 So, today's lecture I'm going to talk about the overview on disasters reduction. So, you know, in recent days, like, you know, particularly the disasters are increasing, you know, maybe the frequency of the disaster or the impact of the disasters are keep on increasing in recent days, particularly. So this may be due to not only the natural process and as well as, you know, people used to say, like, you know, a lot of climate change aspects is going on. So what we need to understand is why these disasters are happening all over the world, you know, we can, you know, we can easily say like nowadays, like, you know, none of the part of the world is free from disasters. That is the one word I can say, because currently it may be in developed countries or it may be in a developing countries, but we have disasters everywhere. The only thing is what we need to know how to manage this disaster and how to reduce the loss of due to these disasters. That's what our main role, what we are, you know, going to do. Because, you know, our knowledge is limited currently in those areas, but however, our science and technologies are, you know, already well established and there are so many areas are emerging, particularly in the field of disaster mitigation and management. So that's what I'm going to discuss today, some of the basic things as well as, you know, what is going on all over the world and what we have to do for this disaster risk reduction strategies. So I'll just talk about, you know, some of the historical disaster because, you know, disaster is not new to us. We have so many disasters all over the world. So this is 1138 year Aleppo earthquake in Syria. It was happened in the year 1139. There were around 2.3 lakhs people died. And this is Shanshai earthquakes in the year 1556 in China. There were around 830,000 people died and around more than 97 countries were affected due to this earthquake in that time. And this is 1642 Kaifeng flood in China. So the death toll is 6 lakhs people. So this is one of the very, very important thing what I want to highlight is your flood can kill 6 lakhs people. So now in recent days, we may have a flood or cyclone, but the death toll due to this flood is less compared to those days. So this is one of the very, very important disaster which has happened in 1642 in China. Around 6 lakhs people died. And this is Kolkata cyclone, which has happened in 1737. Again, around 3 lakhs to 3.5 lakhs people, they died in Kolkata and in and around Kolkata. And we all know about this like the great famine. So this has happened in the year 1876 to 1878, 78 continuously 2 to 3 years. We have somewhere around 3 crore people died all over the world because of this famine. I mean, you know, everybody knows like, you know, because of lack of food, lack of malnutrition, we have this, you know, this has happened all over the world, more than 3 crore people they died. This is one of the worst affected disaster in the past history. And this is Koringa cyclone in 1839. Koringa is the place in Andhra Pradesh. So this also, you know, around 3.2 lakhs people, they died. And more than 25,000 vessels were ruined by the huge cyclone which is happening in Andhra Pradesh. And still there is a place named called Koringa. It is available. And this is also one of the major disasters which is happening all over the India. And this is also another disaster, like, you know, right now what we are talking about the COVID situation. So similar kind of, you know, disaster which has happened in the past, in the year 1918, this is called flu pandemic. Somewhere around 75 million deaths which has happened. And they, you know, say like, you know, around, it infected 3 to 5% of the world population. So similar to that, like, you know, what we have currently. So we had a similar kind of experiences in the past also in 1918, what we call this the flu pandemic which killed around more than, you know, 75 million people died. And this is another one like Bola cyclone in the year 1970 Pakistan. So you may ask a question like, you know, Pakistan is not a, you know, cyclone prone area, but it has happened. You know, a cyclone which has crossed inland of, you know, India and Bangladesh and which caused over Pakistan, it killed more than the 5 lakhs people in the year 1970. This is also one more disaster which is not properly recorded. And this is also a big eye-opening. So currently, you know, we all talk about when there is a cyclone, means we have only coastal area got affected. But the, because of the change in trend of the cyclone, it may affect the interior of the area also. And this is 1975. Again, there is a dam failure which has happened in China. And this also killed somewhere around, you know, a huge number of people, around 2.31 lakhs people. And there were around 55 kilometer area got washed there because of this dam failure. So this is also another one of the cascade effect. Actually, dam failure generally may happen in many of the cases because of the cloudburst and the heavy rainfall in a particular day. So this is 1976, Tanshan earthquake again in China. So this also killed 2.42 lakhs people. And this is a frequent route in 1981 and 1984. It killed around 20,000 people. So this is another important earthquake which generally what we feel in India, particularly Latour earthquake 1993. Because of this earthquake only, we have released our seismic codes of India. Because in those days, we used to think that, you know, we don't have earthquakes in southern peninsular India, particularly, you know, places like, you know, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra and Madhya Pradesh, because these are all the places what we called as the peninsular India. So, but, you know, the earthquake of Latour which has happened and around 20,000 people died and 30,000 people were get injured. And the magnitude is only 6.4. It is not a big earthquake like, you know, what we had in Gujarat. It is only 6.4 magnitude earthquake which killed more than 20,000 people. So this is one of the best eye-opening, you