 the morning last class we have discussed about GOC general organic chemistry we have gone through a brief introduction of what is GOC and we have also seen the first electronic effects that is inductive effect okay we have also discussed what types of inductive effect we have that is plus i n minus i and what are those groups which shows this effect plus i or minus i effect let me recall all those things quickly here plus i effect or plus i groups are those groups which loses electron right minus i effect or minus i group are those groups which attracts or withdraws electron from the molecule right for example minus i effect shows by chlorine bromine fluorine bromine iodine right we have seen many examples over there okay now today we are going to start the application of inductive effect okay application of inductive effect few more things inductive effect you should know that inductive effect is a distance dependent effect okay I will just write down few properties here right so inductive effect what are the characteristics we have here okay so the first thing is it is a permanent effect distance dependent effect distance dependent effect the third thing is important here only sigma electrons are involved means if this effect has nothing to do with it has nothing to do with pi electrons sigma electron means what the electron the bond pair of electron which is present in sigma bond pi electrons the bond pair of electron which is present in pi bond these are the few important you know characteristics of inductive effect we have which is applicable for those whether it is plus i or minus i effect okay so now coming back to the next thing here which is nothing but the application okay application of inductive effect okay we will see that application now and this is important here the application part there are many two applications of i effect we have applications the first one is the first one is what to compare the stability of intermediates okay the first one is to compare the stability of stability of intermediates acidic to compare the acidic nature of the compound okay acidic or basic strength you can also say to compare I will write down simply acid base strength to compare acid or base strength okay these are the two applications of i effect we have this acidic and basic strength that you have it is also affected by the various other electronic effects that we are going to study in the coming you know sessions but here we will discuss acidic and basic strength according to i effect only okay now when we finish all those electronic effects like i effect resonance hyper conjugation then we will see few questions which actually explains the acidic and basic strength of the molecule depending on all kinds of effects okay the combined effect also we see means suppose in a molecule if resonance is also possible and i effect is also possible then which one will be dominating and according to that what will be the acidic strength and how do we decide the acidic strength of that molecule that also will see later on when we finished all the electronic effects okay but now here we will only discuss the acidic and basic strength according to i effect because we haven't gone through the other you know the other electronic effects okay the first thing we are going to discuss here is the compare of stability of intermediates okay intermediates again it is a new thing here right we haven't discussed about intermediates so first of all we'll see what kind of intermediates we have then one by one mainly three types of intermediates we'll see here which which will see the stability of those intermediates okay so what are intermediates that will discuss now you see intermediates are the compounds or ions okay mainly these ions okay intermediates are the compounds or ions which forms during the process of a reaction okay when the reaction proceeds actually so there are various different intermediates like intermediates compounds or ions form and after that the final product will get okay all those intermediates compounds or ions that we get those are the intermediates of you know the reaction okay these intermediates are very are highly you know it is unstable and it and it converts into product like very fast okay very fast it converts into product easily okay so in intermediate itself however all the intermediates are you know less stable but among the intermediates only we can have different different stability of this intermediate this intermediate this intermediate among those intermediates we can compare the stability but overall if I ask you what is the stability of intermediates it is highly unstable molecule or ion okay so it is not stable at all and hence finally it converts into product okay so that's a good thing here now we'll discuss first intermediates we'll see few examples of intermediates then we'll discuss one by one the stability of those I'll write down the definition of this okay these are unstable molecules highly unstable molecules or ions it forms during the process of reaction okay this forms intermediates forms during the process of a reaction and get destroyed also at the end of the reaction okay this is a different like not the exact definition but from this you can understand the you know the meaning of intermediates okay so there are types of intermediates we have so what are those intermediates that also we'll see okay so the next thing we'll see here intermediate it's of intermediates we have carbocation, free radical, carbon ion, carbene, nitrene and benzyme okay these three radicals we'll discuss with the with the various reactions also how this carbene and nitrene forms generally this nitrene forms in the reactions of