 I wanted to first start by sharing more solicited experiences of rain or rainfall. In recent days, we've had a number of rainfall cases. Most of us have experienced that and I wanted us to share to see. So this is a short video just to share a little bit of experience with rain for specifically. So with that recap of experiences, the challenges that we've felt, we've been filled with the excess rainfall. So I thought this is more like a summary that can remind us of cases before and after the concept of rainwater harvesting management in regard to trying to recover the natural water system. So this is more for compilation what role rainwater harvesting management can play when we talk of trying to address these are challenges so far excess rainfall that we have experienced all over there in places locally in Tanzania but also globally as well. So we see that there's a law that I mean you can play individually at a centralized manner but also there are laws and community level which we have all together have an input and contribution at impacting effect on all working against the challenges which we are facing now. And so hygienics as well. So in summary, in short, we are all welcome to consider rainwater harvesting for sustainable management. With that short brief, I would like to introduce my colleague, engineer Han, to come and continue with the presentation and say the introduction. We are both organizations interested in with both organizations interested in promoting rainwater harvesting as an essential source of the sources that we have about this portal in the world. Not only ground water, not only water for the mission, everything is on the radar and that is what I would like to emphasize. Now we are underusing that to a large extent. We are not taking action to actually make that work for us people. And as I was just showing, by not doing things, we are causing problems in places like Dar es Salaam when the rains are a bit smaller than we are used to. As you can see from this screen, we were basically everywhere. I don't realize how slow we are trying to promote these issues everywhere. Now, did people bother? Yes, people always bothered about water. People always bothered about water and they managed to get to deal with the water droughts with the scarcity of water that they placed. As you can see in these pictures here, now Northern Africa, Southern Africa, we have on a regular basis serious problems and the problems are becoming even worse. Of course, the rain melt in the middle, as you can see the yellowish and green parts are usually doing well. Those who are of course living in Tanzania, I see that you know, Tanzania is not half as good for rain, the other half is a little bit different for it. Does that not happen? Not that much. Even when you have 2600 in a year rainfall a year, when you're prepared, you can collect all the water. One thing you have to do is you have to make sure that you're ready. Because in many instances, when the rain is falling on a higher than soil, it just runs off. It's not able to penetrate the soil and therefore it's the most opportunity to get this type of data, where people are just collecting water from a very, very far away, which is causing problems because they spend so much time and actually collecting water. No time to go to school. Less water for 19, so less health. And then again, also in our societies, we have ever more old people and people who are chronically ill, who cannot always take care of themselves. So what if they have to get water from far? It's difficult. Rainwater harvesting is not the ultimate solution, but it is certainly something that prepares you as a person, as a household, as a community, as a village, as a town. It prepares you for a future where there will be less water or sometimes too much. Now, normally, when we talk about rain, we talk about rainwater because of agriculture. You can see it here. Synodine is agricultural, agricultural, and basic ecosystem quality and productivity, that's what we usually think about. And increasingly, because of climate change, the fact that the water is running off our hills and our fields, we have to do more in water, shed restoration, and improve. So down the road, mitigate flooding, so that we have less disasters. And then, of course, in many parts of the world, we are not going to be able to supply centralized or re-centralized borehole-based, well-based water supplies. And so therefore, we also have to look at rainwater harvesting for domestic water supply. Lastly, when we do it well in our towns, we will be able to improve the urban water man. There will be more water for the town, for the household, and it will also be able to do more of the agriculture. Don't say that urban agriculture is not important. When I was looking for my hotel this morning, I saw lots of spaces where people can grow tomatoes, some vegetables. And I know many towns in Africa where this is a regular thing. So water, rainwater is important. Unfortunately, water stress is there for everybody, because we are so many. We have compressed everything. Urban development is not always up to scratch. And then again, water rainfall has become less regular. The people in this area, when I was talking to some of my friends yesterday, they said, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no. Remember, the water rainfall has to stop, it has not stopped. It will still come. So what we find is irregular rainfall. Rising rainfall, wet seasons, wet periods start later. But if we have storage, we can all come to an end. So therefore, that is something that we need to think about. And it's a combination of what I write here, traditional engineering. As good engineers, we think of all kinds of things from a technocratic perspective. That is