know, in India, because even a moderate earthquake can kill so many people because of the poor construction made by the people. And also, like, you know, we never felt such earthquakes, you know, in our life history, in particularly in places like, you know, South India. So this is also another one of the best example what we had currently. And this is another one more important, you know, cyclone in 1919, we called this Odisha Supercycle. This is also another best example what we, you know, generally we talk about because this gave a lot of, you know, awareness and lot of training to our people, particularly people from Odisha. So the best, well, currently the Odisha State Disaster Fundament Authority is the one they are well established because of this 1999 super cyclone. They learned a lot of lessons because of this cyclone. And this cyclone that time, more than 275,000 houses were destroyed around 1.67 million people get left homeless. And more than 10,000 people died because of the cyclone. So this gave a very, very big eye-opening of the people of Odisha. And now, in recent days, a lot of huge, you know, a lot of big cyclones were travel over there in Odisha, but there is no death tall due to this, you know, cyclone in particularly in Odisha because they are well prepared for this, you know, events. And this you all well, you know, very well known, like, you know, maybe Gujarat earthquake in the year 2001. This is also another eye-opening for us actually. Till that, you know, till the year 2001, January, we don't know much about, you know, the bigger earthquakes like, you know, in India. So this is the South India, particularly the Penicillar India. Again, 26 January 2001, the 51st Republic Day of the, you know, in India, this was happened. The magnitude was range around 7.62, 7.9 on vector scale and lasted two minutes. So it took like, you know, 20,000 people died and around 1,60,000 people were injured. And nearly 4,000,000 houses were damaged because of this disaster. So this also gave a big eye-opening to us in India, particularly, you know, so we got to, you know, understand that we have to revise our seismic course. So that's why currently all of our seismic course were revised after 2001. In the year 2002, we have the Bureau of Indian Standard. We have revised the seismic code of India into in most of the places earlier, we have zone one. So now we don't have a place like, you know, zone one in any part of India. We have zone two, three, four and five. So I will discuss all these things later when I'm talking about earthquakes. Okay. And this is another one everyone knows about this. This is Indian Ocean Tsunami in the year 2004. We have, you know, more than two lakhs people that killed all over the world, particularly in India itself, you know, around 60,000 to 70,000 people were killed because of this tsunami. So this is 2013, Uttarakhand flash floods. It killed somewhere around 5,700 people were killed and missing. And more than one lakh pilgrimates were trapped in the valleys of Kedarnath area. And this is one of the very, very important flash floods over there in Uttarakhand in recent years. And this is Kashmir flood in 2014. Again, 5,500 and around 500 people were died. And so these are all some of the natural disasters and few man-made disasters also I will discuss. Like this is 1952 in London. This is called London smoke disaster. And in this area, somewhere around approximately 12,000 people were killed because of this smoke. It's not a, you know, regular event in those areas. But this is because of this sulphur dioxide concentration is increased in the atmospheric level and it killed around 12,000 people in London. And this is another one called the Sevastu-Italy disaster. You know, in the year 1976, there was an explosion according in the reactor of Italy. This is called 245 trichlorophenol. So it killed many people around 11 communities. They used to say around, you know, 15 to 20,000 people, they were killed because of this event. And you can see the impact of the event on the kids face. So it's not like, you know, one time even it continues. Like, you know, when it has happened after that, the impact of that particular chemical reaction, it has continues on people's, you know, in years and years. And this is another one in 1978. Amaco caused oil spill and it's around three miles from the coast of Brittany, France. It's impact most of the areas in that particular area, somewhere around 1.6 million barrels of crude oil spillover and 4,000 tons of fuel oil were spilled in the sea. And it took, you know, a huge number of money to remove this and around US dollar 120 million from American oil company in the year 1990. And this is all you all very well know, December 3, 1984, the Bhopal gas tragedy in India. So in the year 1984, there was a poisonous gas cloud escaped from the Union Corp by India Limited, pesticide factory, it contains 15 metric tons of methyl isocyanate covering an area of more than 30 square miles. And the gas leak killed at least 4,000 local residents instantly caused deaths problems such as Odema and 50,000 per five lakhs people. Because again, it continues for the years and years. And till till, you know, till today because of the impact of the gas is continues till today in many places of the Bhopal. And this is April 26, 1986, similar to Bhopal gas tragedy we had in Chernobyl in Russia, a nuclear explosion. Again, this was happened in the middle of the night. The reactor was failed and somewhere around 185 to 250 million curies of radioactive material released from that area and killed 31 people instantly in that same location. And the Swedish National Radio reported that 10,000 times the normal amount of CCM-1 that existed in the atmosphere prompting Moscow to officially respond. And following around 135,000 people were evacuated because of this. So what we understand from these disasters, because we have natural, we have man-made, we have other kind of disasters, what we have currently all over the world, what we understand is