 Good morning learners, today we are going to discuss the third semester paper two that is ethics unit number one the name of the unit is nature and scope of ethics. While discussing this unit we are going to deal with some questions that they are what is ethics then we are going to explain the nature of ethics and we will discuss the scope of ethics. Now whenever we are seeing about morality, morality is something which is deals with some questions morality always deals with some questions and the questions are why we moral how moral can be in non-ideal world are we morally are we moral by nature are moral just means true these are some of the questions we are often found to be associated with the subject called ethics. Now if we see the definitions of ethics then we will find that there are different definitions which are presented by different philosophers. Now first we have to know the etymological meaning of the term ethics. The particular word ethics it is also has a different terminology that is morality. Now ethics is derived from a Greek word ethics at all and it also derived from a Latin word Morse. Morse actually morality the term Moral Moral comes from the Latin word Ethic Morse and the Greek term it Greek from the Greek term Ethos the word Ethics has been derived. Now what is the meaning of the term Ethos and what is the meaning of the term Morse? If we see the meaning of these two terms we will find that the meaning of these two terms are same and that is way of living. Now a way of living and it also studies about customs. Now ethics is a branch of philosophy why it is a branch of philosophy because it is something which is concerned with human conduct. Now it consists in a code of conduct of human being living in this in this society that means if we are to live in this society we have to follow certain rules or we have to follow certain norms or we have to follow certain code of conduct and that is what what ethics is actually. Now what ethics examines? Ethics examines rationally all the human beings are rational and by rational justification with the help of rational justification morality tries to see what is wrong or what is right or what is just or what is unjust. It also deals with certain terms that what is good what is bad and ethics is what if we see we will find that ethics is an attempt to guide human conduct and it is also an attempt to help man in leading good life by applying moral principles. There are certain moral principles which are given by ethitians or philosophers and with the help of which by with the help of following which we can we can lead a good life. Now ethics refers to well-versed standard of right and wrong that prescribe that human ought to do usually in terms of right and obligations obligation benefit to society when our specific virtues we have to follow certain virtues we have to determine what is right and wrong and we have to oblige certain norms actually ethics teaches us actually what we should do or we ought to do okay we ought to do it is a big question it is a main questions or it is a main system which ought ethics we use to follow. Now ethics is something which is related to property rightness or wrongness what is right is ethical and what is wrong is unethical that means right and wrong both are ethical terms but if we'll do something right then it will be considered as ethical and if we'll do something wrong then it will be considered as unethical the what proper fair and just are some of the words which are used to this declare a particular action to be an ethical one. Now if it is an if an action is an ethical one or it is right or proper fair or just then they are they can be regarded to be an ethical one that means if a particular action will have to is right or it is in it is done in a proper way or it is fair or it is just just means if it is something which is related to justice then it is always an ethical one that means ethics is a matter of practical concern it always tries to determine the good and right thing to do choices regarding right and wrong good or evil and questions of obligations and value it is one of the most important point which is found in terms of ethics is ethics always concerned with values okay ethics is something which has a relation with value and value is something which has always relation with ethics that means with the help of ethical values we can have a good life and we can have a good life not only for us but we can give a good life to other people associated with us. Now it is also you know so far as ethics is concerned it can be also defined as the science of highest good here I am using the term science okay now whenever we are saying about science science is something which is a systematic study of any particular thing that means ethics is something which is a systematic study now Mackenzie he defines ethics as the study of what is right or good in human conduct or the science of the ideal involved in human life so it is clear that ethics is the study which determines rightness or wrongness of action another branch of ethics which is regarded applied ethics applied ethics is the practice of ethics that aims to guide the moral judgment governing the decisions we make in all areas of our lives issues of right and wrong are related to one's value that means what if we'll say it is right that means it is something which is which is which actions will do something which is valuable and if we'll do wrong that means out of it values will not be come out it is context or in the context of ethics values are our standard of right and wrong now we have to know what is the nature of ethics it is very important for us or you to know actually what is the nature of ethics or what ethics aims for now ethics is something which aims at systematic knowledge and so ethics is the science I have already said that ethics is the science and if something is to be come under the categorical science then it must have to be a systematic study of that particular subject that means ethics is something which is a systematic study of a particular thing what is studies what it studies it studies about values okay every science is concerned with a particular sphere of nature now about what about which ethics actually deals with then we'll find that as a science ethics has its own particular sphere it deals with certain judgments that we make about human conduct okay it or that means judgments those judgments are which ethics actually used to give they are related to human conduct it deals with systematic explanation of rightness or wrongness in the light of the highest good of man if we'll say something right or something bad in any way that will not be an ethical one okay then when ethics will study something or it will determine whether that particular action can be regarded to be a right or wrong that then that means it will have to be explained in a systematic systematic manner okay now it is regarded that ethics is a normative science now what is normative