 Good afternoon. Good evening to all. Excellencies, Director General, Mrs. Elizabeth Marumam-Rema, Executive Secretary of the CBD, distinguished speakers, colleagues and friends. Welcome to this global dialogue on the whole of food and agriculture in the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. This is the second global dialogue at FAO in its role as biodiversity mainstreaming platform for the agriculture sectors is co-organizing with the Convention on Biological Diversity. The moment is particularly timely with ongoing development of the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework and the preparations for the United Nations Food Systems Summit and the Food Systems Press Summit to be hosted by FAO at the end of this month. But what do we mean by mainstreaming biodiversity? Mainstreaming biodiversity across agri-food sectors means ensuring that biodiversity and the services it provides are integrated in the all relevant agriculture and food policies and practices. The same is to promote sustainable agriculture practices to conserve, enhance, preserve, restore biodiversity as a whole. Therefore, biodiversity needs to be an integral part of all stages and levels of decision-making and actions. And in doing so, we'll be moving on the right path to fulfill our international commitments, our global promise to leave no one behind, and the prosperous futures ahead, bringing the four betters, better production, better environment, better nutrition and a better life to fruition. Ladies and gentlemen, before we move on, allow me to remind you of simple housekeeping rules. To avoid any background disruption, participants are muted. We have interpretation in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish. You can follow a language by clicking on the globe icon at the bottom of your screen. The language is being recorded with the live Twitter feed. You can follow us using Hashtag by your diversity. Ladies and gentlemen, I now have the honor to pass the floor to the FAO Director General, Dr. Chu Dongyu, to open the global dialogue. Director General, over to you. The floor is yours. Thank you, as a matter of the morning, from Rome, and the dear colleagues, and also my older friend and Executive Secretary Elizabeth, and always each time I met you, I feel energetic and also happy and bright. That's a moon that we need to keep the biodiversity, and also it's more important to keep the food diversity for our generations to come to enjoy. And the ladies and gentlemen, it is a great honor for FAO to co-organize this global dialogue together with the Convention on Biological Diversity. I'm also happy personally because when I was 42 years ago started to go to university, I picked up the biology science, biologic science and the horticulture science. So we learned a lot of knowledge on the biodiversity. And at that event of the day, we're contributed to defining the role of food and the horticulture in post-2020 global biodiversity framework. Biodiversity is essential for food diversity and food security. It's better people from a cyber-chropic region. It's in the world. Cyber-chropic region is the most biodiversity zoom in the world, or ecosystem, you can name it. And today's key challenge is twofold. We need to meet the growing demand for food products, food fiber, feed, and fuel. Of course, at the same time, we need to conserve biodiversity, sustainably manage natural resources, and protect the restore ecosystems. Yesterday, we launched the FAO and OECD agriculture outlook for the next 10 years. So demand is there. Even a little bit slower, but the absolute volume of demand for food products, not only the food itself, I said the fiber, feed, and the fuel, biofuel, are dramatically increased. So we cannot do one without an other. The life continue, and the environment should be health. That's a challenge. That's why we are, that's why we depend on the innovation and the technology and also the collective action. There is no health food without the health environment. It's clear. But how to balance in different countries, different regions, even different communities. And we only the role, how to find the real proper role and the rational role of a culture in sustainable use and the conservation of a bad ever has never been so significant. So a culture world and the environment world needed to listen to each other and the corporate. And also others. Not only that's two aspect, of course, that's why we want the day one I come to a fellow I said we need to do more key partners on the board. I think on the same page and to do coherent. The business. Otherwise, this planet is not only belongs to a culture of people or farmers. And also our experimental environment, the people. No, it's plans of human being. So all each individuals, the units organizations, you can play your complementary role. That's a clear message I wanted to build up the friendly coherent cooperation. That's why I support the UAP or exactly secretary of your intervention on the bad ever. Not only from point of view of favor DG and from the global point of view. And only the corporation solidarity and single land bigger and do concrete and then step by step we can change from our own feed from our own step. The global dialogues. Saves exactly that purpose. That's why I'm happy to see so many different key partners come to to speak and to dialogue and then the micro consensus are aware forward. There's some use restoration conservation, but I'm going to be the more efficient. Inclusive resilient and so some ecosystem. This is our mission for the future. As we're talking about for better and define if a new strategy for work by the production, but the nutrition, a better environment, and about the life. I know some friends always challenge me. That's why we started off bad production first. Some friends say we started a better environment. You have your reason. But if our names tell you history tell you, and the basic human rights for this planning is food. So we started with a better production, no matter you are from the development nation or developed nation, be your one or small one. You have to change yourself, improve yourself first. You kind of say best, you have to bet bet every day every year every week. And every corner, every commodities. So by the production by the nutrition. That's a two basic human rights. And then, of course, better environment, big or small. And then by the environment or huge global environment, and then by the life. Life is a livelihood first you have enough basically energy requirement from a step food starch. And then you have so many different food diversity. They did a trace element or other small element, and then highest requirement for our people, human being is bad quality of life, bad quality of life started with children infant to the middle ages and to the senior ages. We are life scientists, we should look at the whole range of what you are developing, and your growth, and who are life cycle should be high quality of life. That's really challenging, not only for FL for WTO for all the relevant key partners in the world, and the private sector as well and the farmers consumers yourself. That's why I come to for better. So I think that says that in interconnect interdependent issues, not only production and nutrition and also environment social economic and the environment, and also the, not only materialism and also spiritualism. We are human being we are in intelligent people anymore, we are not only satisfied happy with that materialism, but also the happy with our own health of specialist. Yeah, that's why we have different the religions different thinking different philosophy of life. That's makes a human be a different from other animals. So I think so we say the economic social environment, and I should say we need another special aspect so four aspect should be interconnected. This has taken a bold step on the biodiversity. Our members adopted strategy or mainstream and biodiversity cross agricultural sectors and the 2021 to 2020 to explain to implement. Marital and her team make a lot of efforts on that appreciate their contribution and also appreciate that the members who to have a green with a little bit disagree. But we should take action, because it's action plan effort effort will support a large biodiversity portfolio. More than 800 a project invest more than two billion US dollars, you put the biodiversity as a key object. Dear colleagues, the global pandemic is a stark reminder of how connected that we are. We depend on each other as a global community. We collectively depend on natural natural is natural. We couldn't change it, but we have to respect and protect it. In 2021. We are at a critical juncture. In this super year of natural we must connect the scale of ambitious coordination actions for biodiversity. We have action on nutrition family farmer ecosystem restoration together with the negotiation of post 2020 global biodiversity framework and upcoming UN forces summit. We have all the opportunity to shift our past to weather sustainability and prosperity. We need a prosperity. Without the prosperity how can keep our human being more civilized and more evolution. So is committed work with the partners support the sustainable transformation of our ecosystem from production to the consumption. From an individual to the collective. And also from a food loss to the food waste. You name it. We do this use the modern scientific approach a big data and the digital application. The diversity mainstream and will not take place without the word family farmers indigenous people small scale producers of fish, livestock, keepers and the foresters. They are real in situ conservation of bad diversity. Because they make the production more diversity. And at the same time is in situ. I am a sci to you. I know some not expert that could understand the in situ conservation. You see, we have a in vitro conservation it's very small proportion, even we have so many gene banks around the world, but in situ conservation is a real life conservation. And that's we can get all the farmers and the consumers and a civil society, academy people that together. They have knowledge of their tradition, their best practices and innovations are essential. We must listen to them and work and also empower them. Believe, trust them and work with them to ensure that no one is left behind. During this global dialogue, we were listening to the speakers from different background sectors regions and the stakeholders groups. I feel colleagues, open your mind, learning from other people, even they're so critical. Yeah, and they change our mind. And to be more inclusive. That's a way to build up FL more agile, more efficient, more effective to the members, and also more deliverable to the ground, farmers, and the member countries, and all the agricultural sectors. You know, the best experience where you reach out dialogue on the role of food and a culture in the post the 2020 global bad as a framework. I wish you have a productive meeting and make your heart dialogue at the convention, even during summer, we are talking about air conditioning. You don't need that you are cooling down. Now it's time for you are hitting yourself and make a hot dialogue. Thank you. Over to you. Thank you director general and thank you for highlighting the critical role of biodiversity in achieving more efficient inclusive resilient and sustainable agri-food system. And reminding us that these only can be done when the different sectors commits to work together and complimenting each other. And also that we need innovation technology and collective action and be inclusive in this process. It's now my pleasure to welcome Executive Secretary of the Convention on biodiversity, Elizabeth Maruma Marama, Elizabeth, my dear friend the floor is yours. Maria Elena Semedo. It's a pleasure to join you and join all others in this global dialogue. Let me begin first to honor Honorable Dr. Chu Dongyu, Director General of FAO and FAO of the United Nations. Ladies and gentlemen, thank you Dr. Chu for inviting me to deliver this message. I also wish to thank all FAO colleagues who have done an excellent job in organizing this meeting in collaboration with my colleagues. It is an honor to speak to you today during this global dialogue on the role of food and agriculture in the global biodiversity framework currently under development. This year's dialogue will build on the successful multi-stakeholder dialogue on biodiversity mainstreaming across agricultural sectors organized also by FAO way back in 2018, which delivered important recommendations for mainstreaming biodiversity in agricultural sectors. This is an important opportunity to reinforce the vital role all components of biological diversity play in supporting production, as well as the vital role of food systems in preserving and sustainably using biodiversity. In this, we conclude not only the rich diversity of crops, livestock, fish and wild species that nourish, but all the species in her and let's get rid of the vital functions that keep our ecosystems productive and healthy. Elizabeth. Elizabeth, I think you are having technical problems. Maybe they can take off the video. Elizabeth, can you please turn off your video? On biodiversity now while I can hear. Yes. Now it's better. You can hear. Yes. Apologies. That's okay. It's okay. Go ahead. Okay, I'll go back probably a few sentences in this way include not only the rich diversity of crops, livestock, fish and wild species that nourish us, but all the species in between that inhabit our production landscapes and fulfill the vital functions that keep our ecosystems productive and healthy. The UN decade on biodiversity has now come to an end. Unfortunately, while important progress was made for many of the IH biodiversity targets, none were fully met. The share of overfished marine fish stocks grew now totaling a third of global stocks. Many fisheries are still causing unsustainable levels of by catch of non target species and are damaging marine habitats, which is that is under each target six. Each target seven food production remains among the main drivers of global biodiversity. This can be explained in part by the fact that over the past decade, the users of fertilizers and pesticides has stabilized globally at unsustainably high levels. In addition, the value of government incentives and subsidies to agriculture that are potentially most harmful to the environment have remained well above $100 billion against IH target three. We are paying richly to harm biodiversity. However, over the last decade, we have also seen proof that sustainably managed production systems can support and enhance biodiversity. Where good fisheries management policies have been introduced, the abundance of marine fish stocks has been maintained or rebuilt. Notably, successes have been achieved recently in reducing overfishing by addressing illegal unreported and unregulated fishing. In addition, approximately 29% of all farms worldwide are practicing sustainable intensification. In the last decade, the area of land and organic agriculture and a number of organic producers has both doubled. Many countries and regional blocks have also introduced positive incentives to encourage conservation and sustainable use of agriculture through agri-environment schemes. Over the past 10 years, we have learned many valuable lessons and we must make sure to use them as we move forward and develop the post-2020 global biodiversity framework. To be successful, the framework must address both the direct and indirect drivers of biodiversity loss, including through integrated and holistic approaches to planning and implementation. The integration of gender, the role of indigenous peoples and local communities, and the level stakeholder engagement will be critical. Although production systems are one of the biggest drivers of biodiversity loss, when managed sustainably, they are also one of the most important levers of sustainable using and conserving biodiversity. We need to adopt agricultural methods that can meet growing global demands while imposing fewer negative impacts