But to kick us off I'll pass you to my wonderful colleague Renata who is an anti-trafficking specialist and secretariat of the Global Protection Cluster Task Team on anti-trafficking. And you have to introduce yourself. Oh yes, sorry everyone. For those of you who don't know me, I'm Sam McCormack. I am the focal point for anti-trafficking in the Global Protection Cluster. If you ever want to reach out, my email is in the concept note for this event where you registered. So please feel free to get in touch after the session if you need to follow up with anything. Over to you, Renata. Thank you. I mean, in a way, I think William and Siobhan have made my life a lot easier because here that can change my slide. Yes. I wanted to talk to you all a little bit about the anti-trafficking testing. And we have existed since 2017. And it has been a really nice journey so far I would say. As William was saying, and Siobhan also alluded to over the past few years, there have been a lot of Security Council resolutions, Human Rights Council resolutions and saying that we have to respond to anti-trafficking also in the humanitarian context, as we've done for this 20 years as the convention is starting this year in development context. So these three organizations, Heartland Alliance International, UNHCR and IOM, got together and established this team within the Protection Cluster to make sure that we integrate anti-trafficking into the protection programming. The keyword here is integrating. We don't want to create something completely new given that anti-trafficking programming has a lot of commonalities with the protection programming. And Andrew is going to talk more about this in a little bit. In this three years that we have existed, we've done the stock taking to understand a little bit how is trafficking being coordinated and anti-trafficking programs being implemented in the places where the Protection Cluster is active. We have done a couple of awareness raising through webinars to colleagues from the GBV and child protection areas of responsibility. We've also done a couple of capacity building trainings in which we've gone to a couple of places, some operations, to share some guidance and knowledge on how to implement anti-trafficking programs. And in all of these discussions, I think what we've been getting a lot is, you know, we need a guidance, we need to know more. How can we get more information about this? How can we respond? Because as Siobhan alluded to, it is the duty that all protection actors and I would say all humanitarian actors have to prevent people from being trafficked, identify and refer persons to the appropriate services and protect and assist victims of trafficking. And I feel like I've just said the same words as Siobhan. And this is where we come to. So we've been working over the past years now. So based on these exchanges that we've had with protectioners that are filled with our protection colleagues, what is the content that is most useful to you to understand trafficking and integrate trafficking into your work? So the guidance has four key areas and will cover understanding trafficking in persons and the roles of responders because I think that's one of the areas we got a lot of questions when we had different trainings. Preventing and protecting trafficked persons, how to identify, refer and manage cases. I think that's also an area that we get a lot of questions about. And of course, as we know, the humanitarian sector at large has been moving into evidence-based programming. So we have a small section talking about collecting data on anti-trafficking to inform your program. That is coming really soon and we are very excited for it. Yeah. And now we go into the interesting part of the program to hear from our colleagues. So Andrea, over to you. Yeah. Great. Really quick thing. Do I request remote control of this? Yeah. Got it. Okay. So 10 minutes is not a lot of time to cover a lot of ground. So I'm going to jump right into it. Let me see. If I click it. I'll put this diagram up right out right away. Many of you have seen something like this before. So a lot of you might already be pretty familiar with the definition of human trafficking. There may be some of you who know some of the key elements that are listed that are here on the screen, but maybe are not completely sure of how this presents in practice. What does human trafficking actually look like when you have a case in front of you in an IDP site in an acute crisis? And for some of you, this might still be a little bit of a new topic. So normally in trainings, we go into the technical definition of trafficking quite extensively in a lot of detail. We won't do that today. There isn't time, but there are resources we can share such as the upcoming guidance. You can always reach out to the anti-trafficking task team directly and or you can contact us probably through the global protection clusters community of practice to have a conversation there as well. All right. Next. So to back it up a little bit, a slightly more simplified way to consider trafficking in persons or tip, as we often call it, is that it is a human rights violation. That's pretty straightforward. Trafficking, a case of trafficking can violate a number of human rights and therefore it is a protection concern. This could be a right to life, right to freedom of movement, a right to adequate living or working conditions, as a couple of examples. Trafficking in persons is a crime. This was already mentioned by William quite a bit. So according to the UN Convention on Transnational Organized Crime, under which we get the definition, it is a crime and more and more countries are also establishing national laws that criminalize human trafficking specifically. And it is a form, come on, a form of exploitation. So there are many forms of exploitation and trafficking in persons is one of those. So it is important to remember that people can be exploited. It doesn't automatically mean they are a victim of trafficking, but we will come back to to exploitation in just a moment because it can be a little bit complicated. So this is an easy way to consider trafficking without getting into the very legal technical definition. So on that note, do you have to be an expert in trafficking to be able to work on this, to be able to identify possible cases in IDP settings or any humanitarian setting? Do you have to be a lawyer? Do you have to be a trained social worker? The short answer is no, not exactly. So most of us who work in protection on a day to day basis, we don't need to be experts to be able to recognize some of the warning signs or potential rights abuses. Through our day to day, I'll list some things here, basically through your regular protection monitoring discussions with families, community members in cluster meetings, including inter cluster coordination meetings, just day to day interaction and any further to what's listed here discussions with, I would say health workers too, but I guess that's here. You can be alerted to situations that could amount to trafficking or cases might be referred directly to you as a protection actor. And then in those cases, a decision has to be made, it depends on your situation. If we have the resources to handle the next steps directly, whatever that will be. Or if we find another organization or group or subcluster or AOR who does have the