good, but not good enough. We have to do this all together with the people and work together on conservation, on storing and retaining what we see are retention, storage, recharge, infiltrate it, and then we use it later. So that is there for us to be able to use it. And then we are, oh yes, here are examples from Malawi. I just saw that some people from Malawi are also tuned into this program. They know the harvesting for agriculture. There are so many ways in which you can do it. For example, in ponds, harpoons, of course deep-water farming is there. I noted that one of the speakers later on is also a board member of the organization that is re-greening the earth. And so there are ways in which you can increase your income by raising resilience. The farmers who are using this deep-water farming are claiming that they have double the produce when using this deep-water farm. So it makes a difference if you have rainwater from the crop. Also, we are not preparing ourselves for that huge event that is going to come. We still don't want to buy the water at a time that we do not expect it. Therefore, we have to collect it in time. We are not ready. This is just a nice picture from Nepal. These two ladies sitting there next to the pond. The pond is larger during the rainy season. We can see that. This is just the bitch that is there during the dry season. Is this you, rainwater harvesting? No. It's not at all you. You all have been doing it at home when you were in the village or staying with your grandparents or whatever. Because when the rains come, everybody goes out and puts rails and pots and pans. But of course, that is only a little bit. There's much more you can do. And this is what has been doing, has been done over the last many years. In East Africa, the southern and eastern regional network was in existence, is still in existence. How active it is, this is a bit difficult to say. As in many instances, things are going up and down. So it is a matter of helping enthusiastic people, people who are competent, interested, and so on and so on to push these things. It works, but it mostly works for NGOs. And I asked somebody to bring me some water from the very dry month. So it mostly works for NGOs. And that is not adequate. It's not adequate in the sense not because they're not good enough. But the point is that governments have to pick it up because they can provide policy and guidance and regulation. And not only that, we are also facing difficulties in sustaining investment because of lack of financing. Now, good enough, we have ever more private sector and consultants. Yes, you see everywhere in and out also a lot of plastic tanks. That is very helpful. But it's still offering systems to the relative elites, the middle classes. How far are we able to reach out to the rural areas? Not sufficiently. More work needs to be done. University consultants, my good friend, Tuleen, has been studying her PhD on rainwater harvesting. Now, of course, the issue is to get it applied here in Tanzania and East Africa, become the research hub as a water institute. So we still face limited expansion. That is a problem. We need to act. There are actions. Even the timing, as I said, is a policy concern of the government of Malawi. There are agencies that have been petamata. There have been implementing spawnstone in Nakuru, green roads for water, collecting water from floods and so on and so on. And we need to learn from that and then have the guts to apply it server. We have the means. We have many more remote sensing, artificial intelligence, whatever means in which we can see where applications are sensible and then talk to the people to see whether we can further water security and reduce harmful events. This is an example somewhere between agriculture and water supply for people and cattle. In this case, we see that there are many in this part of the world, in Kenya, collecting sand and water behind this little dam, which not only provides the cattle and people water for their domestic use, but also is going to bring the environment even further. It really makes a difference to the whole environment in which this particular sand is there. Now, let me talk about the big, of course, it's a big problem to my heart because I'm saying bring water harvesting alliance. I'm much more domestic. I'm not an agricultural engineer. I'm a sanitary engineer. I'm in the business of providing people with water, good water. And that water can be collected in a lot of areas through rain for the home, for school, for hospital. And of course, people say quality, quality, quality. It is the best quality, even if it is not compared to central industry water. It is a very good quality. And if you don't trust it, you can still use it for cleaning and washing, which means it's going to save you a lot in terms of the cost and convenience. This nice gentleman from the parliament, that's okay. This nice gentleman from the from the Uganda parliament is putting forward the bill in October last, saying that everybody should have a rain water harvesting system in their home. He's like Belgium. Belgium has also done that. Can you switch off that sound there? Belgium has also done that. There is no new establishment in Belgium. What is the water harvesting system? Why makes sense? It saves the country. It saves everybody water. So this gentleman is pushing it. Of course, pushing it is one thing. And so we're saving water. Now you can see here we have this little picture. We're trying to we're trying to establish that here we're looking at the readiness that countries have with respect to adopting rain water harvesting. And so this one is based on assessment of poor criteria, the rainfall variation that you have, vulnerability in particular countries, the actors that are