on the environment. We need to do this while also reducing the pressure to convert more land to production if we want to bend the curve of biodiversity loss. The Convention on Biological Diversity has just concluded its subsidiary body meetings which took place between 3rd May to 13th June of this year. During these six weeks, we have had a chance to hear parties' views on the post-2020 global biodiversity framework. A number of gaps in the framework were identified, many of which relate to agricultural sector. In particular, parties recognize that issues that affect fisheries, soil biodiversity, genetic diversity, and food systems, among others, need to be better addressed in the framework. Based on these views, the co-chairs of the open-ended working group are now preparing a first draft of the framework which will be available in advance of the Working Group's third meeting to be held between 10th and 3rd August and 3rd September of this year. As we await this first draft and as preparations continue for the 15th conference of the parties to the Convention, today's dialogue is a unique opportunity to engage all food system actors in a meaningful discussions around how the global biodiversity framework can promote sustainable and biodiverse production systems. We know that many important species globally are under threat due to unsustainable practices such as deforestation, overharvesting, landscape simplification, and misuse of inputs. These threats ultimately undermine the long-term productivity of our food system. Yet, we also know that investing biodiversity can yield incomes and resilience, helping us achieve a more sustainable and food secure future. So what is stopping us from making the changes we need? Today, we need to hear from you on how the global biodiversity framework can address lockings and ensure that production systems protect and benefit from biodiversity rather than harming it. Ladies and gentlemen, let me finish by reminding us that this is a critical decade. As countries continue to hit new hit records, as the ongoing pandemic continues to take its toll, and as vital species habitat continues to burn, there is simply no time left to waste on convenience but temporary solutions. The time for systemic transformative change is now. We must engage the agricultural sector in the development and implementation of the global biodiversity framework. Without them, we will simply not reach our biodiversity goals. The post-2020 global biodiversity framework will be an indispensable pillar of the international architecture to support the transformations needed for our food systems to ensure improved food security, environmental sustainability, and achievements of sustainable development goals. The new framework is an opportunity to bring together actors, stakeholders, and rights holders in building the resilience we need in the face of the growing environmental health and development challenges facing our food system. I invite you to help us ensure that the 15th conference of the parties to the convention becomes a turning point, helping to create food systems that deliver prosperity for people and for planet and for the many generations to come. Thank you very much. Back to you, Maria Elena. Thank you very much, Elizabeth, for emphasizing the crucial need for biodiversity mainstreaming across the agriculture, forestry, and fisheries sector, both in practices and policies. You stressed the vital role of the food system on sustainably using biodiversity and keeping our ecosystem healthy and active, but also reminding us that our production system needs to protect and benefit from biodiversity. And we need to support the transformation of our food systems in a way that they can bring prosperity for people and for the planet. Thank you very much to you and the director general for your inspiring words. Ladies and gentlemen, this concludes the official opening of the global dialogue. I would like again to thank our keynote speakers for their inspiring words that sets the tone for our discussion with the focus on food and agriculture in the post 2020 global biodiversity framework. In the next two days will be here from a broad range of stakeholders to share how they are working to mainstream biodiversity across agriculture sectors. So during the high level segment will present a summary of the discussion to ministers of and heads of the United Nations agencies and these recommendations from this today's discussion will provide us our guidance to contribute to the discussion of the post 2020 global biodiversity framework. Please. Now, let me pass the floor to the co chairs of our first session. We have Ambassador Tana what tension of Thailand he's connected from Thailand. Thank you ambassador for joining us, and Ambassador marita as such of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It will be facilitating the first session in this morning. Thank you all again for joining us and I wish you all a successful meeting co chairs over to you. Thank you very much Maria Helena. I'm very much looking forward to co chairing this morning's discussion. Thank you also director general and executive secretary for your opening speeches. Distinguished delegates, ladies and gentlemen, dear colleagues. I'm sure that you share my disappointment that we're not able to meet in person as usual in Rome. It's wonderful that technology allows us to organize this important dialogue online and thus accomplish our work while we look forward to our next potential meetings in person. This FAO director general to and the executive secretary of the CBD have mentioned the objective of this global dialogue is to provide a forum to highlight the role and facilitate the engagement of the food and agriculture sectors in the post 2020 global biodiversity framework. Today, the co chairs of today's session will prepare a co chairs report summarizing our discussions, and we will present that tomorrow at the high level segment as an input to the ministers and heads of agencies deliberations. The high level segment tomorrow will bring together representatives from all relevant sectors, including environment, agriculture, forestry and fisheries to consider our conclusions from today. The conclusions of our dialogue and the outcome of the high level segment will feed into the ongoing CBD negotiations of the post 2020 global biodiversity framework and indeed the food system summit and its preparatory process. Ladies and gentlemen, before moving on to our first speakers, allow me to make a few brief announcements regarding the technical arrangements. The meeting is being recorded and the recording will be published on FAO's website after the event. And we encourage you to rename yourself in zoom to include your name as well as the organization and the organization you're representing and this will make it much easier to identify who's asking which questions. As you may have already noticed interpretation is available in all six official languages of the United Nations, and it can be selected at the bottom of your screen. As this is a global dialogue, we really much. We're very much looking forward to your participation. But because we there are so many of us 1200 participants have registered so far. We're going to conduct the question and answers and discussion through the zoom Q&A function. So please will you submit any questions that you have for the panelists using the Q&A tab at the bottom of your screen. After each block of speaker interventions, we're going to pause and we will select some of the questions and put these to the participants in order to generate the discussion and I'm very much looking forward to that. If your question is selected, you'll be notified beforehand using zoom's chat function. So please do attend pay attention to any messages in the chat in the chat function. And please note in the interest of time and ensuring that as many people as possible can participate in the dialogue please keep your questions as short as possible. We also prepared a series of poll questions throughout the day, just to ensure that it's a truly interactive event. And the questions will be testing our knowledge on key facts and figures and get us thinking. And we'll have some of those poll questions after each block of speakers. Today's first session indeed and the session that I'm co-chairing with my colleague Tanawa Tencent from Thailand. Will is going to focus on meeting people's needs through sustainable use of biodiversity. We have an exciting program, including nine distinguished speakers, each champions of biodiversity and sustainable development in their respective sectors. And just before we get started, I'd just like to ask the speakers if they would keep to the time that's been allocated. Because this will of course allow plenty of time for questions and answers and discussion. And I am going to be strict as colleagues know I can be quite strict about timing. So just to warn you. Anyway, let me move on to our first keynote speaker Gerda Verberg. Ms. Verberg is the UN Assistant Secretary General and the coordinator of the scaling up nutrition movement. Ms. Verberg will speak about the connections between biodiversity and food and nutrition. Ms. Verberg, you have the floor for 10 minutes. Over to you. I'm looking forward to hearing from you. I can hear you. Please take yourself mute. Thank you, Madam co-chair. Good morning. Good afternoon. Good evening. Your excellencies, ladies and gentlemen, it is so good that the organizers of this event have brought the interest of our planet and our people together to think about biodiversity and about quality of food and enough food and nutrition. It's an exciting year, but you are making the best out of it by organizing this event, because this is a super year for nature with the COP26 and the CBD COP15 ahead, as well as the fifth United Nations Environment Assembly. This is the launch of the UN decade on ecosystem restoration and the United Nations decade of ocean science for sustainable development, and I believe much more. At the same time, so this is on the planetary health, but also on the people's health and nourishment. This is a key year for people since this is the year of action on nutrition. This is also the year of the food system summit that will be hosted when it comes to the pre-summit by the Rome-based agencies, FAO, WFP and ETHAT, and when it comes to the summit by the UN Secretary General. This is the year of nutrition for growth that will be hosted by the government of Japan connected to the Olympic Games. So there are opportunities and it is more than necessary to bring the agendas of the interest of people and the planet together, not only in high level events, but also when it comes to practice. And let me be clear about this, because the current situation is that our food system as we know it today is bankrupting our health systems. In other countries, more than 80% of all diseases are food related. Too little, too much, too much sugar, fat, salt, too little divers, anemia, but also under nutrition when it comes to children, stunting, wasting, not giving them the opportunity to develop their talents, their potential talents physically, but also when it comes to the cognitive development. So this is what is happening right now. Our current food system is bankrupting our health system, but at the same time it is exhausting our biodiversity and our planet. And for that reason, we need to join forces. I'm sitting in the nutrition agenda. And the only solution is if we are really working hand in hand to find solutions that are serving people and the planet alike. What needs to be done? I think it is to start with the things that we can reverse. For instance, many people think that we need to produce more to feed and nourish 10 billion people by 2050. It is not 2050. It is not the case, because we are already producing enough to nourish people in a way. And the miracle has happened that in the last 50 years, our ability to produce food has gone up by nearly 300%. Thanks to our incredible ability to innovate. However, there is also a flip side to this, because we have done this at the cost of our natural resources, our water resources, our biodiversity, our genetic diversity. And we are wasting a hell of a lot of food. Did you know that 35% of all the food we produce, equivalent to a loss of 936 billion annually, 936 billion dollars annually, is lost or wasted. So if we would be able to prevent food loss and waste of this one third of all produced food, think about how many more people we could nourish, how much less emissions we would have, and how much biodiversity we could restore or preserve. I would like to start to ask the question how to do this, because I think the agenda setting is not the biggest problem. It requires a shift in mindset. Not only one. It requires many shifts in mindset, because whatever happens, the future of people is the future of our planet and our people is in the hands of people, still in the hands of people. So we need to rethink the way what we are doing. We need to rethink from feed the world to healthy nourish people and build resilient communities. And let me give some examples here. We don't need to produce more. We need to produce smarter. We don't need to think quantity anymore, but quality. We need to think from poverty, how do we fight poverty towards how do we provide food producers, farmers, including women and young people, how do we provide them a decent income. We need to stop thinking about calories filling the bellies. We need to think about nourishing people, good nutrition, tasty, healthy food, and we need to pay farmers for ecosystem services, which is not included right now. So many farmers are already doing what they can, because if they don't, if they are not assured to the natural resources, they will not be able to produce anyhow in the future. So it's in their own interest, but we as consumers, we as urban areas, we as people who want to also leave this world a better place to our next generation need to be ready to reward farmers for what they are doing for our ecosystem. And I think, Madam Co-Chair, it's about time that we become serious about gender equality, because gender equality is one of the biggest things to hear when it comes to food production, agriculture, but also when it comes to nourishing our planet. Women very often have no access, no legal position when it comes to ownership, tenure, financial services, legal services, and this has to end. Let us also agree to stop this gender inequality. And it can start with innovation. Just like we have innovated our food systems over the past 50 years, we need to innovate our food system right now. Not by producing more, but making new technologies user friendly and also applicable in the rural area, making sure that women have equal access compared to men. So and finally, we're talking a lot about youth these times. Let me be very frank with you. Youth doesn't need to be heard alone. They need to be at the table to discuss and to co-make decisions and young people that are around the table right now are the decision makers for tomorrow. So don't treat them as young youngsters that are allowed to be at the table, but take them serious in all phases of decision making and implementing. Finally, because I'm looking at the time, what do I hope to see as an outcome of the CBD COP, and I seven wishes here that I would like to see reflected in the framework that you are going to develop. This is the overarching issue, equality for gender and youth. The second point is the support and the stimulation of multidisciplinary disciplinary research and science. The third is rewarding those people, farmers, producers, but also consumers, if they do well. So redirect the 600 billion agricultural subsidies to catalyze nourishing people and planet. Don't cut them but redirect them to support and catalyze what we want to see done better. The fourth is a clearinghouse mechanism for funding. Don't go only for funding for biodiversity or funding for food and nutrition. Combine them so that you can incentivize people to also combine this agenda. My fifth point is leave dogmas, egos