chapter amines okay they're most of the reactions followed by the formation of nitrene and then we'll get the get the product okay so what is carbene and nitrene we'll discuss with no the classes which we are going to conduct time to time okay here we'll see the stability of carbocation free radical carbon ion also according to i effect we'll see the stability of carbocation first okay we can discuss free radical and carbon ion also but first we'll let us discuss carbocation okay so we have to discuss the stability of carbocation so first of all we should understand what is carbocation okay carbocation you see if you see a molecule or ion like this carbon having three bond okay and it has a vacant p orbital here on positive charge vacant p orbital and positive charge okay now you see the characteristics of carbocation first first of all the carbon atom is sp2 hybridized sp2 hybridized it is trivonal t orbital or vacant p orbital this is what this is the vacant p orbital we have how this positive charge we have carbon has four electron in the outer most shell okay out of the four electron three electrons are here one two and three one electron from this atom other one from this other one from this and we'll get a single bond here so three electrons we have here the fourth electron which is there in the p orbital right that is withdrawn here right that fourth electron is not present with this carbon atom and since this carbon has loses one electron from the p orbital the p orbital becomes vacant right and since it loses one electron so it has one positive charge okay so this vacant p orbital is perpendicular to the plane of this p orbital it is perpendicular to next thing is what since it is has it has only three bonds the total number of electron is what it has six electrons okay it has six electrons now when there's six electrons it has incomplete octet so it is electron deficient also deficient also and may act as electron pair acceptor which is a louis acid right which is a louis acid or may also behave as an electrophile may also behave as an okay these are the properties of carbocation now how this stability of this carbocation get affected by eye effect that's the next thing right so in organic chemistry one thing you have to always keep in mind that any charge species is always less stable than the neutral one okay if you compare one neutral molecule and then the charged species of the same molecule so that the neutral one always have more stability than the charged one okay so if any charged species you have by any means if you are neutralizing the charge okay then we are going towards stability of that particular you know ion charge species okay so we have to neutralize this positive charge to make it stable okay and how do we neutralize this positive charge right by adding some electron into it then only this if you have one positive charge here if you add one electron then this positive becomes zero right so going towards neutral molecule hence it is in it is going towards stability right the point here is what we have to neutralize this charge and how do we neutralize this charge what kind of effect we require see we have two types of effect minus i and plus i and that is what we are discussing we are discussing only eye effect now okay minus eye effect as i said it is electron withdrawing effect e w g electron withdrawing group shows minus eye effect and plus eye effect is electron releasing group e r g okay electron releasing group so if you have a positive charge species say this one or if i take a same one x y z right or if i take this example with one example i will try to make you understand suppose we have this molecule c h 3 c h 2 c h positive charge and f okay now in the same molecule we compare by this c h 3 c h positive charge and c h 3 this two molecule we are comparing the stability of this carbocation intermediate carbocation intermediate now you see here this part and this part is seen in the two molecule we have to compare the stability of these two first of all we have to find out what is the difference in these two molecules a difference in what here we have one c h 3 molecule and here we have that's what the difference we have and these two molecule has different characteristics also depending on the characteristics of flurry and c h 3 the stability of this carbocation will decide right if i ask you what is the nature of fluorine it has minus eye effect right fluorine has minus eye effect okay and this c h 3 has plus eye effect so this is minus eye and this is plus eye this will release the electron and this will withdraw the electron when it withdraws electron so here what happens the positive charge density increases charge density increases and here what happens since we are providing electron to this carbocation its positive charge density density decreases okay and hence it is going towards stability so if i compare the stability of one and two the second one obviously it is more stable than the first one this is the order of stability depending on eye effect okay so with this example what we can you know conclude here that with minus eye effect the stability of carbocation decreases and with plus eye effect the stability of carbocation increases okay that is what i'll write down here stability of carbocation is directly proportional to plus eye effect and inversely proportional to minus eye effect this is the conclusion we can draw with these two that is what you have to keep in mind it is logical also like i said like i said that neutral molecule is always more stable that's the key what you have to keep in mind and accordingly you can decide whether the charge on the carbon which is carbocation is increasing