capacity to take it forward from a more expert standpoint, you could say. So, when do you need to have a little bit more expertise in anti trafficking as a protection actor? If we are doing things like training or advising law enforcement or judiciary training civil society or social workers. If we are planning to report violations and by reporting violations that could mean giving inputs to a report for the secretary general on various topics such as conflict related sexual violence, children and armed conflict. And also if you were to report or consider reporting a breach of conduct that we maybe we've witnessed or heard about, such as from security actors, peacekeepers, then we really have to know the definition. And most importantly, if you are required or you're going to be tasked with verifying or confirming a case of human trafficking through an interview, then you have to know this definition very well. And this type of verification should also be considered when you're doing best interest determination or assessments for children. When there is separated or unaccompanied or separated minors and you're looking at potentially facilitating family reunification. And also, if you're advocating on behalf of a beneficiary who maybe is in trouble somehow with the law, there are occasionally provisions of not being criminalized if they were trafficked, but won't get into that now but there's a there's a few more sticky points with the technical definition. And as well, I know we're talking about IDP context that just to keep in mind, it would affect a person's claim for asylum to different context. So back to the main definition of act means and purpose. Quite simply, the act is what is done, the means, how it is done, and the purpose is always exploitation so sometimes people want to argue that the purpose is for profit for money. And that's a logical argument, often it is, but for from the perspective of a from a pure definition sense, the purpose is always exploitation. Now, the question is what is exploitation, this is not really defined very well anywhere there's no pure consensus on what it means. And it can be defined a bit differently in different countries. So, some countries have a very clear list of exploitation can mean these five things. Other countries will follow something a little more open ended, which allows the definition to accommodate different types of trafficking as as they arise as we discover them. So generally speaking, the internationally recognized definition of trafficking under the Palermo protocol lists exploitation as this has exploitation of prostitution of others, other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, and that might sound a bit obscure to some people as well servitude, or the removal of organs, but this is still left a little bit open ended. Now one more important thing to remember to have a basic knowledge of what trafficking is, is that for child trafficking. That means the middle piece is not necessary. So that's taken out entirely for a case to count as child trafficking, only the act for the purpose of exploitation is required. Okay. So now let me see about almost seven minutes. Okay, so let's practice a little bit I don't know if there's time or space to do like for people to answer in the, in the comments, no pressure I'll just run through these I've got a few examples, a few scenarios to help what it might look like in practice. So I'll read it a little bit faster. A group of men in an IDP site have organized young women from a different quadrant of the site, who they coerce into prostitution. The men keep the money from the customers, and they give nothing or very little to the women. The women stay because they are afraid to leave. They have nowhere to go. And now they face shame of the community. If they report this abuse. So, of course, you don't have all the information there's a lot of questions still to be asked, but just with this snapshot. Does this start to look like, could this be trafficking, can you see the act means and purpose somewhere in this small description. In the interest of time, I will jump forward. Yes, people say yes. Okay, great. People are answering. Yes, so, organized right after that there is most likely that's the act, which is probably more like recruitment. Maybe they also received or harbored the people, the women, coercion, that's the means, and the prostitution, that is the exploitation. So this sounds like probably yes, this is trafficking, maybe as you dig into more details, maybe other information would come forward but at first glance, this would probably count. This would warrant further discussion. Okay, next one. A displaced family living in an urban setting is approached by a distant relative, offering education opportunities to one of their children if they come to live with them in a nearby city. The child is sent with the relative, but instead of going to school. They are kept in poor conditions inside the house and are forced to work long hours as a domestic servant. Quickly, if anyone wants to answer. Does this at first glance sound like trafficking. Yeah, correct. It does. Again, this is all the information you have, we don't know everything yet. So what we see here is offering kind of like recruitment that is the act. They're basically in domestic servitude, which is the purpose the exploitation. And remember because they're a child, it doesn't matter how they were tricked or deceived or forced into it for this to qualify. Okay. I'll do at least one or two more. Another example. A young man arrives at the health clinic in the camp, and he explains he was taken to be a soldier in an armed group and recently defected. So he ran away. He said he was with the armed group for three years, and he is maybe 18 or 19 years old now. And this is all you know, you don't know if he chose to join. Well, it says he was taken, but what he did when he was in the armed group. We don't know yet was he involved in grave crimes. So what do you think about this one. Does this sound like trafficking. At first glance, again, this is all you know. Good. Most likely. Yes. So he was taken to be a soldier. I should have made the soldier read as well. So maybe abducted. Sorry. That's the means hang on. We'll see recruited as the act. What about the purpose. Well he's a soldier in an armed group. He's not always be an immediate yes to trafficking but consider this. He was a child when he was recruited. If you do the math here. Exactly. Good answers, probably forced to fight. He was a child when he started. And arguably as well when you recruit child soldiers this is considered a worse form of child labor as well which is considered trafficking. Okay I'll do one more. Okay, during a massive flood. Many families are displaced and separated. The devastation is massive and thousands of people are missing. An international child protection NGO arrives and registers unaccompanied and separated children to be adopted by families overseas and transports them away from the flooded region to a city with a functioning airport. Now what do you think about this one. We know their children. It's it's mixed it's a bit of a is a good answers it's a tricky one. So let's look at for the elements. They've been transported. The means doesn't matter because they are children. But is their exploitation is the question. Technically, I mean, it's terrible. No