and logos at the door and step out of your comfort zone, because only if we are all ready to step out of our comfort zone and work with people we haven't even learned to know until now. We will be able to find new solutions and we know the old solutions don't work anymore. And my seventh and final point is, if by working together with the unexpected on planetary health and human health with all different stakeholders. We are not only able to improve the food systems, but we will catalyze the implementation of all 17 sustainable development goals. Thank you very much, Madam Chair for having me. Gader Wehrberg, thank you very much for your keynote speech and thank you so much for highlighting all the opportunities we have this year to bring people and planet together, and to forge a sustainable way forward. Thank you very much for your comments as you said the food system summit COP 26 as well as COP 15. I would now like to hand in just one moment I'm going to hand over to my co jet. His Excellency Tanawa Tinsen. But just before I do, I just wanted to absolutely echo your point about young people we're very keen to hear from young people and indeed, if you're young and listening to the dialogue today please say so when you answer a question, it will be really helpful for us. When we are moderating the discussion to know which young people are asking which questions. Thank you and with that, please let me hand over to his Excellency Ambassador Tanawa Tinsen who's going to chair the first part of our discussion this morning. Over to you Tanawa. Thank you very much, Terry. Good afternoon from Bangkok and good morning in Roman elsewhere. And as we have heard from Gader mentioned earlier, together, we can make things better. And that's why our well being is highly dependent on by all diversities. And that's why, if we want to achieve the food securities and improve nutrition. We need to make sure that we can save, we can conserve our by all diversities for next generation. And this morning we have others speakers who will join us. We will start with the first speakers. Thank you very much and thank you very much to everyone. I've got to apologize because I am actually in a cafeteria on my way to the airport having stuck in Southern Spain, which is not a very bad place to be in, but it's also hot. So maybe you can smell the coffee in the background and nice Spanish bread and someone. Can you see the background? Can you see the slide? Yeah, we can see your slide. Yeah. Lovely. What I want to do in five minutes is actually give you a very broad understanding of issues related to sustainable wildlife management. What we mean by that is that we have to come up with better ways of using biodiversity as a source of food, and of course many other different products come out of wildlife. But in this particular session we are going to talk about the wild meat, the food, the meat, the flesh that comes out of animals, and we're dealing with a very wide variety of animals that obviously make up biodiversity. So I'm going to concentrate primarily on vertebrates because those are the ones that actually produce most of the food that people consume throughout the world. And I'm going to focus also on tropics and subtropics. Of course, wild meats and wild foods are eaten throughout the world, but we know that there is a particular demand because of large numbers of people that survive from biodiversity they can eat and want to eat. So when we talk about sustainable wildlife management, according to the Convention of Biological Diversity, we're dealing with the sound management of wildlife species so that we can sustain the population and habitat over time while considering the socio-economic needs of human population. Sustainable wildlife management is a very broad topic in many ways. It's a topic that we, through the leadership of the FAO and the EU Sustainable Wildlife Program that we would lead, we are going to make certain changes for the better and how people are using wild meat in different parts of the world. So let me start by saying, when we talk about wild meat, we're really talking about bushmeat. The thing is that bushmeat is very much associated with Africa and other parts of the world. You know, the feeling is, and certainly this was very much expressed in the CBD in 2017 when I went over to Montreal, that maybe we should use a more generic term to deal with animals that we are consuming throughout the world. If you look at the variety of species that are eaten by people, that are needed by people, we have about more than 2,000 animal species consumed worldwide. In terms of vertebrates, we have about 600 vertebrate species that are very much the mainstay of what people are consuming. And out of those, mammals make up a very large proportion of the meat that are being consumed in the tropics and subtropics. We know that more than 50% of the protein intake in many communities worldwide in the tropics and subtropics actually rely on the meat for food security. We know it's a cultural practice, hunting animals and food is a cultural practice that we must understand and join with so that we have a better understanding of how people are using wild meat. But we also know that there is a huge impact of uncontrolled hunting. Just to give you some basic facts, about 10 million tons per year of mammal meat only are being consumed in the tropics. That's from our calculations and all that. We know that the population declines in these species up to 90%. And that very large number of mammal species, according to Ripple and others, are now threatened with extinction. So our concern are free foals. We need to understand the use of wild meat because of the ecological impacts of removing animals from ecosystems. It poses a real threat to many wild species and indeed to ecosystems in which they are found. Of course, food security and nutrition. All of these animals provide many, many millions of people with enough food and food security and livelihood. But we must also take into account the health and economic diseases that are also associated with the consumption of bush meat or wild meat. We need to understand productivity disease, for instance, because they differ. That's to give you a very broad idea that's much more wild meat if you want in savanna areas than in tropical forests. And wild meat is vitally important in the diet of people because of not just protein, but because of the vitamin C iron and the zinc and other things that are found. But if you think about it, if we were to eliminate and not sustainably use wild life in the Congo Basin, for example, where we estimate about 5 million tons of meat are consumed every every year. We would have to produce about 15 million cows or two billion chickens in order to supplant that food. And this is just an understanding that we need to have and make sure that these global plans for sustainable consumption are actually put in place. So we need to protect against species to promote food security, protect threatened species, and indeed beyond that, manage and improve the sustainability of wild meat supply, reduce the demand for unsustainably managed wild meat, and indeed create enabling conditions for controlled sustainable wildlife sector. And indeed through the CCD, we produce a very comprehensive document on how that can be achieved. And essentially we need to integrate conservation and sustainable use. We need to make sure that the use of biological resources avoid a minimized adverse impact. We need to protect and encourage customer use of biological resources, support local populations, and indeed encourage government authorities and the private sector to collaborate, develop methods and of sustainable use of biological resources. Unless we do all this, we are not going to have a well nourished number of people, millions of people throughout the world, and also we will lose biodiversity if we don't do this. Thank you very much. I hope it was five minutes. Thank you very much, Julia. I think you did a great job within five minutes and also thank you very much for your comprehensive presentation that we need a specific solution for a specific situation. Thank you very much. And next I would like to ask, thanks to a P2, the special invoice for international sustainable agriculture's from federal office of agriculture's from Switzerland to join us. He would talk on the role of genetics resources for food and agriculture. Thank you, chair. Director general distinguished delegates, ladies and gentlemen, good day to all of you from Switzerland. First, I would like to thank FAO and the secretariat of the CBD for the organization and the invitation to contribute to this global dialogue. As mentioned by Maria and as a med or the timing is perfect with the pre UN summit on food system in three weeks, and the final round of negotiation on the post 2020 global strategy on biodiversity at the end of August. All objectives are common speed up speed up global local and people actions to achieve the SDGs by 2030. As the main user of terrestrial ecosystem and because of their overall eye dependence on biodiversity agriculture and food are part of the problem but at the same time, a key element of the solution. Genetic resources for food and agriculture are the basis of all food production. They have been created and maintained by people over millennia attention on biodiversity and on food systems has never been higher. And it has never been clearer that transforming food systems towards more sustainability is critical, not only for food security and nutrition and human health, but also to reverse biodiversity loss and address climate change. Switzerland is very active to bring biodiversity agriculture and food systems together with Costa Rica. WWF and CG IR, we launched a multi stakeholder dialogue to develop concrete target proposals to better address food systems transformation in the new global biodiversity framework. Biodiversity is indeed key for these transformations through sustainable use of its components in particular genetic resources for food and agriculture. Let me emphasize the two following key priorities and how to achieve it. First, on conservation goal, like highlighted by Elisabeth Marouma, we shall reduce the direct threats from conventional agriculture to biodiversity, such as reducing the environmental risks from pesticides and excess nutrients and developing land saving approaches based on increased resource efficiency. To achieve this access to a large pool of genetic resources for food and agriculture is essential. For example, for breeding locally adapted past resistant varieties. Second, on the sustainable use goal, we need ecological intensification of agriculture and food systems. This means promotion of productive solutions and approaches based on the sustainable use of biodiversity, for example, by promoting agroecological approaches. These requires again broad genetic resources diversity for locally adapted plant and animal breeding, but also from associated insects and microorganisms for biological pest control, pollination or improves soil health and fertility. Concretely, this could be achieved in the GBF. First, on conservation by better reflecting current IE targets 13 to stop ongoing erosion of genetic resources for food and agriculture, and also better recognizing the contribution of human managed ecosystem in the conservation of biodiversity. Secondly, on sustainable use by setting a clear food system transformation target on increasing productive areas on the sustainable use of biodiversity in human ecosystem ecosystems. Ladies and gentlemen, involvement and reconnection of all actors along the food value chain, including all of us as citizens and consumers is key, as well as setting the right incentives for producers. A special focus in is needed on ensuring fair income and livelihood of family farmers, recognizing that their long term engagements as custodian, but also creator of biodiversity and genetic resources. This will require additional efforts on awareness raising education research innovation and resource mobilization, but also very important, it requires the development of an international reference framework for the measurement of the sustainable footprint of food and agriculture systems with recognized criteria and indicators on biodiversity FAO is a critical role to play to facilitate this process as custodian of SDG indicator 2.41 such a system will help farmers to assess their performance governments to assess impact of public policies and last but not least consumers to make informed policies. Ladies and gentlemen, I would like to emphasize the critical importance of the global plan of action on biodiversity for food and agriculture currently on the negotiation within the FAO Commission on genetic resources as the reference tool to support implementation of the GDPF in the food and agriculture sector, including through the FAO strategy on biodiversity. Today, we have a unique window of opportunity for entering the essential cross feeding between food and agriculture and natural and environment sectors. Not only regarding content, but also for convergence in the follow up process, building on existing initiatives and mechanics. In other words, mutually supportiveness to achieve the vision of living in harmony with nature. This means transformation of agriculture and food system for biodiversity, but even equally important by biodiversity. Thank you very much for your attention. Thank you very much for your great interventions. And as all of us know that securing the sustainable use and conservation of biodiversity is the duties of each of each of us. And also we need to work in holistic approach to make sure that we can bring the issues of biodiversity by all the food securities and food system together. Thank you very much for joining us today. Our next speaker is Tony Simon. Tony Simon is executive directors of C4. And here's he would talk on forest trees outside forest by all diversity and people. Now the floor is yours. Simon. Thank you very much honourable than what sense in and also co chair Terry such and could have the first slide please. Great. Thanks very much for that. Isn't it amazing that agriculture has been around for 10,000 years, but the word biodiversity has only existed for 33 years. And that's not to say the biodiversity has not been important to agriculture previously, but it is more likely a reflection that we didn't realize its importance. And the post 2020 biodiversity framework gives us that opportunity to put that neglect of biodiversity to rest. Forest cover 30% of our land make up 5% of our described species and contribute only one and a half percent the globe GDP. But amazingly forest house 85% of terrestrial biodiversity. And moreover they provide the physical framework the architecture for much of other terrestrial life to flourish including including humans. We ourselves are we're a forest derived organism we ourselves came from forest cultures. But overall for us like biodiversity are assigned relatively low levels of important at international level. And, and that's what needs to change the other next slide please. Perhaps the main misunderstanding and an under appreciation of the role of biodiversity in agriculture is this incorrect framing. One click please. Great thanks. Agriculture is seen about seen as being about people and food and all of the important aspects are to be found in sustainable development goal number two. And whilst we now speak of regenerative agriculture, the truth is that most of our agriculture is degenerative as crops grown with high external outputs, no regard for the negative externalities that they generate. And biodiversity is seen as being all about that non agree in land use about wilderness habitats and conservation concerns. So one more click please. So this is the framing that we need to change and most of the post 2020 framework gives us that and sorry the post 2020 framework gives us that opportunity. It is about connecting land uses land users and land resources. And we need to, to better understand the individual contribution to livelihoods and ecosystem integrity, but