or decreasing if it is increasing less stable decreasing then more stable okay so depending on this we'll discuss now few examples like i'll write down the question here first you can solve it on your own you can pause the video and then we'll discuss later on okay let me add down few questions here then we'll discuss okay these are the few questions i have written here you can solve this on your own you can pause the video and discuss i'll discuss the question now you see this is a carbocation and it has one plus eye group attached to it okay this carbocation has two plus eye group attached to it this has three plus eye group attached to it okay you see always this stability thing whether we'll discuss the acidity and basic nature also this is stability thing it is always relative okay it is not the absolute thing okay like you see if here these three molecules compare so it has only one CS3 group present so this will release electron and utilize this positive charge so if you have two CS3 group obviously the neutralization here it will be more than this and here it will be maximum because here three CS3 group present here right so this is this will have the maximum stability then this and then this so stability order will be what if it is a if it is b if it is c then the order of stability will be c will be maximum then b and then a this is the order of stability of carbocation for the first molecule okay now if it is one suppose this is two and this is three all these chlorine chlorine bromine the difference here it is what we have this group attached with it in all the molecules the difference is this only all the things are same okay obviously these are electron withdrawing group and which one will withdraw maximum electron the atom which has most electronegativity right so fluorine is the most electronegative atom so this will withdraw maximum electron here the positive charge density will increase maximum and hence the stability of first will be least so order of stability will be one will have least then we have two and third one will have most more stability right now this one if you compare okay fluorine electron withdrawing fluorine withdrawing withdrawing bromine electron withdrawing which will withdraw maximum electron fluorine according to the same concept order of stability will be okay cd3 ch3 and cd3 cd3 all these have plus i nature this is plus i plus i and plus i right and we know the plus i nature of cd3 is maximum ch3 is minimum okay so order of stability will be this this is the order of stability okay oxygen has two don't pair and it is more electronegative so this has electron withdrawing tendency right here we have cs3 cs3 has electron releasing tendency right so this will neutralize this molecule this iron stability will be more right here we have cs3 and cs3 has electron with growing tendency plus i and f3 we know and f3 positive charge which we have here right and f3 we know it is a strongest minus i effect this will withdraw electron the stability of this molecule okay so like this we compare the stability of molecules based on i effect i like down few more examples you can solve this okay these three questions solve this okay okay you see this oxygen is more electronegative has electron withdrawing nature and this will have the difference here we have this portion and this portion you see the difference we have ocs3 and here we have only cs3 ocs3 has electron with growing tendency because of the more electronegative oxygen and this has electron releasing tendency so electron releasing plus i stability is will be more for the second one okay this Kalpuketan you see electron releasing electron releasing and electron releasing here we have electron releasing electron releasing and here we have electron releasing okay so here we have maximum electron releasing group stability will be this cn if you see if i write down here this cyanide group has this bonding c triple bond okay so if you see the hydration of this carbon atom is sp and this carbon atom is sp2 right sp hybridized carbon atom has always more electronegative than sp2 and sp3 so electronegativity order right down here electronegativity order which is sp hybridized is more electronegative than carbon sp2 then carbon sp okay this is why because it has 50 percent s character 50 percent s character and this is 33 3 percent s character and it is 25 percent s character more s character more will be the electronegativity that's what the logic we have if s character is more it means it is more close to the nucleus and it has more electron with growing tendency which is nothing but the electron negativity right so sp sp2 sp3 so you see this carbon this group has more electronegativity than this group this has more electron withdrawing nature this also has electron withdrawing nature why because this carbon atom is sp3 hybridized and this carbon atom also is sp3 hybridized sp and sp3 this will withdraw electron sp2 and sp3 it is more electronegative than sp3 this will also withdraw electron but electron withdrawing tendency here it will be more and hence the stability of second one is more than that of sp2 okay these are the few examples we have discussed one more thing here we can discuss that this is one thing a second thing is what carbocation which is 3 degree is always more stable than 2 degree then you know 1 degree and then methyl carbocation okay 3 degree carbocation why it is more stable because it has 3 carbons do not at the alkyl group 1 2 and 3 all these 3 will do the electron so most stable only 2 2 degree only 1 1 degree so order of stability will be this for carbocation okay these are the few examples we have done for the stability of carbocation