question this is illegal. This is for sure not not right. It's unethical. It's a major child protection concern. But the element of exploitation is not really there we don't know if they're going to be taken for some other purpose if they're really going to families. It's not right, but this is wouldn't count as trafficking. The reason I put this example in here is because this this is actually quite a common occurrence, unfortunately, they have been some pretty famous cases that have happened during, especially during natural disasters such as the Haiti earthquake during the tsunami in 2004 and years before that as well there are stories of charities who come in and try to take children for adoption. It's often called trafficking, but this is technically usually not correct. So just be aware of that, but it is still a massive protection concern, absolutely. And people are saying right now it could happen in Lesbos. Yes, anywhere. There's chaos, separated children. These, these situations can happen. I'm going to wrap it up because I'm at over my 10 minutes. But you can see it's not always perfectly clear. I'm just back over to my colleagues. Thank you, Andrea. Thanks so much Andrea and colleagues as you can tell Renata and I have given our speakers very clean 10 minute time frame just so we can get through all of the speakers today. Without further ado, I will now hand over to Lily from Heartland Alliance who will be speaking about coordinating a trafficking response with other actors in Nigeria. Over to you, Lily. You now have control of the screen. Okay. Hello, good afternoon and good morning everyone. So I would put my presentation on then right. Your presentation is already on. You just need to move next. Okay, okay, got it, got it. Okay. Okay, so hello everyone. My name is Lily and until last month I was counter trafficking project director with Heartland Alliance International in Northeast Nigeria so I would present a case study on Northeast Nigeria. So just a little bit about the context. Because the us, we are talking about trafficking in humanitarian settings or trafficking in crisis and trafficking in other contexts is different than trafficking in humanitarian settings and also the specific humanitarian crisis being a natural disaster or impact the types of trafficking occurring in the, in the region. So in Northeast Nigeria, we have the lake chat based in humanitarian crisis. This is the part in West Africa where the borders of Niger, Nigeria chat and Cameroon meet around and it's also known with violent conflict of Boko Haram, or lately Islamic State Boko Haram and Islamic State of West Africa province where we talk about Islamist groups opposing Western education and also Western influence and being in an armed conflict with Nigerian army or with the government so it's a non state armed opposition group against the government. And then this crisis has been around since 2009 it has affected more than 70 million people this place more than 2.5 million people and it's a severe and very volatile safety and security situation and also a place where human trafficking is common. And I just wanted to highlight the types of trafficking in Northeast Nigeria as trafficking in humanitarian crisis is different in than other contexts even in Nigeria trafficking in the South and trafficking in the North where we have the conflict is quite different. So here we talk about armed conflict. The trafficking indirectly related to armed conflict because of the root causes are mostly poverty, volatile safety and security situation. We have sexual exploitation, forced prostitution, forced marriage, forced labor, child trafficking also forced marriage and child marriage, street hooking and begging all by children. Trafficking directly related to the conflict is with participation of armed opposition group. So here we talked relevant to Andreas example when we talked about abduction and forced recruitment of adults and children, adults women being used for sexual exploitation, forced marriage, children being used for for labor or combatants, child soldiers and also suicide bombers. Then I'm just, okay, trying to move to next slide. My topic is coordination and cooperation in humanitarian and national actors in the in humanitarian crisis where trafficking happens. Why, why is it important? I want to go back to the previous slide. Okay. Okay. Here we go. Because we have, so what we have is a very heavy presence to multiple humanitarian actors, NGOs, NGOs, UN organizations, Nigeria has a very strong governmental sectors, unlike or whereas many countries in this region have weak government, Nigeria's government and governmental institutions are very strong and they're very also actively involved in the conflict. So here we have this heavy presence of actors. We also have trafficking as a cross cutting and overarching issue. What does it mean? We have, we have, yes trafficking is a protection concern. We know that it's a human rights violation, but it's also a GBB issue because a lot of victims of trafficking are victims of GBB or as GBB. It's a child abuse concern. So it's also concerned of the child protection sector because of the child trafficking. A lot of victims of trafficking, victims and survivors of trafficking have needs of all of them of mental health and psychosocial support assistance. We have all this sector that are responding to trafficking because victims and survivors have so many needs, so many services are needed to provide survivor center approach or victim center approach that there is a need for very well organized cooperation and coordination to have a successful response. And as the bigger picture when we address the issue as a systemic change, how do we prevent trafficking at national level? How do we prosecute perpetrators? How do we provide holistic support protection and reintegration to victims? So all this requires coordination and cooperation. So moving to the next slide. Okay. I guess my screen is a bit slow because I want to go to the next one. Okay. So successful example of coordination and cooperation in action. Following the module of the GPC anti-trafficking task team in humanitarian action, we founded anti-trafficking in persons task force in Borno State, in Maiduguri Borno State. So this was initiative of IOM Heartland Alliance International and UNHC, again similar to the GPC anti-trafficking task team where through this task force we brought various stakeholders together to prevent, mitigate and respond to trafficking in Northeast Nigeria while capitalizing on each member specific expertise. And with this we'd like to say that in ideal scenario we'll see the four piece in the framework of addressing trafficking in a synchrony. So we have organization NGOs, National Human Rights Commission, civil society organization on prevention efforts. We have also law enforcement, immigration, police. We also have the Justice Secretary, Ministry of Justice, National Bar Association, Nigerian Bar Association working on prosecution efforts. We have the social service providers, Ministry of Women Affairs, social development. We have hospitals. We have social workers. We have psychologists. We have, there are centers for providing assistance to victims who have suffer sexual exploitation and abuse, shelters. They all ensure protection. And all of these actors work together in a partnership to address the issues