also their ability to contribute and synergize with agricultural objectives. Next slide please. One of the reasons quoted for for the persistence of degenerative agricultural practices is the absence of, of information, absence of options for biodiversity based solutions and in more regenerative practices and land use. Now, that may have been true 33 years ago, but it's certainly not true today. Trees and forests are the most ready and most sensible options in many locations and FAO CBD and as well as C for aircraft and others now have amazing knowledge resources freely available to all to use and is a databases at guidelines analysis and other tools. And we share a few readily accessible resources here. Next slide please. Now, likely, little is going to change in the post 2020 global framework, unless we change partnerships, we need stronger partnerships and the connections between agriculture and biodiversity, and we applaud both FAO and CBD for convening this dialogue. There are other exciting initiatives underway such as the G 20 initiative on land degradation as well. We see that wider institutional partnerships include more voice and more contribution from civil society and private sector. And here the well established global landscape forum and the new private sector and private investor facing entity called resilient landscapes is helping to boost such partnerships. A few years ago, the Chinese Academy of Science, the Chinese Academy of Forest, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science and the Kunming Institute of botany, along with the forest trees and agroforestry program can be in a much needed role in this meeting in Beijing to to help conceive a new ambitious and impactful partnership on forest and trees. And a key part of that was a new offering framed around biodiversity. And the key benefits derived to nature and humans from it, recalling that it is forest that house 85% of global terrestrial biodiversity. Please do check out the meeting summary shown here. Closing coach here. Let us remember that aside from being a reservoir of living potential. Nothing is better than biodiversity at providing healthy agro ecosystems. Nothing is better than allowing adaptation to climate change. Nothing is better than biodiversity about giving diversification options and reducing soil erosion, as well as enhancing soil carbon increasing water capacity of the land, and it boosting total productivity. So, looking forward in the next decade we will need to protect and deploy all three levels of biodiversity, which were equally important to agriculture to nature to forest trees and people. So, let's talk about the specific genetic diversity that Francois spoke about the inter specific diversity and the ecosystem diversity. But surely whatever else we do, we need to lay down a clear market in this new biodiversity framework that there is no such thing as net zero, when it comes to biodiversity loss. It is too important to offset losses in one sitting to gains in another. And sadly, that's what we're doing in agriculture. Thanks very much for listening. Thank you. Thank you very much Tony for your interesting presentation. I think all of us agreed that biodiversity continue to be eroded. And also we have seen the forestation everywhere around the world. And that's why biodiversity. If we want to make sure that biodiversity is can provide a healthy ecosystem. All of us need to take an action. Actually, we have another present intervention from our general barriers, but unfortunately, he could not join us today. And that's why I will, I would like to take this opportunity to have the open discussion between participants, participants and also with our speakers. And if you would like to take the floor. If you want to ask questions or even if you, some of you already write the questions on the Q&A. We will also take some of the question and ask to our speakers. My co chair, Ambassador Terry is here. Perhaps we can also join our task to make sure that we can entertain our audience and also entertain our speakers with interesting question to make sure that during next 30 minutes, we can have a great discussion among us. Terry, perhaps you have some questions please. So, Tanawa, thank you. I think before we move on to the questions we have a poll to test everyone's knowledge. You're right. Did you want to take everyone through the poll. And here it is coming up on the screen. Back over to you, Tanawa. Okay, thank you. We have the poll that you can see the first question small holders are important custodian of biodiversity is 84% of 808 million farms have less than two hectares. How much global agriculture and land. Do they manage. Perhaps you can choose. They have some choice. There you can click and give us your answers. And the next question is the indigenous people constitute only 5% of the world population. What shares are protected area do they manage. We want to get your idea we want to make sure that you are aware of the issues, because sometimes we always say that small holders are very important in saving our biodiversity and indigenous people around the world also play an important role. And that's why you have to make sure that you are really aware of the issues. And if you finish. Give your giving your answers, perhaps our scatter it can after this, we can show the result of the poll. And coach, I don't forget to give the answer as well. Well, excellent. Yes, yeah, please. Yeah, it's absolutely 70% of the answers are say that I think majorities, I think 70% of the global agricultural land. Yeah, it's there. And also the indigenous people are. The majorities of the answer is fixed 60% 40% and 20% are my co chair you have the good answers to to this, but have you have the right answers to share with us. I don't have the right answers right now time to work but I am relying on the secretariat to tell us what the right answers are. All right, I think we're going to come back to you with the right answers in just a little bit. But in the meantime, perhaps we should crack on with the discussion. Now I would like to open the floor for the creations and comments from the floor. If some of you would like to take the floor please raise your hand. And also I have some question that perhaps I can give to our speaker directly as well. Is there anyone who would like to break the ice these are morning. Okay, if I may, there was one question from a young person in the audience from South Africa, I think, who was asking about what the role is of religious leaders in making progress with biodiversity. And I particularly like to ask that question first because it's from a young person. Perhaps members of the panel. I don't think the question was directed at any one panelist in particular but perhaps members of the panel would like to take it in turns to respond to that. Yeah, what do you see the role of lovely thanks back over to you then thanks. A superb question and a very deep question with a lot of elements to it. It is communities that have stewarded biodiversity since our very existence. Even though biodiversity has been around for a very long time the, the protection and management, the collection of species assemblages and habitats that we have is being driven by humans. A lot of that is is is contextually based and based on different religions around the world and the aggregate systems in which in which they're derived. But it is a very key part and connecting that religious theme with the theme of youth. And the respect for nature and the respect for humans. I mean, if we're, if we're not respecting nature we are respecting each other enough either. In my generation, it was all about physical infrastructure, big dams, big roads, big facilities. What do the youth have to look forward to today with all of the issues and the problems around agriculture, biodiversity, climate change, etc. And perhaps it is that that optimism of a new infrastructure, a green infrastructure. And so we need to use the religious leaders need to use the, the morals and values and leaders in society to align our thinking align our aspirations around the line what we think our success metrics in nature with biodiversity, as we seek to feed ourselves and prosper. But a great question. Thanks very much. Yeah, thank you very much, Tony for your response. Is there any other speakers who would like to take the floor to respond to these issues about the role of religious leaders. Okay. Okay, perhaps we can move to the next creations are, I think it's one of the slide of our speakers also mentioned about the animal protein. Sometimes animal proteins has been brain a lot about have an impact on by all the versa days. The question is what the alternative sources of protein can be meant access in in state of need or animal protein, or maybe I can give the floor to from so P2 to respond to this question please. Thank you very much. Mr. Co chair, thank you for giving me the floor on this question. I'm not sure I'm the most. The best person to respond to this question so I'm sure that Gerda will come to this later on. It's my focus on, but but I think what is what is this is again a personal view I think a few centuries ago or even decades ago I think more most of the population or still today is relying on plant protein based diets. And one sign of the of the development in the current decades was to move from plant based diet to animal protein based diets. And I think of course we see we see the effect of these transformation of the diet. And what I would like to say I think we just need to go back to the, to common sense and and really go back to the, to the basics and see for example, in our own culture. And what were the classical components of the diets, for example, five decades ago, and really try to bring these, these approach mainly based on plant based proteins back in our current diets. And I think again for me it's always a question of common sense finding the right balance between plant based proteins and animal based protein. Thank you. Thank you very much, Alfonso I give the floor to Gerber to respond to these issues as well, please. Thank you very much, Mr Chair. And I agree very much there are innovative sources, but we need to rethink and restore whatever we can. And we shouldn't forget that we also destroy a lot of proteins by food loss and food waste. And this is something we you and me and all the participants, about 430 right now and all those people who are in the streaming. You can check in how your, how your own food behavior is, and think how you can improve food, how you can avoid food waste, because in the Western world, it is about 20% of all food we buy that we that we are wasting. At the same time, food losses should be protected, because in many African countries we can see that around harvest 30 or more percent of the food is is lost because of lack of storage of processing etc. So we continue to look for alternative resources there are in insects that could be an alternative resource it is happening already. I think products from the ocean algae are a product, and there are more, but we shouldn't try to consume only more more, but we should find smarter solution. Exactly. Yeah, thank you very much. And that's why we need to change our consumption pattern as well. Think in a different way. Yeah, if you allow me, I'm already for quite some time in the world of food and biodiversity I've been the Minister of Agriculture Nature and food quality in the Netherlands. And I've also been the ambassador to the wrong based agencies so I know CBD, and I know food. What I noticed in the Q&A that are questions over there that are still fighting the fight of yesterday. I want to encourage all question askers, but all decision makers and inspirators just in people who need to inspire like religious leaders to think in a different way to lead in changing the mindset, not what is creating the distinction. What is our own thing, only one thing that we want to drive for, like food sovereignty or aqua ecology that is the thing. It's not one size fits all. It is finding solutions that serve community, people and the biodiversity alike, and it has to differ from region to region or community and country to country. Yeah, thank you very much. And also you missed to mention that you are also the former chairperson of the committee on the food security CFS. And thank you very much for joining us. I have another question that I can give to Tony, what measures or medication method we can take to avoid biodiversity laws in agricultural land near forest area. Do you have any idea on this to share with us. Yes, yes, fantastic question. The measure we need is a measure. We need a metric, we need a way of simply addressing biodiversity too long we've looked at species richness just counting the number of species that we have rather than thinking about a broader index. We do not even an index but a combination of the relative level of biodiversity in the health of those landscapes and those mixed landscapes of crop fields and agricultural fields with trees in the mimic forest and in the forest and protected lands and wetlands around them. We can only rely on counting numbers of species we're going to go off on a tangent. And with new geospatial techniques now we can, we can have proxies for the amount of diversity of course it'll be relative. And also in a dry area with 600 million meters of rainfall, having 50 plant species is an incredibly rich aggregate system. If you're in the Orinoco Valley in South America, having 50 plant species is a very impoverished state. And, you know, there was one question there about working with with multinationals and some of the chemical companies, we've got to get them moving in the right direction. So we need to be able to measure relative amounts of biodiversity, cheaply reliably in an agreed way from space, and with the direction of travel. What is the threat to biodiversity what is the threat to human health the threat to livelihoods, the threat to the sustainability of agriculture because regenerative agriculture is not just about the, the environmental it's about regenerating the economy, regenerating societies regenerating human capacities and skills. And if we can have those two combinations of a relative biodiversity measure and connected with the direction of travel risk to biodiversity that will give us a healthy vector, it will give us a way of seeing how things are progressing, not only for intact natural systems like forest but also the related forest agricultural systems, as well as the pure croplands it's about that balance and integration that will really move us forward. Thank you. Thank you very much, Tony, for your response. And also I would like to welcome the newly elected independent chairs of the council who are joining us now. Mr. Ambassador Hans-Huckabee, welcome you to this meeting. The next question from India, Dr. Thipati, what is the status of animal biodiversity in Europe currently in comparison to what they have 100 years ago. Perhaps I can give these questions to François Pitou, who is the chairperson of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Nutrition. François, please, our food and agriculture, sorry. Thank you very much, Mr. Co-Chair and I think thank you for the question. As you might know, I think one of the main tasks of the Commission on Genetic Resources together with FAO is of course to try to monitor the change in genetic resources in the different sectors. The question was specifically directed to animal genetic resources and animal diversity. Of course, I'm not an expert on animal diversity, but what I learned from the information we get from these different states of the world is that we are like in the plant sector currently seeing a decrease in the diversity of animal genetic resources. So it's again here the challenge is how to go back to more diverse genetic basis and more locally adapted genetic basis. And I think this is of course also true for animal genetic resources. I come from a country in Switzerland where on one end we had been very good at animal breeding, common with high yield milk producing cows, but at the same time we have also