science normative science is something which is different from practical science okay that means back whenever we are saying about normative science normatic science is something which deals about norms or certain rules but so far as practical science is concerned it always deals which affects okay now if we'll see that whenever we are saying about ethics ethics or morality is something which is concerned with what ought to be done rather than what is the case okay will not be if something is already has been done okay that is a factual fact that is a fact that is a fact and that is an empirical fact but ethics is not interested in that but ethics what ethics actually do ethics tries to do whether we had we should have been done that particular action or not it differs from that is why it is different from practical science or positive science positive science is something which is always regarded to be a natural science a positive science is like physics chemistry biology mathematics those are regarded to be positive science because they are always deals with something which is factual on the the natural science or descriptive science is concerned with what it is but so far as ethics is concerned it is not concerned with what it is but what ought to be what to do natural science deals with facts and explain them by their causes in positive sciences there is no question of judging its object in any way but so far as ethics is concerned it does not deal with fact rather it deals with the value that means we'll find that so far as ethics is concerned it deals with judgment of value while positive science is something which deals with judgment of facts it is the important point of difference between positive science and normative science okay positive science deals with the judgment of facts and ethics is something with this with the judgment of value and that is why ethics is not a positive science but the normative science normative ethics deals with standards or norms by which we can just human actions to be right or wrong as for example you see logic aesthetics these subjects are also considered as normative sciences why because logic aesthetic this subjects these subjects also are something which is related with value but not with facts now logic and aesthetic is concerned with truth and beauty truth is a value and beauty is also a value that's why these subjects are also regarded to be normative science because ethics is something which is always related with value that's why it is also regarded to be a normative science and not a positive science so truth beauty and values are the three ideals of logic aesthetics and ethics respectively ethics is not a practical and practical science and practical science deals with means for the realization of an and or ideal so far as practical science is concerned we'll find that practical science teaches us to know how to do as for instance media media science is a practical science okay but so far as logic at ethics is concerned ethics is not a practical science it concerns with the means in order to remove the causes of ailment or diseases but again we'll find some other kinds of sciences like medical science medical science is a practical science because it always try if you are suffering from something medical science is always try to find out a solution to get rid of the those suffering and that is a practical science but ethics is not concerned with means in order to achieve moral ideal that is rightness or wrongness okay it does not teach us how to live a moral life and so ethics cannot be regarded as a practical science again we'll find that ethics is not an art ethics deals ethics does not does not teach us or it is not a it is not a subject that how it will not teach us how to lead a normal life okay rather it helps us to justify rightness or goodness which can lead to the supreme goal of human life and that is to realize summoning of human life so what is the summoning of human life that is the supreme good which is regarded to be the supreme good of human life okay now what is what can be the supreme good for each and one every human being or human life that is the how we can give the supreme good to each and every human being or the highest level of highest number of human being that is the question of an that is the question of ethics so ethics is not not a means to the highest ideal of human life but so far as practical science art those are concerned it also means for abstaining a goal so ethics is neither a practical science nor an art okay so first one question will ask that what actually art kandah or what a what is there what is there any art or art of kandah what is the art of kandah the answer we can give this answer in the way that in case of morality this is not true so i'm what i'm going to say is that yes can be regarded to be the can we regard ethics to be a art of kandah but the answer is no ethics is not the art of kandah art specially deals with the acquisition of skill to produce objects while morality deals with motive intention purpose and choice which are considered right or wrong in the light light of goodness that means what is our motive what is our intention what is our purpose what is our choice to do a particular action this is very important so far as ethics sometimes we can do something and maybe its result is not that bad or immediate result of that is not bad but our motive is not good then it cannot be regarded to be an ethical one that's why so far as ethics is concerned motive intention purpose and choice is very important but so far as art or practical science is concerned here these questions will never arise therefore morality consists of goodness which is really an intrinsic good a norm or ideal in this ethical sense is defined as any regulatory principle that control or lays guidelines to thought and mode of action. Ethics is a science of values as it discovers the forms of kandah or behavior which have the character of darkness. Ethics deals with moral phenomena and it observes and classified classified them and explain them by moral ideals it so far as ethics is concerned we'll find that ethics or morality is something which always tries to distinguish moral judgment from logical judgments and aesthetic aesthetic judgment and reduce them to a particular system. So, we will define the nature of ethics as scientific because it always tries to systematize the way of thinking to a ethical one it always try to find out what is good or what is bad it always try to shape us shape our way of thinking that means our motive our intention our choice what should be our choice what should be our motive what should be our purpose all these are if we think it ethically then all those things will will become under a particular systematic order however from another perspective all sciences also lead to philosophical questions if we take philosophy to be a quest of knowledge that is why ethics is a branch of philosophy why ethics is a branch of philosophy