like, you know, disasters are there everywhere. It may be in India, it may be in US or it may be in other countries. So we have disasters all over the world. And the second thing, what we understand is like, you know, the death toll due to disasters are there everywhere. But in recent days, it's reduced, but not it's fully reduced, but it is reduced somewhat compared to the olden days because, you know, the technologies are developed. But, you know, the countries like developed countries, they are all well known, they are trying to well manage these disasters. Developing countries are not that much trying to manage this disaster. But we have a very good awareness in these days. But we are trying to mitigate and trying to manage these disasters. So what we need to understand. So we need to understand, first if you want to, you know, manage or mitigate or, you know, reduce the risk due to disaster, we need to understand the disasters. The first thing is one need to understand is some of the disasters are rapid onset and some of the disasters are slow onset. The rapid onset, for example, if you have an earthquake, earthquake may happen within seconds, like, you know, you cannot predict an earthquake, you don't have time to give early warning and it may happen within seconds. So this kind of disaster, it's very difficult to, you know, do management aspects, we can go for a mitigation aspect and some disasters are slow onset. Like, you know, if you have a cyclone or a flood, we have enough time. Like, you know, cyclone means we have 10 days time. So we have to have the depression, then leave depression, then followed by, you know, cyclonic storm. So all these things take some time. So we have enough number of time to, you know, handle this disaster. So we have enough warning time also, two to three days at least, well before, so that we can evacuate the people in that particular location. But in case of a rapid onset disaster like earthquake, we do not know when there is going to be earthquake happen. So we cannot do, you know, any, any evacuation process because it is going to happen and so on. And this is one main challenge what we have currently. And second thing is like, you know, frequency versus severity. So the disaster like earthquake, the frequency of the earthquake will be very less. Maybe, you know, 100 years once or 50 years only, we will have the bigger disaster, like, you know, bigger earthquakes. But in case of a severity, the frequency may be less, but when it has happened, the impact will be very, very high. Right? So a lot of people get affected. But in case of a other disaster like flood or cyclone, the frequency may be every year, but the impact may be less compared to an earthquake. So, but again, depending upon the location, depending upon the nature of the event, it will increase or decrease. And the next one is the mitigation measures to withstand the impact or to avoid the impact because, you know, what we can do in some of the disaster, we can mitigate, right, the disaster. Or we can try to avoid, say, example, if you want to go for mitigate an earthquake, you can go, you can try to do the earthquake resistant design of a building. So that's why you can mitigate. So, but if you want to avoid, so you can find it out from this seismic generation map of India, you can see the locations where you have the high-risk zone on very high-risk zones. In those zones, you can avoid to go for construction practices. So that is another important thing, what we can learn from this disaster. Another one, the study area. So you have an urban area, you have the rural area. Say, the same area, maybe in a rural area, you have a sparse locations. You don't have much, you know, dense buildings. But in same area, same, say, for example, 10 square kilometer area, in a rural area, you may have only very few buildings. But in case of urban area, you have in same 10 square kilometer area, you have, you know, 10 times more number of buildings. So these buildings are, you know, giving more vulnerable to people, right? So the study area also is very, very important compared to, so when we are discussing about the disasters. So what is a disaster then? So disaster is the impact of the natural or man-made even upon a vulnerable community, resulting in disruption and damage and casualties, which cannot be relieved by the unaided capacity of locally mobilized resources. So it means when you are not able to handle the disaster, when you are calling assistance from the other district, say, example, you are a district collector, when you are not able to handle the disaster on your own, when you are calling assistance from the other state or other district people. So then only we will call it as a disaster. So what a disaster will do? We need to understand this because, you know, unless we know what a disaster will do, we are not able to handle the disaster. So the thing is like what general effects of a disaster, what a disaster exactly will do, what kind of impact it will create. And second thing is characteristics of various types of each disaster, it has its own characteristics, because, you know, you cannot treat all disasters as the same. Outbreak have a different characteristics, cyclone will have a different characteristics, a flood will have a different characteristics, and a landslide will have a different characteristics. So each and every disaster will have a different characteristics. So according to the disaster, you have to handle. And general countermeasures and special problem areas for disaster. So each and every disaster will have a general countermeasures because it has its own time. So for any kind of warning or mitigation measures or going for assessment, it has its own time and we have special problem areas. So some of the events related to land, some of the event related to, you know, atmospheric conditions. So each disaster will have a special problem area that we have to understand basically and based on that only you can go for the mitigation measures. So what are the general