very difficult environment where obviously locally adapted animal races are a lot better. And this brings me to the very important point raised by Gerda. I think we really need to move from quantity to quality. And when we talk about quality, I think the diversity of animal races is important, especially when it comes to locally adapted animal races. Thank you very much. Yeah, thank you. Thank you very much. I have, I wish we still have 10 minutes more. I would like to have, I have one question from Jack Koffel. He asking the question, what specific role do you think sustainable fisheries and aquaculture will play in committing growing demand for nutritious food and the need to protect biodiversity? Perhaps I can give the discretion to Gerda please. Yes, thank you chair. I think the role could be a big one, but let's not forget that the current fisheries way of fishery in general is still depleting stock and biodiversity in the public oceans but also in the rivers. And the very big, big ships are are are depleting too much in the way of fishery, so it's not really sustainable. Secondly, when it comes to aquaculture could be a great alternative, however, and it could also be a good source of income. However, it's not easy. And as we speak we see big problems with the use of too much antibiotics in doing the aquaculture, which is not very helpful because it is impacting both animal too many the use of too much antibiotics is impacting human health but also animal health. So there are challenges but if but if we are able to really do it in a sustainable way, meaning giving the stock and the fish, the fish stock to time to recover and produce and have a happy life and do aquaculture in a really sustainable way, then it could be a great, great part of the solution. And by the way, I really like fish. So for me personally in my family, it would be a good part of the solution. I think all of us like fish. Thank you very much for your answers. We have another question from. I know him very well. Ambassador Mohammed. Imati. I saw his question. It would be appreciated to hear from panelists about the relationship of current most important global issue, the COVID-19 pandemic, and it possible mutual impact on declining by all diversity but anyway we sometimes we have heard that during the lockdown. And we see that a lot of improved in terms of our natures in terms of the biodiversity as well. Perhaps I give this question to Tony. Yeah. Thanks very much. Yeah, it and go to mentioned it in her intervention that the linkages between landscape landscape health ecosystem health human health are so interconnected and when we take a sectoral approach. The sector actually means to differentiate to have something as separate. And it is this integrated approach that we need. We know that 70% of of Zoonoses. That is where an organism jumps from from animals to humans have been forest associated. From the the clearance of forest the interventions the unsustainable use of them and, and that's a red flag and an area for us to be looking at possible futures in Osies there's there may be a COVID 2025 and a COVID. 2027 2037 we need to be ready for those and to be able to respond and to be able to predict and interact biodiversity is incredibly complex we can't over simplify it. It's a system of interacting inputs outputs controls processes interfaces boundaries, external effectors and context, and until we have better information until we put as much effort into understanding the natural world and our interactions with it through human health. We're going to continue to be surprised and devastated by pandemic such as as COVID-19. Yep, thank you, thank you very much. Dr Simons for your response. I have another question to have. Actually, maybe Terry you have any question for our speakers, because I saw. Certainly helps it I mean it's a real I mean it's fantastic where there's so many questions coming in I'm really enjoying reading them in the Q&A reading them in the chat, but it's a bit of a juggle trying to. I mean it's a really great challenge to have because it's really good that there's so much interaction. So thank you everyone who sent in questions and I'm sorry that we're not going to be able to come to all of them. But I do know that there's two sets there two more sets of issues I think coming out in the questions and the one is and we've tackled this a bit one is. You know, alternatives to meat consumption and how can we really make progress in providing alternatives to consuming meat. You know, we've had a bit of a discussion about that earlier on and I, you know, I, what I really wanted to say here is we recognize there are a lot of questions on that point and when we write up our conclusions we're going to try and reflect some of that debate in the conclusions. And the question that I don't think we've tackled yet on the panel is the question about financing and in particular I mean I think both the executive secretary Marama and also Gerda Verberg had also mentioned the point that you know agriculture is hugely subsidized at the moment. And there are a couple of questions really about financing and in particular about how the global biodiversity framework. What, what is it going to say about the role of agricultural subsidies and what are the opportunities for financing. You know, nature based solutions that really try and combine all the interests of people and planets. So, you know, I think that is a big question pacing, all of us and I can see that Francois and it's very nice to be working with you again Francois has got his hand up so I'm going to come to you first Francois and then on to Tony Simon's. Over to you Francois, thanks. Thank you very much and thank you again for raising these two questions, but I think I just would like to come back to a point that I raise and that was also raised by by Tony in his presentation I think that's the, the fact that we really need a system to be able to in general the sustainable footprint of the different systems and more specifically the biodiversity components, because if we want to reorient the I would say the support the public support to food and agriculture not to use these of subsidies because I think I come from a country where we recognize that there is that what food and agriculture is providing is also a public good so that there is a need for support from the public sector to food and agriculture but we need to redirect this support towards the support to sustainable practices and for this we need to be able to measure it we need to be able to measure the impacts of the current practices and to see how we can change it to be more sustainable so it's again really to emphasize the importance of having measurement reference system to be able to monitor. Thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you from Sue I think Gerber also would like to take the floor. I see you. Yes. Yes. Thank you very much. I would like to make a general remark here because I appreciate very much to be in this panel. I will use the questions and go through it I can see the clear entry point, which is the concern and the huge commitment to biodiversity, which is great, and I don't encourage you to step down from this commitment. My invite to you is open up a little bit and look at things also from a different perspective, for instance from a farmer or a pastor, pastor lists perspective, if you are not in favor of animal protein. You can do so, but what will be the alternative for the farmer. So be ready to put yourself also in the shoes of or the boots of a farmer a community, what would be your solution. Don't expect solutions from the top of the world because they have tried to come forward with solutions the last 50 years and are there are the sustainable solutions. No. So sustainable solution should be come from communities from country bottom up, but let us open our minds change our mindset and challenge ourselves to put ourselves also in the in the shoes of others. And my second point is, wherever you want to start with it with it in population policies or whatever, every start is a good start because every contribution to get all the sustainable development goals implemented is a good one but be ready to share and keep and leave your logos and egos, a little bit at the door, come to the table, only people in really wanting ready to work together will find solutions. Finally, on the financial thing. I think innovative finance for instance, emissions taxes or CO2 trade can help and on the subsidies don't underestimate. If you start to fight discuss the subsidies, and you want to cut them, you are inviting the enemy to attack you. If you are making a positive agenda to change the direction and to support the right things to do to support farmers in their ecosystem stewardship, then you will get sympathy and it might, you might get it done, or we might get it done. That's my, that's fine. Thanks. Thank you. Thank you very much for your intervention before giving the floor to ICC. I have another question for our, our speakers, because we know that even though in one of your slide you mentioned about the indigenous people, and we know that are in terms of, if you don't talk about the traditional ecological knowledge, I think you seem remissing something. And we know that the indigenous people play an important role to secure and conserve the biodiversity. And that's why I would like to give the floor to our speaker to address the issues of the traditional ecological knowledge and also the role of the indigenous people. Thank you for the floor to Tony, please. Great. Thanks very much. I'm coaching. You only need to look at a country like Papua New Guinea. It has 0.1% of the world's population. It has 0.3% of the words, the world's land area, but it has 7% of the world's biodiversity. It is a country covered in 75% of forest cover. And those peoples in those communities and their indigenous knowledge and their, you know, Papua New Guinea only needs 45% forest cover. It will be fine. It'll be 50% more than the global average. Papua New Guinea cannot afford for Papua New Guinea to lose that forest. And Papua New Guinea cannot afford to keep that forest for the rest of the world with no compensation. And so we've got to get away from these, it's got to be additional. If we're going to be paying countries to keep oil on the ground and not refine it and not contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, we've got to be doing the same for forests. And one of that is going to rely on that indigenous knowledge, those areas that are called high conservation status, high carbon status, high variation and biodiversity. And to link it back to the question in the text about about SDG 10. And it's so sad that SDG 10 is about inequality. It means the uneven distribution of resources. Inequity means the unfair distribution of resources, and it is inequity that we have to cope with and deal with those indigenous communities, those ones that are have been the wise stewards and the rule of humanity. And now that they're struggling and suffering. Fortunately, multinational companies, many of them, the processes and the traders are ahead of countries. They're looking at the new task force on nature related disclosures. In the same way they looked at the task force on climate related disclosures in a, in a legally binding way. But we'll have regulators will have shareholders will have investors asking, what are you doing about biodiversity, is this neutral, is it enhancing, or is it degenerate and agriculture sadly at the moment is in the degenerative box. That's going to change. We've got to Dutch participants on this short panel here. And, you know the Netherlands is focused on how the private sector can link through to these things. Think about food labeling in a few years time co to labeling will be on every food packet. A couple more years the water footprint will be on every food packet. What is the biodiversity footprint going to be on a food packet. We don't have any idea I mean three termites were saved in the production of this food. I mean, to our knowledge no amphibians were destroyed as we generated this food stuff. We, we're in the dark. So making the business case for biodiversity making the business case for involving indigenous communities and making sure that we have a more equitous, not just equitable but equitous society will be combination and I hope, Coach, I managed to weave in those three questions into an answer. Thank you. Thank you very much Tony for your kind respawn now give the floor to ICC hands please. Thank you very much, Jensen and I was not ready to take the floor but I was so inspired by the discussion. And quite I think some 50 years ago I was the president of the Congress of the party by diversity, and I was impressed by the biodiversity community, the things they were developing and invasions they were seeking and certainly I was an echo the words of Tony. I was impressed by the indigenous indigenous communities and often, of course, when we speak about innovations we look to new innovations, but many of the innovations are still there to grab when you look to the indigenous communities and I think that's what we have to rediscover and to see how we can support them in their role for and biodiversity as well as climate smart agriculture, as well as I would say sustainable food systems and I think there, I think, perhaps 10 or 15 years ago we were still working a little bit in silos when it comes to biodiversity, agriculture, trade, etc. And I think the great thing of this morning is that we see that we have broken down the silos and see how we can work together to the common goal but when it comes to financing, I think it's crucial that we try to broaden our financial basis for work to be done by and the CBD as well as FEO as well as some other organizations and with the body of the funding basis I also mean the private sector because I think the three one base agencies each have now developed and agreed to a private sector strategy to involve the private sector in how we can, I would say fund programs with support of the private sector which will and conserve and sustainable use by diversity, but also make climate of agriculture more climate and biodiversity smart. And their role is not to be underestimated, because they are eager to step in, but they have to sit around the table and give them a place in the funding. Another thing is that we should look to innovative tools as well with over we go back to what the usual would say tools let's set up a global fund and everything will be will be funded I think that's not the way how we should aim when we speak about by the verge or speak about sustainable food system we need to have more innovative tools with the private sector but also with other international organization institutions I think that's the challenge which we have for today but also when it comes to the food system and how to develop new financial tools, but I'm impressed and I'm very positive that we will get there thank you. Thank you very much Hans for your intervention before closing the first sessions, I would like to give the floor to my co chair to give us the result of the poll. Terry please. Thanks very much time to watch so we asked you three questions, and here they're coming up on screen again so the correct answer to the first question is that small holder farms with less than two hectares manage only 12% of agricultural land, but they produce 35% of all food. So as you can see only 16% of you got that right. Let's moving on to the second question. Indigenous people constitute only 5% of the world population, what share of protected areas do they manage and the answer to that was 40%. And as you can see 34% of us got that one right. And the final third question was there are an estimated 6400 mammalian and 11,000 alien species how many of these have been domesticated and the answer to that one was 40%. And 53% of those got that right so well done on that last question. And that brings it to an end, and I'm looking forward to our next poll result as well thanks back over to you. Thank you very much Terry for the result of the poll. And