through this coordination structure. And the structure is with the lead support organization IOM HCI and UNHCR co-chaired by National Agency for Prohibition Trafficking of Person and Ministry of Justice and then organized around prevention, protection and prosecution subcommittees. So here we have the humanitarian actors in a situation of humanitarian crisis and then we also have the national and state governmental actors, as well as representatives from the sectors, different CSOs, INGOs, and so on. Okay, so moving to the next. So I chose this slide just because it's a visual representation of the task force of what the task force represent. So this picture, it's basically this coordination and collaboration in action. So it's a scene from all the actors being in an IDP coming my degree you see from the left the folks for from IOM with the blue shirts you see the lady with the middle with the sunglasses is the director general of National Agency for Prohibition Trafficking in persons. Then you see on the right side the folks with the beige jacket those are the people from the Nigerian government from national and state agency managing the crisis so it's all actors coming together with their capacity and mandate to address trafficking. Then I'm moving to lessons learned what's what's works what doesn't what what did they learn what I wish I knew this work takes a lot of time. I mean it really takes time to bring everyone on board to to win the agencies to to talk about trafficking as an issue because in the beginning maybe had a lot of backlash people were saying trafficking is not happening. Why do you need to do this. So we took a lot of time to go and meet with everyone with state agency governmental agency the protection sector to get the green like to institutionalize this coordinated response on trafficking. So it takes a lot of time. Since that the time the trafficking task force existed half of the time has been only for preparation. It's very political because it's a human rights issues human rights violation. Human rights work is always political but with trafficking especially because it's a lucrative business. As Andrea mentioned it serves people in in power. There are trafficking rings there are sometimes there are government involved because of the context also the the cultural religious context in a conservative society where you know we have in northeast Nigeria child rights act is not is not ratified. So then we deal with issues with forced marriage child marriage. We have the issue of sexual abuse and exploitation in camps where often the territory is involved. So it's very very political. A good thing is that there is existing a legal framework and also national agency for prohibition trafficking in persons. I'm running overtime but I'll finish by 11 minutes. And this is good because in many countries there isn't. So in a way we have to prove that trafficking is an issue and existing while in Nigeria we have the law to to you know behind us to rely on the law. We have to work at all levels with grassroots communities awareness raising IDP camps whole settings again with with with government with with embassy. It's working at all levels. We have to win the allies we have to win the champions. Those are the people who are influential people in the government in the civil society networks the good people among the you know the the institutions that could stand up and continue this initiative. Of course we have to lead by example doing the work being passionate about the work making it sustainable meaning also not only making it humanitarian but also including governmental and state institutions so that they could own the process so that it's also their initiative it's not something imposed by western humanitarian organizations and also to we also within our organization with humanitarian organizations there is a lot of turn over. So if we make it okay it's represented by by heartland by I am by UNHCR it's it's represented by national agencies for prohibition and trafficking person ministry of justice. We are making it sustainable and then there is more opportunity for for growth and development and systemic change to address trafficking in persons. And it's very very frustrating and difficult but it's also very rewarding work when you see the results. Thank you very much and I'm sorry for my technical difficulties. No worries. I did something wrong. I need to share my screen. Thank you Lily during your presentation, Sam and I were talking, and we were just wondering for the colleagues that are with us in the room today. You know, in the comments. What is your experience on coordination with anti trafficking in your context is it coordinated through the cluster. Is it does it have a working group, or maybe there's no coordination at all, but do let us know on the chat. And with that, I will give the floor to my colleague. Alberto from even DC. The floor is yours. Hey, thank you so much. So let me share my presentation. Okay. Thank you so much. My name is Gilberto. I'm the project coordinator in the program on trafficking in persons and smuggling of migrants in, you know, DC, Columbia. So the objective of our participation in this space is to share some of our learn experience and lessons learned from our work here, specifically in capacity building and supporting the rule of law in other national territory. My experience I've been working in new DC for the last seven years, the first five as a legal advisor, providing technical assistance in capacity building. And secondly, the last two years as project coordinators. I think it's a team. It's a team composed by six members and six people that we are working during the last two years, specifically in in this capacity building operation and activities with different stakeholders. Next please. I think you have control the screen. Yes, yes, yes, yes. Okay. Thank you. Sorry. In the context about Columbia situation and about the Columbia framework. Nothing to add. Also, but according to the definition that Adriana gave us about the what is trafficking in persons according to the protocol to Palermo. The definition that in Columbia is not any no mean is required. No mean is required to have the or for the currents of the trafficking. That means that it doesn't matter if you are under 18 or over 18. No mean is not required and is don't don't have any relevance for the for the occurrence of the crime. And it's also considered gender based violence because of the different impacts that that generate over the women, children and other other other kind of population. People that they are not only in the more vulnerable areas in Colombia but also in the main cities or capitals that we have in the country. Our Colombian constitutional court in a judicial decision from 2011. The discord established that being deprived of freedom for being detained or held against the own will impeach the joint meant of other rights and liberties. In that sense, we have to mention that the trafficking in persons is a complex crime, and it's a human rights violation, especially in context of violence, vulnerability, where gender based stereotypes and discriminations are occurring. In the context of territorial also in the borders or because of the armed conflict where stereotypes and discrimination because of ethnicity or migration situation are stronger. That allows that the trafficking