because all the perspectives of sciences also lead to philosophical questions if we take philosophy to be a quest of knowledge okay now what should be our right way to think this is also a come under quest of knowledge okay that is why ethics is also come under the branch of philosophy we will not find a clear cut boundary clear cut boundary between science and philosophy again between descriptive science and normative science also and between ethics and philosophy also where it is not very easy to find out the definite or clear cut distinction a norm is more than a description and so far as ethics is concerned it is always related with her norm and not with description now while philosophies have become more scientific and sciences have become more philosophical the distinction between science and philosophy and between value science like ethics and general philosophy is a matter of degree the way ethics is both scientific and philosophical both descriptive and normative sciences both pure and apply pure ethics and metaethics that means if we'll see about ethics we can find that ethics can also be divided into certain groups pure ethics metaethics and we'll find that there is another branch of ethics that is called applied ethics now we have already stated ethics is a art as it sets guidelines for practical conduct and also for understanding the meaning of what it is the act of an ethical manner ethics is concerned with goodness as an ultimate value while some other normative sciences like aesthetic and logic are so oriented to the ideal of beauty and truth respectively we have already stated so far as the ethics is concerned it always regard related with value ethics is something which is relation with only value okay now but other normative sciences have relation with some other things now if we enter into a discussion regarding what is the nature of ethics we'll find that it would be a mathematical question okay that means what is the what is the nature of ethics when we'll ask something about ethics or when ethical questions will will come out about ethical about ethics then those will be those will come under metaethics suppose what is good okay we have said that goodness is one of the most important factor of ethics or one of the most important characteristics of ethics or if we say we are saying that rightness and wrongness are very other most important terms of ethics because if we have to determine something to be ethical first we have to give concentration of goodness rightness wrongness okay now if we'll ask what is rightness what is wrongness what is goodness this or what is the nature of ethics those questions will come under metaethics metaethics deals with these particular things okay when these questions are the main part of metaethics although the distinction between morality and ethics is not clear cut it is not morally assessed since it is not so task is to lay down rules or guidelines of those and does not okay ethics is a branch of philosophical discussion pertaining to morality or a philosophical critique of morality which is for which is far from laying down guidelines for behavior a distinction must be made between ethics and morals or morality whereas ethics is a branch of philosophy concerned with moral values the ethics or morals of morals of an individual or a groups are the values according to which they act every people even the most uncivilized and uncultured okay most uncivilized uncultured those terms have been given by us only okay every people including those whom we have regarded we whom we used to regard to be uncivilized or uncultured they also have their own morality okay they also follow certain morality we regard some people to be terrorist okay now terrorists also have their own own kind of morality own theory of ethics they follow them according to them this is they those actions are right or those actions are good or this those actions will give some good results that's why they used to perform those actions okay that's why it is said that every people even the most uncivilized and uncultured every rational people i'm saying about every rational people even the most uncivilized and uncultured has also have their own morality or some some of prescriptions which govern it govern its moral conduct nature has no nature has so provided that each man established for himself a code of moral concept and principles which are applicable to the details of practical life without the necessity of awaiting the conclusion of science ethics is the scientific or philosophical treatment of morality okay now if we have to discuss we'll have to see what is the difference between ethics and morality we'll find that ethics is something which is the scientific or philosophical treatment of morality that means every human being is every human being has morality but that morality cannot be regarded may might not might not be regarded to be something which will be actually good for the who are human being or which would be good for the good for everyone that means that may not be the sum of one of of life or high supreme good of life that is why the morality which is actually philosophical that is which is good for everyone that can be regarded to be ethics okay that ethics is the scientific or philosophical treatment of morality the subject matter of ethics is proper is proper is the deliberate free action of man for for this alone are in our and concerning this alone one can rule a good and better life now you'll come to scope of ethics what is the scope of ethics the scope of ethics indicates its subject matter okay that means what we study what we study are the ethics ethics as a normative science deals with the moral ideals or the good in order to incur the nature of our conduct it anchors into the nature of the spring of action motive intention voluntary actions and so on so far as involuntary actions are concerned involuntary actions are actually spontaneous actions that is why the concept called the morality or ethics will not come and will not have any relation with involuntary reaction but when our actions are voluntary that means with that action our motive our intentions are our choice everything is related that is why so far as ethics is concerned ethics only studies about voluntary actions and not about involuntary reaction when we are when we are saying about freedom of choice okay when we are saying about freedom and determination these particular terms will come under ethics and this will also fall under voluntary actions it determines the rightness and wrongness of human actions as a science of morality ethics discusses the content of moral consciousness and the various problems of moral consciousness ethics is concerned with the highest good or the absolute good and according to many one this highest good and the absolute good can be regarded can be related with with God it investigate the nature of fundamental notions that is right duty and good moral judgments whom we regarded to be moral judgment