now we reached to the end of the first session of this morning of the global dialogue on the role of food and agriculture in the post 2020 global type by where there was it is framework, I would like to emphasize that securing the sustainable use and conservation of biodiversity will become even more significant and we need your commitment and we need your actions and to achieve the global biodiversity target. Thank you very much. Now I over the floor to my co chair Terry to continue the second sessions of this dialogue please. Thank you very much time away and yes and also another big thanks to everyone for all of their interventions in in the discussion. I'm very much looking forward to our second panel discussion, which explores different management aspects of biodiversity. And once again, we will have four speakers, each with a five minute intervention this time. And then we should have around 40 minutes for discussion afterwards. So it would be a pleasure of introducing our first speaker in this second discussion Mr Luca Montana Rella. Mr Montana Rella leads the portfolio of soil related projects of the European Commission's joint research center. I had the intergovernmental technical panels on soils for six years and was co chair of the IPBS land degradation and restoration management. Mr Montana Rella's presentation is on soil biodiversity the basis. You have the floor Mr Montana Rella. Five minutes. Thank you. Thank you Madam chair and thank you for introducing me and thank you for spelling well my, my family name which is difficult. And good morning to everybody. I will try to share quickly my two slides so that I can very quickly introduce to you. Rather forgotten aspect of biodiversity, which is biodiversity below ground so biodiversity under our feet. People are not aware that there is very often more biodiversity in the soil than above the soil so below ground by diversity is under many aspects to say that we initiated some years ago actually when we presented the EU a certain strategy in 2006 as commission, we raised the issue that there is a need there was the need at that time to have a better understanding of this biodiversity pool. Below ground by diversity in many cases is still not even classified so many types are not even identified. There was a process that has led to the release last year in the occasion of the World Soul Day of the state of knowledge of so biodiversity report that now gives us a full picture of what is known about so biodiversity and and I must really thank you and the organizations including the global so diverse initiatives and of course the support from our side for such a comprehensive assessment. We must be aware that there is life below ground so healthy soil is a soil that is alive. It is capable through this ecosystem that it hosting to deliver a number of ecosystem services that are fundamental for us. Healthy soils produce healthy food and healthy food of course is the basis for healthy people and we have heard many interventions in the previous discussion about the relevance of this. A spoon and full of soil, you will find millions of organisms in this little amount of soil, millions of billions of materials, thousands of different taxa and all this needs to be recognized as an important biodiversity pool and needs to be protected needs to be protected not only because of the sake of protecting biodiversity but as I say, because this is the foundation, the basis of healthy food production, a living soil produces healthy food, but it's also facilitating agricultural production by managing of course the organic matter because at the basis of biodiversity so there is so organic carbon, which is the engine that gives the energy to that biodiversity pool to function well. So, having have in our hands now a very comprehensive assessment as was presented last year of the state of knowledge on so biodiversity gives us now no excuse anymore, not to act. 1020 years ago the argument was we didn't know enough about so biodiversity and that's why we couldn't do something to protect it now I think it's time to take advantage from the facts that we have now a solid scientific basis about biodiversity we know a lot about it and we know also the importance to all of us. We also know what is threatening biodiversity, what is threatening soil biodiversity, and we know all the pressures that sorts are submitted to do of course to our activities. Particularly I would like to mention that healthy soils, of course, precondition for healthy food but are very much under pressure due for example to soil contamination to soil erosion. Loss of soil organic carbon, unsustainable agricultural practices, there are plenty of processes that are human induced that are threatening soil biodiversity and we should absolutely do something about this. Now we have the opportunity now that the knowledge is there to act and as commission, of course, we have put so biodiversity very much high on our agenda. We are developing, as you may know, a solid strategy revised so strategy based on the previous strategy that we already have and this is embedded in the EU biodiversity strategy, because we think that it's an aspect that needs to be taken into account in future policymaking, it needs to be particularly taken into account if we talk about food security food safety and healthy people with healthy soils. Thanks a lot for the time. Thank you very much, Mr Montanarella. Our next speaker is Miss Alsbeta Klein, Director General of the International Fertilizer Association, which is a global association of more than 430 member entities, and Miss Klein will talk to us about reducing pollution, managing fertilizers for profit and biodiversity. The floor is yours Miss Klein I'm looking forward to hearing from you. In five minutes please. Thank you. Thank you, Honourable Ambassador Sarge. Thank you FAO DG2. Thank you FAO colleagues for the kind invite to this important event. I would like to talk about four things today. Number one, the industry that I represent is fully committed to support and implement post 2020 biodiversity framework. What I'd like to talk about is that our industry recommends development and implementation of regionally customized solutions, because as we heard from previous speakers, biodiversity is an extremely complex topic. The third point I'd like to talk about is that there is no single solution to address biodiversity losses and it really takes all of us to work together and bring in financial solution be able to make a difference. And last but not least, we have put our heads together as an industry over the past year as we are working towards the biodiversity COP, and we believe that we do have a vision of what success should look like. So let me take these issues in, in turn. So first and foremost, we are, we need to think about solving the problems of tomorrow and we heard from Ambassador Verberg about this. So let's solve the equation between food production and biodiversity. The critical issue that we have here is that fertilizers have increased agricultural yields in many parts of the world, and it assured economic development for the farmers. But at the same time, increased production of food has caused biodiversity losses. We are seeing what those losses look like and what happens when you have either too much or too little of a good thing which is mineral fertilizers. And, and the idea here is to really find that middle ground to not do too much to not too little, but it all depends on which regions we are talking about where we are focusing where we need to do less where we need to do more. So what we need to think about is holistic system of food production. We need to start thinking about food losses and how to eliminate them or at least diminish them so that we don't have to produce this much of food to feed all of us by 2050. So that's positive and enduring change look like. As I mentioned, there are no silver bullets solutions for addressing biodiversity issues, but there are many options that could have positive outcomes for nature preservation and food production. First and foremost, there needs to be a balanced approach that accounts for necessity of fertilizer management for food and nutrition security, while prioritizing environmental protection. Consequently, we would recommend reframing the focus from focusing solely on pollution reduction and excess nutrients to the one that is focused on optimization of inputs and again regional voices, voices from local communities voices from indigenous communities are going to be very important here. So what do we recommend, we would welcome the incorporation of nutrient management into global goals. This is very, very important, and it needs to be part of the post global biodiversity framework. And again, regional context is going to be essential. What we would like to see for the targets is that we would like to see this customized road maps we would take into account and I think we heard it from Dr. Simons before that we really need to start thinking about what does research tell us about various areas what does research tell us about soil that Mr. Montanarela just talked about. And what does this mean to bring farmers into that discussion and to have them have a voice in this conversation. So I would like to close my intervention with what success could look like. It could be a greatly reduced conversion of natural ecosystems into production land due to optimization of how we grow our food into better agricultural management practices, and into better forest protection policies. There is a mean sustainable intensification of existing arable lands through better farming systems and incentivization and financial incentives to support farmers and their use of land. And last but not least, it's about global nutrient use efficiency levels that leads to improvements of biodiversity protection, coupled with worldwide improvements in food and nutrition policy. What we are suggesting here is a holistic approach that is looking at the regional differences that takes into account farmer as a critical part of the equation, and that looks at all the players with whom we need to build coalitions and the funding that needs to come to support it. Thank you very much, Mr. Ambassador. Ms Klein, I now have the pleasure to introduce Mr. Andrew Cunningham, who is Professor of Wildlife Epidemiology and the Deputy Director of Science for the Zoological Society of London. That's my hometown. And he also serves on the one health high level expert panel. The floor is yours for five minutes, Mr Cunningham, over to you. Thank you very much. So I'm going to talk about the importance of biodiversity in a one health perspective and how to reduce negative impacts on biodiversity in the context of food systems. So the world is undergoing a global public health crisis following the zoonotic emergence of COVID-19. At the same time, the planet is undergoing a biodiversity extinction crisis is not a coincidence. Biodiversity conservation and safeguarding public health are inextricably linked through a range of complex, ecological and socioeconomic pathways. Many drivers of biodiversity loss such as habitat destruction, wild animal hunting and wildlife trafficking are also drivers of zoonotic disease emergence. On the upside, mitigating actions for one of these crises will also likely mitigate the others. Perhaps the prime example of human over exploitation of wildlife. Animals in wet markets are taken from the wild, brought together from different habitats, transported over large distances and crammed together into cages. Between capture and slaughter, they are stressed and immunosuppressed and so are increasingly likely to excrete whatever pathogens they have in them, while also being increasingly vulnerable to infections they might not naturally encounter. People who are in close contact with these animals can be exposed to novel pathogens, creating the ideal circumstances for new diseases to emerge. The co-housing of different animal species exposes them to novel pathogens and if a new species is successfully infected and becomes disease, this facilitates the emergence of mutants and the likelihood of zoonotic emergence. Particularly for diseases caused by RNA viruses, which have high rates of genetic mutation and post adaptation. COVID-19, SARS, Ebola, Marburg, AIDS, NIPA and Hendra are all examples of recently emerged zoonotic diseases from wildlife that are caused by RNA viruses. To mitigate zoonotic risk from wild meat, the illegal wildlife trade needs to be stopped and the legal wildlife trade needs to be much more tightly regulated with meaningful enforcement. Such regulations should include improving animal welfare, minimizing transport distances of live wild animals or fresh wild animal products. Banning the co-housing or co-transportation of different wild and domestic animal species to reduce bridging host opportunities and minimizing time spent between capture and slaughter. COVID-19 has made us realize more than ever before that biodiversity is necessary for a healthy planet and is an important component in protecting human health. For example, the rich mosaic of species that occurs in undisturbed ecosystems inhibits opportunities for pathogens to build up into high numbers across animal populations, thus limiting the degree of human exposure to any particular wildlife pathogen. In addition, while human modified habitat becomes less suitable for some species, it becomes more suitable for others. And as has been recently demonstrated, the species of wild animal that are more able to live in human modified habitats tend to have a higher rate of courage of zoonotic pathogens than those that have declined or disappeared. So we lose the protective effects provided by high levels of biodiversity. We increase the proportion of remaining pathogens that are zoonotic. And as the remaining animals are better adapted for living in human-disturbed and period domestic habitats, we increase the frequency of human wildlife contact and the chances of pathogens spill over. Hence habitat destruction is a lose, lose, lose situation when it comes to zoonotic disease emergence. We need to cut to the chase and by far the biggest driver of habitat destruction is agriculture. Yet while 83% of farmland is dedicated to the production of meat and dairy, these animal products provide just 18% of calories and 37% of protein, and in doing so they produce 60% of the greenhouse gas emissions produced by agriculture. A recent analysis published in the Scientific Journal Science shows that without meat and dairy consumption, enough food could be produced to feed the world with a 75% reduction in farmland. This means that humanity is unnecessarily using an area equivalent to the size of the entire USA, plus the European Union, the United Kingdom, China and Australia combined. Imagine the huge gains in biodiversity and the public health benefits of reduced zoonotic disease transmission and healthier eating, and the massive reductions in greenhouse gas emissions if everyone reduced their meat and dairy consumption, even if only by small amount. It has been estimated, for example, that in the UK, the UK would reduce its carbon emissions by 8%, if everyone in that country replaced just one meat dish per week with a plant-based one. So reducing meat and dairy production has the potential to be the quickest and easiest way to tackle the biodiversity, climate and public health crises altogether in one fell swoop. Thank you very much. Reduce water pollution, air pollution and fresh water extraction. Thank you. Thank you very much, Mr Cunningham, and sorry to slightly interrupt at the end, I am keen to make sure that we have enough time for our discussion later. And I would like, before that discussion, I would like to introduce our final speaker of this morning's session, Ms Estrella Penunia, Secretary General of the Asian Farmers Association for Sustainable Rural Development. The association currently has 30 million family farmers as members who are engaged in the production of crops, livestock, fisheries, forestry, herding and pastoralism. And it's my great pleasure to pass