persons it's going to be most heavy or more strong to occur in the in the national or against the victims. In our national context, we have a law a bill that is as you see in the presentation we have the 985 from 2005 law. This is the trafficking national law that provides all the national architecture and provide the definitions to fight against this crime. And we have a national strategy to combat the trafficking persons. It's a national strategy that is in this moment is being reviewed and it's going to be a organize a new national strategy against trafficking persons. And we have national committee. It's a national committee where the Ministry of Interior is in charge of how the secretary from this national committee and we have local committees in all of the territories, the 32 departments that we have in Colombia. We have a local or regional committees in charge of the public policy at the local level against trafficking persons. Despite the peace agreement signed with the FARC, with the former government of Colombia, we have to recognize that we have a transformation or a new dynamics of the armed conflict and situations of other criminal manifestations in Colombia. Specifically in the areas where we are highlighted with the yellow point are areas where the risk have increased with the deteriorated rule of law involving armed conflict actors different than our others despite the FARC. We have ELN, we have other organized crime groups and different criminal manifestations such as drug trafficking, illegal binding, other criminal markets, extractive markets and people with need of humanitarian assistance, not only for the migration context that we are facing in South America, in Latin America, but also because of the internal displacement because of the presence of these armed groups and also because of their event and natural disasters. According to the mandate of UNODC, we don't have a humanitarian mandate or a humanitarian response for protection and assistance. We have to support or our mandate is to support and promote the implementation of the UNODC, the Convention Against Organized Crime and its supplementary protocol to prevent, to preach and punish trafficking persons that is the international framework for to combat or to address the trafficking persons here. So in that sense, our main response here is to design, enhance and disseminate of strategies and tools to improve capacities for prevention, identification, assistance, prosecution, comprehension of the crime and the current and cooperation with local and national authorities, especially where rule of law and institutional capacity and performance need to be strengthened. According to this, our main activity here in the country is to provide technical assistance for the capacity buildings and the local strategies, for example, public policies and tools to identify, to prevent and to assist victims of trafficking persons. And we need to recognize, this is really important for our work here in Colombia that we work and without them, it's impossible, it has been impossible working here. We have worked and we work with different local NGOs to have presence in the most of the territory. For mention some of them, you can see Fundación Renacer, Espacios de Mujer, Crescer, Apollar, Progresar, especially in the border with Venezuela, Marcella Loaisa Foundation. And with the support of these NGOs, we can work and this allows us to go to the local level to work with the authorities and the stakeholders and to provide other assistance to the local level. We are responding in the country in Colombia from UNO DC, we can categorize in two parts. The first one is the institutional strengthening and the second one is support to territorial authorities and civil society organizations. In the first part, institutional strengthening, we have some examples, but in general terms, we work with national and local institutions to provide technical assistance to build some tools to respond to the crime of trafficking persons. Tools like, for example, to identify or how to provide assistance. In this case, for example, with the Colombian Institute of Family Welfare, which is the national institute in charge of the assistance and protection of children in all forms of violence. We have, for example, more than 10,000 officials from this institute have received technical assistance to strengthen the response to trafficking in persons, especially for children and adolescents in regions with significant gaps and institutional capacity. For example, the region of Orinoco and the Amazon region, and we have provided tools, two important tools for the institute and to strengthen the capacity to identify this crime and how to respond. The first one is the guide for the identification of an accompanied migrant children and adolescents at risk of being victims of trafficking persons. As many of you know, Colombia has a lot of land border and it's very difficult for all the immigration authority to have control of all the points along or among the land border. So the children crossing borders is permanent and it's so easier for a regular border pass to have these entrants to the national territory and it's important to have the tools to identify where these children are at risk of being victims of trafficking in persons. And the second one, and I think is the most important, is the guideline for specialized assistance to children and adolescents victims of trafficking in persons in Colombia. This guideline is part of the institutional framework of the institute of the SBA effect and it's important to recognize that this guideline provides all the information, the route and how to react and to identify when children, one child is victim of trafficking in persons and what kind of assistance is important to provide to the child and also to the family. We work with the Ministry of Labor, especially because as we know that the trafficking in persons with the purpose of sexual exploitation is the most, is the principal forms of exploitation. But we recognize that it's important to identify other forms that for sure are happening and are, and it's a real situation in the country, such as the trafficking in persons with the purpose of forced labor. So we work with the Ministry of Labor creating mechanism to identify and to refer is a referral mechanism for victims of trafficking in persons with the purpose of forced labor. And with this referral mechanism, we are not only pretending to activate the prosecution of the criminals, but also to provide assistance to the victims that the labor inspectors identified in the territory. In the second category, we can, for example, give you some examples, but we love or we like to work directly with the local authorities and other local stakeholders. One of the examples of our work is that the SERF is the Emergency Response Fund that between 2018 and 2019, we jointly with women and the Norwegan Refugee Council in NRC. We were especially providing protection of people, victims of gender-based violence, trafficking in persons and sexual exploitation in different levels and in different forms of occurrence or manifestations, young and adult, migrant women in Colombia, and national women in this land border or in the border. We create guidelines for the local referral and assistance in the local level according to the local reality and context. One of our