available in the country, and the policies that you have. But based on that, we see that we see that, you know, the countries in East Africa are doing relatively well, as well as some in West Africa, but there are still large areas where there is insufficient action, insufficient actual application. That's a pity because even in wet countries, like Congo, we cannot afford to waste the water. We have to do something about it. So rain water harvesting is not just important. It's also essential if you want to realize SDG6 in its general terms, and in particular also in SDG6.1. This is a picture of the joint monitoring program of UNICEF based on data provided by your governments, which shows the levels of availability of proper water supply in particular countries, national and rural. And you find that most countries barely manage 50% proper rain water. And then maybe there's some limited rain water, let's say, that you get to about 80% at best. But if that is the case, then what are you going to do for the last 21% for the whole of South Sahara and Africa? You will not be able to provide these decentralized water supplies. You will not be able to provide it through ad pumps and bore holes. Yes, if you're in Dubai, you can because you have sufficient money. We don't have that money. We cannot. It's technically possible, but it is physically and for sustainability, not an option. So therefore, we have to do something else. We have to look for opportunities to make sure that we use the rain water that we have. What does it mean? It means that most others that governments and agencies, everybody will have to promote rain water harvesting as a suitable solution. Even if you do not drink it, you can use it around the house. It will be very useful. Observe and save water. And then, of course, governments and others private sector as well. We need to look at domestic and home step harvesting rain water harvesting system. Spoiling of rain water, pumps, lakes, manage that for a recharge. All these type of things are there because rain water is essential to integrated water resource management. And we have somehow not forgotten, but we have not taken sufficient action to do something basic. We only think big, but you also have to think small. Experience of NDI is that all the small efforts are worth more than all the big gaps that they have been constructed. So, good use of rain will make the difference because we simply cannot afford to waste. Ah, money. If you know what people will say something about water and pipelines, I'm not going to say anything. But money is a problem because we do not have subsidies. Now I'm going to make a political statement. In the West, in my country, we subsidize a lot of conservation efforts and climate change related efforts. But when we are giving money to your countries, we say, no, no, no, no, no, people have to pay for it themselves. It's not fair. End of statement. So why do you collect rain water? Here in Tanzania, in Tanzania, you have, of course, a lot of areas where there is no water. Anyway, then you have the problem of fluoride. If you have fluoride in the ground water, better drink rain water. We have serious problems in Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, which I've said, and so on, and so on. Rainwater is a good solution when you want to drink water and when you need it for cooking. Make sure that you cook water, cook the rice with clean water because the rice absorbs a lot of the chemicals. And of course, that service, I mentioned that already. In urban and rural areas, you will have a lot of water services. In the West, gradually, the issue of water charges like in Australia, they have been working on that, that they see that people who have rainwater harvesting systems really make a lot of money. It means to say they spend less money on water, offering more convenience. Is it safe to drink? Yes, now they have so many needs and they're also there in your market where you can either purchase or you can learn from NCOs how to save, how to treat your water. Simple, householdable, not a big deal. All kinds of information is here. Not only that, now I'm going to make a promotion again. A few days time, the WHO will be launching a document on sanitary inspection packages and guidelines for drinking water quality, a small amount of supply for you. It has taken a little bit of time, but it also has an extensive section on radio channels. So my last slide, I think we should invest more in promoting the watering of water in the landscape, make sure that we have more water available for the household and the community. That means that we have to work on it ourselves. Is that possible? Yes, that's a lot of things you can do yourself. You do not have to wait for others. Of course, it is high duty to get some small subsidy, a little bit of assistance that is there. We have to work with our governments, with the banks, that it also becomes possible for people to create small loans, flow rate of the harvest reform, getting a system between their own home. We at Irham, we have calculated that six to eight percent of our population can only be served by rain water. It's a big deal, 10 percent of the population in Australia uses rain water exclusively in Australia. Yes, Australia. So it's not normal, but we think that overall, six to eight percent requires rain water. Let's invest in it. Otherwise, we're not going to be able to manage closing the gap with 6.1. In order to achieve all that, follow the example of our friends in Malawi. Organize something. Happy rainy day. It's not always bad. And then if you want to have a speaker like you out there, I'll have something for you. This is my vision for the future. This is rain water tax in the mountains, 2,500 meters out in Malawi. It's a nice