the floor to Ms Penunia, who will speak to us for five minutes before we move on to our discussion. And I should also flag up, we're going to have another quiz on some statistics for you, but let me first of all hand over to Ms Penunia. Over to you. You have five minutes, Madam. Thank you, Madam Chair and good morning to everyone. Good evening here in Manila. So I would like to ask the secretariat to flush my presentation because right now it's raining hard here. It stopped a while, but I was asked to make a contribution on what are the contributions of family farmers in agro-biodiversity. So first maybe we could talk about who are the family farmers. So next slide please. Family Farmers, as FAO has defined, or family farming is a means of organizing agricultural, forestry, fisheries, pastoral and aquaculture production, which is managed and operated by a family and predominantly reliant on family capital and labor, including both women's and men's. And the family and the farm are linked, co-evolved and combine economic, environmental, social and cultural functions. Next slide. And how many are the family farmers? Family farmers account for more than 90% of the farms in the world occupy around 70 to 80% of farmland and produce more than 80% of the world's food in value terms. And farms which are less than two hectares account for 84% of all farms and operate 12% of all agricultural farms. And in Asia and Pacific, the family farmers account for 74% of the world's family farmers. And most of us are small scale and the family based food producers account for in Asia Pacific for almost 80% of the milk and also 80 to 90% of aquaculture farms. And what are our contributions to agro-biodiversity? It is so sad to hear to say that agriculture is a very big emitter, but maybe we have to ask what kind of agriculture is that? Family farmers contribute to agro-biodiversity. We manage natural resources and ecosystems. We preserve and promote biodiversity through agroecology, integrated, diversified, organic, climate resilient practices in farms, fisheries, livestock and forests. We are custodians of biodiversity. We preserve and share traditional knowledge on food systems. Actually, our members know the value of diversity in food and agriculture because we have been very much affected by the lack of it and have been saved by its presence in the Philippines. For example, we have a cooperative of farmers who have devoted their lands to rubber farming and when typhoon struck and all the rubber trees died, they had nothing to eat for weeks because their lands did not produce any crop for food. But the indigenous community of the Dumagats, they had food where the typhoon struck, they had just to dig yam and tubers for food. So what are our three enablers for agroecology and for agro-diverse production? So first enabler will be the empowerment of the agency of small-scale family farmers, which include fishers, livestock breeders, forest-based producers and pasture release. The second is an appropriate, coherent, aligned set of policies and programs that directs funding and investments and research to incentivize and support agroecology, integrated, diversified, organic systems in farms, fisheries and forests. And the third is a multi-stakeholder partnerships and inclusive governance that treats farmers not as beneficiaries but as equal partners. I have a short video just to let you see the work that some of our farmers are doing. So I would like to ask the secretariat to show the video. Thank you. And after the video, that will end my presentation. Is it possible? Thank you, secretariat. Please show the video. I hope it's a short one though. Thanks. Thank you very much, Ms. Petunia. I now, I'm going to turn to my co-chair, Tanawat, then ask him to lead you through our next poll questions. And I hope you've been missing heart because they'll be putting your knowledge to the test. Over to you, Tanawat. Yeah, thank you very much, Teri. I think last up the previous session we also have the poll. And that's why we would like to have another quiz for our audience and participants and also our speakers can join us as well. The first question, large farms of more than 50 hectare make up only 1% of 608 million farms. How much the global agricultural land do they manage? I think from the previous question of the last session is already give you a clue to answer this question. The second question, what is the main driver of the forestry and forest decorations and associated laws of forest diversity? Then you have a choice of agricultural expansions for large scale commercial agriculture. The second one is agricultural expansions for local subsistence agriculture. And the last one is timber harvesting. And we encourage you to join this poll to make sure that your knowledge or your information that you have is correct. And I think you have got some information from the previous session, which helps you to give and write answers easily for these quits. Great, you're going to keep everyone waiting for the answers. We will share the answers immediately after the poll. Great. I can see that we've got the results coming in now, which is fantastic. And I'll hand back over to Tanawat to give you the correct answers if you haven't heard them already from our speakers. Right, with that, I'd now like to open our discussion and we've had a fantastic feedback, lots and lots of questions and answers in the chat. We're not going to be able to tackle all of them. I'm going to start with perhaps one of the easier ones before moving into some of the more difficult ones. We have a question from Uganda, I think from Gregory Mugabe, I think, who says, what about the impact of solid waste on the biodiversity of soils. So perhaps we could go to Luca Montanarella to respond to that one before I challenge the panel with some of the more tricky questions coming up in the discussion. Mr Montanarella over to you on that question. Thank you and just to say that it's a huge impact. We are launching just now a new monitoring in the EU for microplastics in soils and the amount of microplastics that we find in the first samples that we are starting to look at is amazing. You find now plastic residues practically everywhere in every place, your sample, even in the most remote places. So there is an issue about the fact that we tend it in the past to think that soil is the place where we dump our waste. People think that if I dump something in the soil, well, I don't see it anymore and I don't have any problem anymore. And that's particularly crucial when we think of human health and of food health, because of course dumping in the soil contaminants has been something that in the past has been widespread everywhere, particularly in our part of the world in Europe where we have a very old history of industrialization of mining. And so it's a big issue, probably one of the main issues at least in our part of the world here in Europe, but also many other parts of the world. And I think raising awareness about the fact that soil is not the dumping place for waste, and that soil is the basis of our food and actually the basis of our health because healthy food is healthy people. It's something that we must talk much more about and promote and make people aware of it. Thank you. Now we've had quite a few questions in the chat and they're, and they're all coming back to this issue about the impact of livestock production meat and dairy consumption on biodiversity and there. We've heard we've we're hearing a range of views we've heard a very clear message from Mr Cunningham about the need to consume less. We've had quite a number of concerns raised in the chat so for example, Felipe Melguez says, I wonder if the increase of hunting and overexploitation of animals comes from the need to feed an economic need through the sale of bush meat. Another question about or another proposal that says perhaps the recommendation to reduce meat consumption should not be made in general but really focused on areas where too much meat is consumed. Another another question about how can we reduce the impact on livestock farmers, if the world is to consume much less beef cattle in particular. So you can see there's a whole range of different views on this issue and indeed this is a dialogue. I've shared some of these and I, you know, really welcome some feedback on this issue from all of the panelists. So perhaps I could start with Mr Cunningham and then I'll come to miss Klein, and then miss Panunia, and then back to you, Mr Montana Montana but over to you Mr Cunningham. Thank you very much coach here and thanks for those questions. I mean, we're not going to solve everything overnight here we're, you know, we're many decades working through a broken system we're developing a broken system that is unsustainable for our planet. So, there will be winners and there will be losers as we as we try to change the system. And this is where we talked, people have talked already earlier in this session about subsidies about the huge amount of subsidies that go into agriculture. Those subsidies are currently targeted at the wrong things. At the moment it's cheaper to, in many places, many parts of the world, including the United Kingdom, it's cheaper to buy meat protein than it is to buy plant protein. Plant protein is so much more efficient and cheaper to produce. It's because the subsidies go into the meat protein side of unfairly going to meet protein side of agriculture. So, I do feel for people for farmers who are going to be affected by this. We will as a, as a, as a planet have to change our eating habits globally now I know there are going to be local nuances in this. But we're talking about globally here at the moment, we are going to have to reduce the amount of meat and dairy protein produce that we consume as humanity if we are going to have a sustainable planet. We've got to think of future generations here not just of ourselves and what we like to do. And so in order to do that we're going to have to divert those subsidies that are currently pushing for more and more cheaper and cheaper meat protein to swapping that round to incentivising people to have sustainable agriculture and less livestock farming and where livestock farming is promoted or is encouraged that it's sustainable livestock farming such as purely grass fed rather than cereal fed livestock. But even grass fed livestock is much more dangerous to the planet when it comes to greenhouse gas emissions than producing plant protein. So, and this is somewhere where I think the food and agricultural organization really can take global leadership, you know, it really need this. We as constituents who are to our governments can try and push this but but we also need leadership from from the leaders and the FAO is a real global leader in this area. Thank you very much for that. Let me now hands on to our next or next panelist is Klein if you wanted to share your thoughts on the on the real dilemmas about how you know the impacts of reducing meat consumption and dairy consumption thanks and over to you. Thank you. Thank you master serge. I think it's very important that we look at it from a perspective of developing countries and developed countries and regions of the world where you may or may not have enough protein to feed the population and regions where we probably have more than more than enough. What we have observed in international development is that when a country gets richer. It consumes a lot more animal protein and if you look at just investments made in some of the large developing countries over the years. We have seen that shift time and again and and we are continuing to see it. So the question is is there something that drives that type of consumption. Those economic incentives are those taste preferences or is there just not enough protein in a diet that leads those countries to do it. I don't have the answers but I have observed the trend over the years. And the other trend that we need to see is what's happening in part of South Saharan Africa where you have to have food fortifications for infants and small kids because there is not enough protein in a diet and we have seen some of the efforts by UN agencies and companies to make sure that there is enough protein in children's diet to grow and to not have stunted growth. So my my call here would be for a solution that differentiates between parts of the world between countries where we still need to get that protein to the kids and countries where perhaps we produce and consume a lot more than we should. And last point I'd like to mention is that we do have a range of technologies that allow us to do to do protein differently. If you look at the scale and growth of plant based protein companies over the past two, three years, it is astonishing what has been done. And I do have every hope and faith that technology will get us to much more balanced view of animal versus plant protein. Thank you very much. Thank you. I'd now like to hand the floor to Miss Panunia for her views on on this really crucial debate. Yes, thank you very much Madam Chair so I really don't have further comments but just just I was just thinking about, for example, our members in Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, who are pastoralists. And when when if we tell them, for example, stop livestock reading so where will they go what will they do their countries are not are not suited for like, for example, vegetable farming or other farming but but for livestock racing. So maybe we there is now I think so much so many research and documentation on sustainable livestock, maybe we could talk about more on how to do sustainable livestock reading because then and and what kind of practice do of livestock reading produce so much of this of these emitters no greenhouse gas emitters so maybe we could differentiate them them and contextualize them and then and involve the livestock farmers in finding and implementing solutions so that there could be sustainable livestock reading or there can be a balance no between animal and and plant protein because I also think we can have a balance and it's always good to have a balance. Thank you. Thank you very much. And finally, for this round of questions. Let me pass over to Mr Montana. Thank you, Madam Chair and sorry if I tried and would like to make the point that plant based proteins essentially mostly coming from pulses so mostly coming from plants that are able to fix nitrogen thanks to the fact that they live in a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen fixing bacteria in the soils and actually saws were not able to host this nitrogen fixing bacteria will have quite a difficulty to support the pulses that produce such plant based proteins. So, again, I'm sorry if I always come back to the root of the food production which is the soil basis. But again, fixing nitrogen it and having rich protein production from from pulses for example is is linked to that issue that soils very often are depleted and not anymore in that condition. But again, this is bringing us far away from the general discussion and I very much agree with what was said this morning we should not be too much focus on our sectorial problems. I'm a soil scientist so of course I'm a little bit distorted and all this, but probably we should put all the knowledge in a more holistic approach and see also all the context because probably a lot of the proteins we produce from plant based protein then end up in animal based proteins because that's the main destiny of plant based proteins. So, yeah, with these words I leave you and and I hope that at least I raise the attention to the issue that everything starts from the soil at the very end. Thank you very much. Yes, you definitely have and I will remember that for sure. So, I think I need to go and look in the chat again to see what the latest questions are so while I do that. Can I ask Tano at to take you through the answers to the poll questions. And let you know how well we did with the answers. I think we did a little bit better than last time. And also just while I'm doing that, can I can I ask the secretary up to answer