experiences and lessons learned is that it's not always a good way to respond to the trafficking in persons only from the national level. You must respond or it's important to respond from the local level according to the different aspects and the different context in the local level. It's not the same situation in the land border or in the border with some countries that in main cities or in the, for example, in cities next to the Caribbean or to the Pacific Ocean. It's different, the context, the culture are so different, so the tools and the capacity response must be provided from the local level and attending to the local context. So we also provide supplies to immediate and mediate assistance and promote the networks and NGOs to how to respond and how to identify this kind of violations. As I mentioned, not only trafficking in persons, but also all forms of sexual exploitation and different forms of gender-based violence. Thank you so much. I think you touched on some really important points about partnerships and also about recalling that there is not going to be a one-size-fits-all approach in an anti-trafficking response. I'm really interested to maybe have access to the guidelines that Columbia has been producing on how to provide specialised assistance. It would be wonderful if we're able to start sharing those and also for any of the participants on this call. If you are developing or if you have already produced special guidelines on responding to trafficking in your context, the Global Protection Custer Task Team on anti-trafficking would love to receive them. So we can start to build a repository of information that might be able to assist people in other contexts. I know it's probably one of our biggest challenges, not just in the anti-trafficking world, but in child protection and in GBV. Something that's been coming out a lot in the annual forums so far is the need to better share these practices across countries and operations. So it's wonderful to know that some of those resources exist and please I really encourage you to either email the task team or add it in the chat so we can share it with the participants live now. I will now hand over the floor to Irina from IOM who will take us through how the IOM Ukraine office has collected data on anti-trafficking to inform their response in the crisis context. Over to you. Thank you so much, Sam. So I would like today to present to you our knowledge-based approach to protection and prevention in the context of the conflict here in Ukraine. And actually, by listening to, I cannot control it. I just want to speak to you. Okay, thank you so much. So actually, by listening to other speakers, I found out that we were quite lucky to have a very strong counter-trafficking program before the conflict started in 2014. And we actually here in Ukraine, we built our IOM counter-trafficking interventions. They are evidence-based data previewing and we built them by analyzing the patterns in recruitment and exploitation together through our beauty case load and combine them with the data gathered through qualitative and quantitative surveys. This collected data knowledge are further translated into practical action and they are made available to practitioners working in the counter-trafficking field. And today, I want to present you the results of the survey that we conducted last year and we wanted to actually find out what are the patterns of human trafficking the next one probably. Thank you. What are the patterns of human trafficking in the context of armed conflict and what factors increase the risk of human trafficking? So this survey design was the qualitative and exploratory and we had some study limitations as the survey was not conducted on non-governmental controlled areas and the features of trafficking and populations vulnerable to human trafficking, they were selected mainly to end yours, providing services to them which might have had some impact on the survey results. Next. So the survey, we started from conducting the desk survey. We gathered information by analyzing characteristics of human trafficking and counter-trafficking activities in eight countries where armed conflict took place since 2008. Then we organized focus group with experts, organized seven focus group overall with participants representing governmental authorities and international and non-governmental organizations. And after that, we conducted semi-structured interviews with two different groups of participants. The first one was victims of trafficking and it should be noted here that these were people who were actually exploited after the conflict was started. So actually from 2014 to 2018. And then we conducted semi-structured interviews with people at high risk of getting into the station of human trafficking. Next. So, as a result of the survey, what was really interesting for us is the fact that the risk of getting into the situation of human trafficking is actually driven by a set of different interrelated factors which are economic because difficult financial situation and the fact that people suffered from the armed conflict and they had to move to other localities. It influenced a lot the fact that they were ready to accept a lot of risky job offers. Then social factors because they didn't have documents, a lot of them didn't have access to different resources which were provided earlier. And of course, safety and protection concerns because the fear for their personal safety made them move into other places of residence separating from their families and made them more vulnerable to human trafficking. Next. And when we look at the patterns of human trafficking, then we can see that the recruitment was mainly done through acquaintances. So we analyze here only those cases when they were related to the human trafficking. So they were mainly recruited through acquaintances. They were transported independently by public transport and paying for the tickets with their own money. There were labor cases of exploitation mostly and it correlates a lot to the situation that we generally have here in Ukraine because 93% of cases are cases of labor exploitation. People were mostly exploited in construction, agriculture and vegetable factories. The main countries of exploitation were Russian Federation then Poland goes and what is interesting is that exploitation actually took place on non-government controlled areas. And people were mainly released by employers for escape. Next. But what was challenging for us when we received those results is that we find out that people started looking for some assistance after from one to three years of the actual release from exploitation. And it gives these understanding why, for example, when any conflict started or any crisis started, you will not see the immensely increasing the number of identified victims of trafficking right after the conflict. But it actually appears to become within one, two or three years. People go to know about the possibility of the assistance from their local media, from their acquaintances, from the police and mostly they needed medical examination tools for self-employment and assistance with the development of their own business. And actually for the 20 years of the IBM working in this field and providing direct assistance to victims of trafficking, we've assisted more than 70,000 people so far. And of them, like this