picture, and it could be ours too. Thank you. Really very safe. As retired, I have to say that you have to treat it, but I've in many instances been drinking it without treatment, and it is not an issue. But of course, it could, but there are no epidemiologists. Hardly any epidemiological evidence that it is not good. With respect to minerals, again, WHO says that minerals should not come from water. They should come from food. So diverse food is your saving, not the question that the rain water is not having so many minerals. But that is, whereas with respect to different places in Tanzania where you can use rain water, that all depends on further study and so on. There are plenty of places. There's so many experiences that you already have in Tanzania. It's just a matter of lifting it to a higher level, convincing district authorities, convincing others that there is a greater need for investment in this area. Thank you. As you wait for questions from the audience, we also have questions from the Zoom, where our colleagues also from various places are joining in the EUA platform. So you may also respond to those. Somebody is asking what are good business cases around rain water harvesting? What examples can be invested in by private sector? Here in East Africa, of course, you have companies like short live and Davis that have been providing a lot of water resource, water related materials and equipment. They also do a lot of rain water harvesting. The business case remains a bit difficult simply because of the gap between the cost of the system and the financial availability on the part of the household. And of course, the question that one can raise also is, if you put in a centralized system, how much does that cost? How much does that subsidize the user quite a bit? And why are we not also looking at subsidizing it for the households? We have done when I was younger, I did a large World Bank program in Sri Lanka in which we constructed some few thousand of these rain water tanks with the subsidy and it worked very well. Currently, they have over 50,000, not subsidized. So it is a matter of starting and then getting it going. But the easy business cases are not so forthcoming. Technologies of rain water harvesting in situ. That's a gentleman from Dubai Durraman. The FAO, the North African organization, the North African part of that organization, has been organizing a range of seminars, webinars last year and there is a lot of very interesting stuff available. I can send you the references. You can contact them and you can download a lot of information on the drylands that you also have in Pakistan and that they were then discussing on the Maghreb area. Ethiopia is a good rare annual rainfall. Yes, but rainfall is only there for three months, nine months of dry spell. That is true. Now the question is, if I'm a woman and I don't have rainwater harvesting, it means that for nine months of the year, I have to carry water from very far. If I have rainwater harvesting, the experience from around the world is that people are able, women in particular, are able to stretch the water for at least some six months. And so it means for nine months of the year, you don't have to rush out to give your husband a cup of tea at five o'clock in the morning. Does it make a difference? Yes. So it's also a matter of thinking. Who is going to benefit? One more question before we move to the next presentation, Karin. My question is for the, my name is Hatz, my question is the question she asked on the safety of the rainwater. Now I'm asking her sometimes, there is a case of acidic rain. Now the question is, how can people have enough water? Best thing is to start a ferrocementing, because you automatically resolve problems. Actually, the acidic rain is only a limited problem. There are areas where indeed acidic rain has occurred. Of course, it is nowadays less, because the world is gradually becoming more aware of air pollution issues. And of course, there are still a lot of coal fired energy areas in India. And that's still giving us a little bit of acidic rainfall, but it is a lesser problem. If you use a ferrocement tank, then of course the ferrocement takes care of that a little bit. It makes it a little better. Thank you, engineer. I think because of time limitation, we proceed to the next presentation. And because engineer will be around, so we can get in touch in later time for further detail discussion on one to one. Yeah, I would like to invite Mr. Alfred Tobiko to come forward. Thank you very much. And then Mr. Alfred Tobiko from Kenya, what can you say about the first of all, I want to say that Dr. Turinave and the protocol observe good morning. Because of the time limited, the Kalabash system is a very special and a very, very easy way to collect rain, what, or the way to collect the rain water. The Kalabash system is very easy. In the picture, when you see your screen, that is Srefa Mara. That is Srefa Mara. I think it grows from, it starts from Mau forest complex. That's the Zephyr tower. And it goes across Kenya to Tanzania, Serengeti, and the river just got very many problems. The people can't collect water there, but there are a lot of animals there, crocodiles. And the water itself is not so good for human consumption. And the Kalabash system is good because the, usually we do a 5,000 liter in most cases. This Srebena is in four concepts. That is the origin of the clean water. That's the Kalabash. We have the capacity, we have the sharing and training, promoting rain water less than storage. For example, another county, Alice in Kenya, international exchange and confidence building. In this case, the calendar of the Kalabash started in Guinea-Dissau, some way back 2008 through a Dutchman by the name Paul Akama. They have