their passes on our voluntary actions and those are included within the scope of ethics okay I have I have already said you that say that so far as morality is concerned moral morality is always related with voluntary actions non voluntary or involuntary actions have nothing to do with moral morality or ethics in discussing the moral judgment ethics has also ethics has also to concern with the nature of z faculty and standard of moral judgment moral judgments are moral judgments or feelings are arising or in our mind when we we are so we are to do something okay whenever we are to do something we are to perform certain action then those moral judgments used to the questions of moral judgment will occur okay and regarding and which moral judgment the rightness and wrongness of those statements will also occur so in this unit in this unit we have already discussed about what is actually ethics is or what is morality is and how ethics and morality are those same but has a slightest different and they are how related and what is the definition of ethics what is the nature of ethics and what is the scope of ethics so they learn us I think you have understood the topic and in the next class we'll come with some other interesting topic of ethics for that thank you the scope and ethics includes whatever has reference to free human act whether whether our principles or cause of action like laws concise virtue or as effect or circumstances of action merit punishment etc that means whenever we are saying about virtue and vice it will also come under ethics whenever we are saying about punishment okay or merit of a particular action it will also come under ethics. Ethics discusses the action of human freedom it takes investigate what is constitute good or bad just or unjust it is true that every human being has the right to be free but up to what extent that freedom is acceptable or is their freedom is an ethical one or is their free what can be our action when we are regarded to be a free entity those things are discussed under the scope of ethics it is also encouraged into what is virtue law of consciousness and duty what obligation are common to all what is good in all good actions these questions lie within the scope of ethics the sense of duty orness or moral obligations and the responsibility for actions are also included within the nature of ethics now so far as the particular aspect under which ethics considered free acts is that is that of their moral goodness or the attitude you know by following which something is to be done that means if an human action ethics is something which is totally related to the human action when we are saying about moral judgments also those moral judgments are also related to the human action a man maybe a good artist or a good orator but at the same time a morally at the same time he it is not necessary that he is a good human being also him it may be the case that morally he is a bad man we have seen that there are many good artists there are many good orator there are many popular people but whom we don't consider to be a morally perfect person or morally good person whom i whom we consider although they are talented but still we consider that they are bad person why because their actions are not guided by morality ethics is ethics has merely to do with the order which related to man as man which makes him a good human being thus we find that although although ethics is not a guidebook of moral rules as a branch of philosophy but ethics seeks to clarification of terms used in moral language okay that means so far as our moral language is concerned it teaches us to know it teaches us not to use some languages which can harm other the mathematical problems fall within the scope of philosophical aspect of ethics and because whenever we are asking about we are discussing about the language okay our proper language or we are discussing about what should be the moral language it will also come under the category called meta ethics there are other meta ethical discussions related to nature of moral judgments and the and the moral judgment and they are very very important so far as ethics is concerned another dimension of ethics which is very important is called applied dimension of ethics which is known as applied ethics and that falls within the broad field of ethics this comprises the areas of situational ethics which meta ethics deals with logical while meta ethics deals with logical and semantic questions related to ethics like freedom and determination etc. applied ethics deals with some practical aspects of life it deals with some aspects like ethnicity or abortion it deals with some other aspects of life like environmental ethics it deals with some other important aspects of life like animal ethics okay so applied ethics is also a very very important branch of ethics now ethics is something which is essentially related to all other branches of knowledge like sociology, political science, zeroes, freedoms, law and legal studies, psychology, anthropology, cultural studies, ecology and environmental study, economics, religion, aesthetics and other similar areas. Ethics is something which is concerned with political, social, logical, cultural, psychical, economic, environmental, religious problem in pursuit of highest good it will not study in a factual way but it will study all this subject in the pursuit of highest good. So, so far as ethics is concerned we will find that these problems have an additional place in the scope of ethics with the emergence of new technology there is scope of widening the scope of ethics to address new issues because you see with the help of the help of technology some other issues will also come up. Suppose we are we are discussing about cloning we know about stem cell research these topics are also come under ethical study in fact if you see the development of ultrasound machine you will find that the fetus, fetus killing which we can regard it to be abortion it is abortion is somehow when we are saying about sex lift if abortion it has become possible only because of ultrasound machine. So, technology because of the because of the development of technology also some issues have been come out and where those issues have to be dealt with ethically. Now you see atom bomb is a atom bomb is something which is a result of technology but its application it will not if its application will not be proper then what will be the case we have the example of Hiroshima and Nagasaki that is why ethical studies is very very important. So, in this unit in this unit we have already discussed about what is actually ethics is or what is morality is and how ethics and morality are those same but has a slightly different and they are how related and what is the definition of ethics what is the nature of ethics and what is the scope of ethics. So, dear learners I think you have understood the topic and in the next class we will come with some other interesting topic of ethics further. Thank you.