year we started, when we got the results of this survey, we started building our counter trafficking response not only directly around victims of trafficking, but also among those people at high risk of trafficking, which is extremely important, especially in times of humanitarian crisis and in humanitarian settings. So this year in summer, we've included this counter trafficking response into our global strategic preparedness and response plan, and during summer we've assisted 188 people already. And as you can see from the distribution, 18% were victims of trafficking, 44% were individuals at high risk of trafficking, 32% were conflict affected population, especially people suffering from domestic violence, mainly, 6% were migrants who returned to Ukraine due to Khabib, and these were mainly the migrants who are now actively looking for the job offers and other employment opportunities. Next. So when we're heading, when we're looking at these people, we should understand that everybody is sharing out of these almost 200 daily seats, re-installation grants, cash grants for food in general, and other essential, almost 40% of them received professional equipment, family assistance, 23% covered their housing needs. And it is important to understand that when we're looking at this person and when we're talking this needs-based, when we're providing this needs-based assistance to them, a person is entitled to different types of assistance. So we were not seeing, like, let's say, if you are having professional equipment, then you are not eligible for medical treatment, or we're not limiting this anyway. So this is a very client-oriented approach that we're using. And when we're talking about the lessons learned on identification, it is very important when you're working, especially in humanitarian settings, to strictly adhere to the main humanitarian principles of humanity, neutrality, impartiality, and independence, because during identification and provision of assistance near the conflict line, additional pressure is put on humanitarian actors to identify people irrespective of their political beliefs. That is very important to maintain confidentiality, and therefore, all the information is kept at the UN because otherwise it may put in additional risk for people who are being along the conflict line. It is very important to engage members from the local community in identification to build trust, and here when we're talking about the local community, we mean non-governmental organizations, we mean governmental structures, state employment services, social services. And we've identified a new vulnerable group, civilized, who were held to the community for the purpose of exploitation, and it was quite challenging for us and very interesting to work with this group. When we're talking about the lessons learned on provision of assistance, the cash assistance to cover basic needs is very essential, because with these, we gain trust from beneficiaries. And the sound provided of a very short period of time. The most pressing needs of the beneficiaries have professional equipment, family assistance, and housing, and it is extremely important to ensure an individual approach when providing assistance, basing this approach and basing this assistance on their every victim's need, but not giving the unified assistance to all beneficiaries who are on the conflict line. And when we're talking about the prevention, because at the very beginning, I told you that this research provided us very nice grounds for protection and prevention. Within the humanitarian sentence, we try to use this overall UN-Ukraine comprehensive approach to human trafficking prevention, starting from general awareness raising about human trafficking, where we give people information about the fact that human trafficking still exists in the 20th century and that it can be connected to them and it can concern them. So targeted prevention of human trafficking, when we are providing them information, no, the previous one, sorry, targeted prevention of human trafficking, when we are providing them information about the basic safety rules based on the target audience and then to the early prevention of human trafficking when we want to change their behavior practice. So when we're talking about the general awareness raising about human trafficking, here's the main goal is to give people understanding that human trafficking can be related to them and to their families. And here we're not wanting to change their behavior. Sorry to interrupt you, I'm really sorry, but we are really running out of time. We only have 10 minutes left on our session, and we are still, we'll have to hear from Ms. Diana, and then we'll have some concluding words from Sam. I think this was really, really interesting and, you know, learning more about the different aspects of the anti trafficking response in Ukraine. And I think for all of us as humanitarian practitioners, one of the things that we should think is that we already collect a lot of data through protection monitoring and other assessments that we can use and analyze from an anti trafficking perspective. So without further ado, I want to hand the floor to Estiana. Thank you. Okay. En nuestro país existe un marco jurídico referente a la trata y el tráfico de personas el cual tiene como base fundamental la constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. So No obstante todo esto tiene su referencia y su basamento sobre el marco institucional sobre el cual se debe desarrollar todo este ordenamiento jurídico a través de los distintos ministerios a través de los órganos administrativos, judiciales y jurisdiccionales de la República de Venezuela. Adelante Cristina. Dentro del marco institucional, obviamente encontramos, como acabo de decir, todo lo que contempla el sistema administrativo, los órganos administrativos, como son los consejos de protección, el Ministerio Público como Organo investigación y el poder judicial. Cabe destacar que el ordenamiento jurídico venezolano contempla dentro de la ley orgánica sobre el derecho de la mujer a una vida literata de mujeres, niñas y por una jurisdicción especial en materia de delitos de violencia contra las mujeres y tribunales especiales en esta materia. Adelante Cristina. ¿Cuál es el contexto venezolana? En Venezuela, en los últimos cinco años, Venezuela ha pasado a ser un país considerado receptor a un país emisor de personas que salen buscando oportunidades de trabajo y nuevos horizontes. Actualmente en Venezuela observamos y tenemos la cifra más alta de personas en movilidad humana que por diversas razones dejan el país. Hemos observado como desplazamientos masivos a través de la frontera terrestre hacia diversos destinos que frecuentemente no eran destinos para la población venezolana. Hemos explicado que muchas personas deben hacer largas esperas a la interperie en las rutas elegidas para ir y migrar hacia otros países. Lo cual tiene su fundamento en el deterioro de la calidad de vida, la escasez de alimentos, de medicamentos, colapsos de servicios. Estableciendo todo esto, factores que llevan a muchas personas especialmente a las más jóvenes a migrar. Aun cuando en Venezuela tenemos avances en el marco legal en materia de trata y tráfico de personas, los problemas políticos, económicos y sociales que existen en nuestro país hace que estos temas pasen desapercibido, por lo cual