developed the system. You see in Africa, the problem of collecting rain water is what, where do you invest or where do you store that water? In most cases, when buying this PVC systems for the tanks, the plastic ones, they are mostly more expensive to buy, to install. But the Kalabash is where it is. In one thing is that it can be constructed by the local masons. The materials are there, so you will not be taking a lot of work to collect rain. That's an example of the Kalabash system in Guinea-Dissau. Thanks for Paul Akama and Dutch who invented the Kalabash system. In the other hand, the clean water in the village have started in this modern way of collecting water through the Kalabash system. In 2014, we have training facilities. We have two training facilities for the Kalabash system. That is in Guinea-Dissau and the one in Kenya. It is along the eastern part of Kenya. That's along almost to the border of Kenya and Tanzania. We have our manuals in the website. You can get it. This is the claim. You can search in the web at www.cleanwaterhealththevillage.com. That's where you can get the manuals. The construction of this tank takes six days to get ready for the use of it. That is the, we have been doing trainings. That is the extending of us through sharing and training. We have further training in Malawi. That is 2022, 2020 in our construction core. I don't remember the name, but it is in Malawi, Blanta, Somba. We have also a training in Tanzania, Serengeti. We train Muslims there. We are called by the member of parliament of Serengeti Doctor, Amsabi. That training we did it on December 2022. Also an example of the calabar system. We have a 10,000 system done by Anaganshini Makagasta. They have installed a system of 10,000 litres in a hospital. That is quite a commendable job. On the other hand, we have usually, when we got a request on the construction of this system, we have three teams of each team of a team leader or a trainer. In recent parts, for four years, we have installed a calabar system in Kenya, in the Masahiri or in North County, and in the other parts of Kenya. The system, as you can see in the pictures, that is the foundation of the system. You can just, probably, if you don't have the cement blocks, you can use the matofali. That is the process. It will take only six days to get it, and you will make it wait for another one week, then you start collecting it out. In Kenya, we had a woman, you know, the water, the very good thing about water. In Africa, women are the one responsible for water collection. When you empower, when you empower the women to be the one collecting water, I mean, the women are the one collecting water, but the men, just to maybe to do some other things, but more than that, water is important to get responsible from the women, because they are the one who collects, they have a lot of work to do. And in that case, we have a developer, a joint group for women. They are calling a group to a women group, a self-employment group. We trained them, so now they can do their own, they can construct Kalabashistan on their own. So they are the one who knows the importance of water, that's women. There you can see the lady, Kalabashistan. And the first picture of the right is the women's system. On the left hand is the construction going on, that is the start of the Kalabash for the first day. And recently we are making a program to have one training in Rwanda. So in the pictures there, that's a Kalabash system in a school where children are taking water. In the training usually, when we do our training for the new muscles, we usually do it in two weeks. The first week is for the instructor to show the system how it will be done. And the second week is the trainees to get to show what they know. In the picture here you can see the Kalabash with the roof is not connected. Sometimes when it rains, because in Africa, sometimes when it rains, when you left your garras just connected, when there is no rain, there are a lot of waste on the top of the roof. So when there is no rain, we disconnect it to make it. When it rains for the first time, the first flash, because we are not developed so much that you have the first flash, just cut the garras and then you disconnect it. Thank you very much, as much as you can see. Thank you. Thank you very much, Mr. Teboko. We welcome for a discussion, few questions, but also because Mr. Teboko will still be around, we can meet on one to one and keep on continuing discussion of the service he has been presenting on. So you're welcome for one, two, maximum three questions and then we proceed. To raise your hand then I shall bring the mic. There is a question from the webinar platform, the Zoom platform. They are asking, have you ever calculated how long they can use the collected rainwater after installing a Kalabash system? Thank you very much. Mostly, maybe for example, the 5,000 liters, when you have 10 people per household, probably if they give one person to use 5 liters of water per day, others probably 90 to 100 days. That's, I did an example of 10 people in the house, but in the household. Thank you. Thank you. There's another question, why there's no data about rainwater harvesting application in Somali, but also like to take questions from the audience. Just raise your hand. Okay, thank you. We are almost welcome to continue our discussion with our presenters. After this session, they will still be around, so we can meet them up for further discussions, specific questions. And as for now, we thank you very much for your attention. Thank you to the presenters as well. Thank you very much to our participant from the Zoom platform, from various countries as well. Thank you. We'll be sharing the presentation through the channels of IWA. Thank you very much.