effects of disaster? You all know very well, loss of life, injury, damage to and destruction to poverty, damage to and destruction to subsistence and cash crops, disruption of production, disruption of lifestyle, loss of livelihood, disruption to essential services, damage to national infrastructure and disruption to governmental systems, national economic loss, sociological and psychological effects. So these are all some of the general effects of disasters. You know very well like, you know, a disaster can totally, you know, impact the national economic loss, currently what we are facing COVID, like, you know, it creates a lot of economic loss to the country also. And another important thing is sociological and psychological after effects, it's create, you know, very, very high impact on our, you know, day-to-day life and it's very difficult to, you know, survive. Okay. So what are the important community needs? Because people should know, people are a government, they should know what a disaster will do, the best immediate action to take personally and families and team groups because, you know, many of the people, they don't, you know, know what they have to do during a disaster because it's our, you know, our things to, you know, aware, make aware the people. So what they have to do, what they should not do, that we have to, you know, tell the people and how best help other members of the community because what all the things can done by the personal people, what all the things can done by the government, what all the things can come, you know, done by the community that we can, you know, understand. And how in case of a disaster, government has planned to do something to assist the people, what all the things government can do and what all the things, you know, we ourselves can, you know, do during a disaster that also it's very, very important. How to participate effectively in the disaster communication and warning process because, you know, during any disaster, like, you know, so many things are happening. So unless we know what is correct, what is wrong, it is not possible to handle that particular situation. So we have to know how to involve in different kind of process and how to improvise shelter and sustenance until assistance is available because this is also very, very important because always in disaster time, you know, shelter is a major problem. It may be in a flood situation or it may be in a cyclone situation or it may be in a earthquake situation. So how you can quickly assess, quickly access the shelter in the particular area that is also another major challenge that we can discuss. So before going into detail, like, you know, I will just give some of the important, you know, things in disaster terminologies, we call hazard, risk and vulnerability and exposure. So for example, so this is a switchbox, there is a fire. So in this switchbox, if there is a fire, when no one is not there, we call it as a fire hazard. So this is a phenomena, it may happen in a particular area. So in a particular type, we call it as a hazard. Suppose if this hazard is there, there is a kid, if this kid is near to the particular hazard, we will call this kid as vulnerable to particular hazard. So what we are trying to do is we have an exposure, this kid is exposed to the particular hazard. What we are trying to do is if the kid is going to touch the fire, it will be life, the risk of the life to the kid. What we are trying to do, if you have a fire extinguisher, if you know how to handle the fire extinguisher, take the fire extinguisher, punch the fire. That is the one option or we can take away the children from this particular area. So either if you know how to handle, you can do it, otherwise you can try to evacuate. Only these two options are what we are having currently. So either try to mitigate the disaster or try to manage the disaster. So depending upon the situation. So this is nothing but the disaster management system. So this I will divide it into two. One is pre-disaster, another one is post-disaster. So pre-disaster, like generally countries like India, we are very active immediately after any disaster. So immediately after any disaster, we will go for the rescue operations. Rescue is the one when you practice properly, sharing as many lives as possible in rescue operation. So rescue has many challenges. Being an administrator officer, like you are not going to do any rescue operation, but you have to give order to your people to rescue. So the first thing is rescue operation like you know, particularly in people like in India, we are mainly focused on rescue operation because the first one hour we called it as a golden hour. The first 48 hours in any rescue operation we can save as many lives as possible. That is what we are doing currently. And there are major challenges in rescue operations. I will just give a best example like you know, there is a place in Maui Wakam in Tamil Nadu. There is a place in Chennai. Actually we had a building collapse in that area. So it took you know four to five days to rescue people in that building. So it is not an earthquake situation. It is only a building collapse. So there were two buildings, one building that collapsed. The fire and rescue services, the NDRF people they reached by the late evening after the event has happened. It took somewhere around 60 lives, 60 people they died. Only 27 people only they are able to rescue from that location. To rescue this only 27 people, somewhere around 600 to 700 people involved during that event. You might have heard about this Maui Wakam incident in Chennai. This was happened due to because of a heavy rain in an area in a place called Maui Wakam. The building were collapsed. People got you know stuck inside the building and somewhere around four to five days it tooks to rescue 27 people. So even you just imagine it is only a building collapse in a single building collapse. So in case of an earthquake situation you need to have how much people. So those things we have to understand in case of