existe un gran número de mujeres venezolanas migrantes que son captadas fuera y dentro de Venezuela. Existe la trata con fines de explotación laboral sobre todo en mujeres muy jóvenes las cuales son trasladadas a otros países con el objeto de trabajar como servidumbre. Existe una explotación sexual y trata de niños y niñas usados para la mendicidad, trabajo de condiciones como nuevas formas de esclavitud. Asistentes observamos que esta situación de la trata y tráfico de personas, además de las mujeres, niñas y adolescentes, afecta la captación de mujeres tans. Cabe resaltar en este punto particular, de acuerdo a un estudio realizado por la Organización Unión Afirmativa, que no existen lineamientos que permitan resguardar los derechos de estas personas. En cuanto a la asistencia de los sobrevivientes, debemos decir que identificar a los sobrevivientes en Venezuela es un verdadero desafío, pues a pesar del ordenamiento jurídico, a pesar de toda la normativa existente, la atención integral a las personas sobrevivientes en Venezuela se hace cuesta arriba. ¿A qué se debe esto? Que cuando las personas acuden a las instancias del Estado venezolano a realizar sus denuncias, son revictimizadas, son culpabilizadas nuestro país protocolos específicos para la atención de las víctimas y de sus familiares. Por lo tanto, la asistencia es muy limitada. Esto se agrada por la profunda crisis que atraviesa Venezuela, lo cual ha debilitado la institucionalidad, siendo la respuesta actualmente la que proviene de las organizaciones de derechos humanos, las organizaciones internacionales, de todas aquellas organizaciones que pertenecemos a la arquitectura humanitaria, lo cual se debilita por la falta de recursos financieros. ¿Qué tipo de asistencia buscan las personas? Las víctimas, los sobrevivientes de trata y acompañamiento realizan las ONG, observamos que se realizan talleres preventivos en las diferentes comunidades. El Estado, a través de las remisiones que hacen algunos casos a los órganos policiales cuando se toman las denuncias, simplemente en una gran cantidad no se brinda la protección de vida, vulnerando el debido proceso la tutela judicial efectiva y dejando en un Estado de abandono jurídico a las personas víctimas de este flagelo. De acuerdo a un estudio realizado por la Organización Exo-Venezuela, tenemos que en nuestro país el 68% de nuestras víctimas son mujeres, y de ese 68%, el 42% tiene entre 18 y 30 años. Las causas que han fundamentado esta situación es por el aumento de la movilidad las redes de prostitución forzadas. En los casos que hemos identificado hemos observado que principalmente se reportan a través de los estados fronterizos. La gran mayoría de la población venezolana está saliendo de nuestro país a través de las llamadas trochas por las fronteras Colombo-Venezolana y la Frontera con Brasil. Vía marítima salen desde el estado de la Guayra hacia Trinidad y Tobago y Curacao. ¿Qué elecciones hemos aprendido de esto? Requerimos de una respuesta integral, holística. Es decir, una respuesta donde brindemos a las víctimas atención médica, psicológica, legal, social. Es necesario trabajar de manera articulada con todos los actores que forman parte del sistema rector de protección integral. Debemos construir alianzas con otros países para dar acompañamiento a las sobrevivientes de explotación sexual. Y necesitamos los mecanismos necesarios para documentar los casos de trata y tráfico. Gracias, Estiana. Gracias, Estiana. Perdón porque tengo que interrumpir porque tenemos que terminar en justo en la cuarta media. En mil desculpas. So, this is it. I think we've come towards the end of our session. I think Sam wants to share some thoughts of all the things we've learned from the different presenters today and some reflections from our side. The floor is yours, Sam. Thank you so much to all of the panelists. It's fantastic to hear about the work that's been done and some of the achievements that have been made in really challenging contexts when it sounds like resources are extremely stretched and still the need for more specialised services is really clear. I think some things I really took away from this is that not everyone needs to be an expert on anti-trafficking, but all humanitarian actors need to know the basics, the basic functions of what trafficking is and how to identify a person and refer them to those specialised services where they exist. I think what we've heard a lot is that there are NGOs active or there are government task forces active and so the important thing for us to consider in a response is then how do we work with what exists? How do we bolster what already exists? And I think what's wonderful is sometimes humanitarian say we don't know anything about trafficking. There's nothing that exists in this country. But what we've heard in each of these four contexts is absolutely that yes, there are things that do exist. I think as William said at the beginning that sometimes there is a tendency to still work in silos and that we don't actually stand a chance of truly combating trafficking in crisis context without breaking down some of those silos and without better coordinating our response with NGOs, with humanitarian partners, with the governments, with peace and security actors. I think something we heard was that we need strong protection from the outset and strong prevention from the outset. But we also heard that victims might not be identified until years into a crisis. And I think that's really important for us to consider when we plan responses that we need that dual target there to make sure that we have those referral mechanisms and services in place from the outset but know that it might be some time until those victims begin to come forward. And I think a really important thing we heard as well is that 100% of victims in the Ukrainian context required immediate cash assistance. And so that's something we should really consider going forward in our anti-trafficking responses. I think one thing that I really took away from Lily's presentation is the importance of winning champions that ultimately all of our work just requires us, our energy as humans and as colleagues. So investing in each other and what we can provide together is ultimately how we're going to improve the response. Unfortunately, there isn't any time and we've already run over time for a dedicated question and answer time with our panellists. But the great thing is, is the Global Protection Cluster has just rebamped its online community of practice. So that is a channel that we can all log into, just go to the Global Protection Cluster website and we can continue the conversation on there about responding to anti-trafficking. That's it from me and they are my reflections at the moment. Renata, was there anything you wanted to add? No, I think you spoke perfectly for the two of us. I want to thank all of our panellists. I am so sorry that I interrupted you, but I really look forward for us to continue this conversation at the community of practice. And I also look forward to getting in touch with you soon for the guidance launch. It's going to be launched in English, Spanish and French and Arabic. Oh, my goodness. Exactly. Recovering everything. Exactly. So please do write to us. You have Sam's contact or you can just write to gpc at unhcr.org. And that's it from us. Thank you very much panellists and thanks for attending.