one of the questions in the chat about what happened to a presentation from indigenous peoples I'm not sure what the answer to that is but perhaps somebody can put that in the chat. So, Irana is telling me that they weren't able to present the indigenous peoples presentation. But if the secretary could just put that in the chat to confirm that would be helpful. Thank you. Right so over to you Tano at to present the results from the poll, while I have another quick look at the question and answers. Thanks. Tano at to you there. No. Okay. Okay, so Irana tells me, I'm not quite sure what's happened to Tano at I know it's very late in the night in Bangkok. But the, it only tells me that the answer to the first question is right. Large farms of more than 50 hectares make up only 1% of 600 million 608 million farms how much of the global agricultural land they manage, and you were right the answer is 70% or 42% of us were right. And then the second question we asked, what is the main driver of deforestation and forest degradation, and the associated loss of forest biodiversity. And here again, the answer is agricultural expansion of large scale commercial agriculture and here 75% of us got that right and, and indeed several of our panelists have made the very same point this morning as well. I'm not quite sure. But what I'm what I am just going to do now. So you're going to have to give me a few minutes break while I just check the latest questions in the Q&A. Just give me two minutes, and I'll come back on and make sure that we use the rest of our I think we've got another 23 minutes for this session. And I'm keen to make the most of the discussion. I'm just going to review some questions and answers, and I'll be back with you in two minutes. Thank you, everyone. Thanks very much for bearing with me while I did a quick review of the questions. And we've got a very practical question from I hope I'm going to pronounce his name right. I'm Joseph Van Drom, and he's asking, practically, what measures can be developed to support farmers to convert other types of production which are healthier and more sustainable and more protective of biodiversity and global food security. So really, be really good to hear different ideas from all of the panel members so over to you, I'm going to start in a different order this time and perhaps start with Estorella Pernunia first, and then we'll come to Mr. Cunningham, then Mr. Montanarella and then Miss Klein. Over to you Miss Pernunia. Thank you, Madam Chair. You know, just a month ago we conducted a survey on on traditional local crops or what some sectors call forgotten foods, or still some sectors call neglected and underutilized species. So we conducted a survey with around with 300, 3087 farmers in Asia Pacific. And it was really good to know that 90% of them still plant, not plant produce a traditional food crops, although they say that they they they produce it only for own consumption or for subsistence. And when we asked them in the questionnaire, what are the things that they need to support to support them, they say first is some market market market for their crops because usually farmers go to the traditional cash crops but if they can find markets for these crops they can grow more. Second is information campaign, especially to consumers about the nutrition, the nutrients of this traditional food crops. So it's very basic also for consumers to appreciate for example, sweet potato or yam as food and not considered this food as a poor man's diet. For example, third are investments in in participatory research and innovation, especially on how to produce produce them more, and also to process them so that they will have a longer shelf life. For example, a cooperative of women farmer wanted to sell edible fern, edible wild fern in a market in an urban poor community two hours away from them. So they traveled in two hours time the edible fern was wilted already, so no one would would buy it so maybe some innovation, especially on prolonging the shelf life in a natural in a more natural way for this crop so basically in a natural support, no support, support in terms of financing for research for innovation for for education for for peer learning or farmer field schools, so that we could massively transition to agro ecology and to diversified farming, putting incentives in the right for products or for production that is doing agro ecology or integrated and diversified farming. Thank you. Thank you very much and that's a real positive way forward. Let me pass now to Mr Cunningham. Yeah, I agree with all of that I think diversification is really important. We've gone too far down the intensification road in many parts of the world. And changing subsidies from just producing more and more and more of the same to building in an ecosystem services by diversity protection and preservation and public services that that agriculture or farmers can can to humanity to the planet, rather than just with the one goal of producing more and more and more of the one thing. When it comes to wild meat, we should be promoting sustainable harvesting and have and give local people ownership, local people will look after things and make sure that they're sustainable because they know that their lives and livelihoods and their, their lives and livelihoods will depend on it. So, giving people back ownership of the land and helping to ensure that there are their support in understanding the need for quotas and and where over harvesting becomes a why over harvesting is an issue and why it's a problem. We have the tragedy of the Commons often where everybody has a free for all so people take as much as they can, and that just leads to complete division and we've seen that with fisheries and fisheries and I trying to get the act together through quotas and so on. And we might need to have some sort of similar system for wild meat harvesting wild meat is really important part of this issue. And I just like to make the point that, you know, when I when I'm talking about the problems produced to the planet and people's health from the amount of reliance on on meat and dairy. It's not a black and white issue I'm not advocating that we stop all livestock farming and we stop all dairy farming. I'm saying that we need to look at this issue. Look at the evidence look at the science and look at where things need to change and how they need to change I'm not saying that oh there are pastoralists there they need to stop beating meat as well how what do we tell them what to do. That's definitely know what I'm saying I'm saying that you need to you need to look at where the where the balance is wrong and rebalance it and the balance is almost always wrong because of the way that the financing has been put in place by people from up there, not by local people. And so get local people back the land is one of the best ways forward. Thank you very much and yeah I think one of my takeaway messages from our discussions this morning is the need for differentiated solutions and balance and sunny in a few minutes I'm going to come to sort of take away points. So first of all I want to finish this round of interventions and let me come back to Mr Montana and then after you will finally go to misclined that Mr Montana over to you. Thank you madam chair and yes, I think showing the way forward is what we need to do. And actually, maybe you are not aware but the mission, the European Commission recently established a mission on soil health and food. The mission has the target to achieve for the you 75% of healthy soils in 2030. And the way forward that the mission board recommended to us a group of high level experts is to establish a dense network of what is called lighthouses and living labs, essentially going back locally involving those farms that are doing sustainable soil management that are showing the way forward in a sustainable way and creating a sort of local movement and local participatory movement that involves locally through demonstration of positive actions. Also others will follow and this in the living labs approach is also allowing to involve other stakeholders involved all the entire local community into that. And what is reassuring to us is that we have in the past examples where this worked, probably the best known example of the successful legislation on soil protection is the US soil conservation act, maybe some of you know about this. In the 30s, the US was struck by a big process called the dust bowl, which tremendous soil degradation processes in the US Midwest. The soil conservation act that successfully limited this problem and actually now we have very low erosion rates in US was based to the through the creation of local soil conservation districts, the soil conservation districts that at that time, the Roosevelt administration invented something completely new was it indeed creating a local community of farmers together with local stakeholders together with experts sent there by the US soil conservation service and together with local administrators to act against the practices that we're essentially creating the solid degradation problem. And I think the success of that act is an example of a way forward where you can positively act. Of course, always locally, as was said already by previous interventions is not that we can solve the problem sitting probably in our offices, neither in the commission nor in FAO. The problem gets solved locally by the local actors and we need to create an environment that enables them to act positively. That's probably the best way forward that I can imagine. Thank you. Yes, thank you very much and I do remember there was a massive investment in that Tennessee Valley Authority wasn't our US investment in that to make that happen. Let me finally hand over to you, Ms Klein, the final intervention from this round of speakers and then I'm going to try and summarize what I've heard today over to you, Ms Klein. A couple of things as a lot of things have already been said so I'd like to add just to one would be to make sure that the farmer is incentivized not only with what she produces, but also the land that she leaves behind. And we have made a great progress in carbon, because there are now ways to remunerate farmers for the incentives of keeping carbon in soil. I believe the same needs to happen for biodiversity and I know we are few years behind in biodiversity compared to climate carbon, climate slash carbon but that's the way to go farmers have to be incentivized. And the second way to do it is to make sure that farmers have economic incentives to do it. We have seen artisanal schemes where farmers have have found that if they have economic incentives they do the right thing for the planet and right thing for feeding themselves their families and the world. But I think we need to scale that up and we need to support it with financial incentives and with all of us working together to make sure that everybody looks at the double bottom line when they farm and when they eat. Thank you. Right well thank you very much. I want to try now and try and attempt to summarize the key points that I've heard from our discussion this morning. It's not going to be perfect. You can see of course I'm a mum so I'm good at multitasking but I'm not that good at multitasking so you're going to get my first draft and then hopefully it will improve in the course of this afternoon as well, but just before I do that I want to say a huge thanks to all of our panelists and speakers and to our audience for their really enthusiastic participation in the questions and answers. And also I want to apologize because I know I've missed lots of questions and that's not being deliberate it's just been the fact that I just can't do it all at one go. Thank you. Now let me let me try and summarize where I think we've got to so from my perspective and I think Tana what is offline at the moment so we haven't had a chance to consult but we will this afternoon. The overriding challenge I have heard from all of the interventions is the challenge of meat consumption and production. And, you know, we've had some really clear views that it's really bad for biodiversity it's bad for the climate and or equally real concerns about what is the impact of reducing meat production consumption on small farmers in particular so that you know that is an absolute and I've really enjoyed the debate on that. I think what I have heard as well is very much that I think everybody agrees that there isn't a one size fits all solution to this that solutions need to be tailored to local realities and local situations. And I haven't heard anybody disagreeing with that at all so that you know that's great and I do think you know we should focus on that I think the other really big point that I I've heard a lot is that public support to agriculture plays a crucial role and there's a huge opportunity to redirect that public support to meat incentives that work for livelihoods that work for the people and the planet as well so I mean that seems to be I think most people I think seem to would agree with that. You know the other, I guess, big point that I'm kind that's come out to me as well is the need for collective action. We've took lots of us have talked about partnerships and we need to work with each other and that's absolutely right. And of course, the whole conference of parties on biodiversity on climate change that is all about collective action, and it's really good to really underline that call that we all need to work on this together. I think other key message I've heard is innovation new crops that are solutions that is an opportunity and you know we need to invest in innovation in solutions into ensuring that their markets for those solutions as well. I'm almost coming to the end I think the other point that I've taken away in particular is about the need for metrics, you know, several speakers have talked about how we can now manage, or how we can now measure the impact of our actions on climate change but we can't we cannot yet do that with biodiversity and it seems that that is, you know, developing those metrics and using them in a way that they can really bring attention and identify solutions is really important. I'm going to stop there, as I said, I know it is a very imperfect summary that I will try and improve during the course of the afternoon. I wanted to finally just say thanks again and I can see that Maria Helena DDG Somedo is online and perhaps I should hand back to you Maria Helena to wrap up this morning session over to you. Thank you. Thank you Terry and Ambassador Terry Sarge and Ambassador Tenawat and thank you all for your participation your contribution I think it has been a very substantial debate, where we show the importance of the different agriculture and approaches, the different farming approaches and how we can really improve the conservation and the sustainable use of our natural resources and our biodiversity to produce more, but produce better and smart, as Ambassador Verde again board, Verde board said. As you see is on the hands of our co-chairs they will summarize what we have discussed today, we'll put together the recommendations coming from the discussion this afternoon, and the summary will be presented tomorrow to our high level panel, where we'll be having Ambassador's United Nations representative, IFI's representatives to take it further. I think is a question where we all together needs to have a holistic approach, we need to move at scale, and we need to find what are the best solution keeping in mind that we don't have one solution. The solutions which needs to be tailored to the different zones to the different regions and to the different perspectives. Thank you again Ambassador Terry Sarge, Ambassador Tenawat for this facilitating, it was a great facilitation, our panelists, all of you I cannot mention you all but thank you for joining us and please keep with us because we have this discussion this afternoon and also tomorrow. Have a nice lunch and see you in the afternoon. Thank you again. Bye. Thank you all our participants also. Thanks. Thank you very much. Bye bye.