a rescue operation. So how to involve people in rescue operation, how much people required to you know go for a rescue operation. So all these things you have to plan. So once rescue is there over then we will go for the relief operation. So relief is nothing but like you know everyone knows like the immediate you know help. So either it may be a medical relief or it may be a food or it may be a you know other other needy things we have to do for the people. So that also having a major challenge actually I can I can tell you one incident like you know in relief operation when we reached 2015 after the Nepal earthquake. There are huge number of relief material came to Nepal from different part of the world and you know I can say like you know a lot of people they distributed in many many container of lorries of food, dresses and other things. But Nepal has a small airport they don't have facilities to store all these things and that is the major challenge which has happened even in 2015 flood Chennai we had a major drinking water problem. Even drinking water came in big containers you know in part of the Chennai area we don't have a mechanism to take this water and use it because it came in big containers but we don't have a place to store all this water during Chennai flood. So these are all the problem we'll raise because immediately after the disaster like you know you are not able to do you know the further activities like you know the major challenge like you know toilet is the major problem like you know during Chennai flood we take this because everywhere there is a water so people they are not going to for our defecation so that is also major challenge what we had in 2015 Chennai flood and distributing this food material is the major challenge because of the flood water everywhere you have the flood water so you cannot be able to go you know by road so people they used you know boats for distributing all these things relief materials so all this thing problem you'll raise and after relief then you'll have a rehabilitation so rehabilitating people's life is very very important like you know even after 2004 Sunan you know people used to go and you know do a lot of survey in Sunami affected areas like you know still I would remember like there is a place in Chaturas nearest Chennai a team of people used to visit there and do the survey they said like you know that time still they are remembering the event of 2004 Sunami after even 5 years or 10 years so people they are not able to forget those days because their relatives they died because of this you know Sunami so that is another major thing like you know so you have to console the people you have to continuously you know make the people to psychologically treat in that area so once the rehabilitation over then we'll go for the reconstruction so reconstruction also is a very very important things because you know people many people they get lost of their houses and other things and we have to involve these people in the construction process that is the major challenge what we are currently because even I still remember in 2004 Sunami government they have decided to construct many buildings and they have constructed buildings to fishermen's somewhere around a few kilometers away from the sea and none of the fishermen were stayed in those houses because those houses were designed by some foreign people came they designed and this fisherman they are elected to go and stay because these houses is far away from the coastal area and another thing like you know they are all fishermen they cannot take their boats and nets to far away things and second thing all these people they have designed is the toilet and other things they have because these are all foreign people they came and they designed some you know western type of toilet that our Indian people they do not know how to use it so those kind of challenges also there when there is a reconstruction process and so what we generally you know you suggest like you know places like Nepal and all they don't just like that do the reconstruction for they involve the people so they don't give money to the people they involve the people in the reconstruction process so that they will get you know understand what is their need and they can use it for their own purpose so immediately after the disaster we do rescue relief rehabilitation and reconstruction is the long-term process but you know what we are missing is the the other three part what we are discussing is risk reduction mitigation planning and preparedness so because generally countries like India we are very good in rescue relief and rehabilitation here rescue and relief and somewhat okay in rehabilitation and reconstruction process but what we failed so far is in risk reduction mitigation planning and preparedness planning that's why we had a predetermined shift currently instead of spending money on rescue and relief you spend money on risk reduction mitigation and planning so that you can save money particularly on the pre-disaster proactive approach that's what we are currently following so what is risk reduction risk reduction is nothing but you have to reduce the loss of life that is nothing but the risk reduction and reduce the loss of infrastructure damage due to the infrastructure so what we are planning to do here is hazard and vulnerability assessment okay so you can analyze the areas where it is prone to a disaster different disasters okay it may be earthquake prone areas landslide prone areas cyclone prone areas flood prone areas that you can do because hazard will be there always what we are trying to do is identify the vulnerability you can try to reduce the vulnerability so that the risk to the life and risk to the damage will be reduced so we have different techniques are available in all over the world and we can try to reduce this risk due to the different disaster that can be possible but even though we do a lot of risk reduction measures but mitigation planning is very very important because you know whatever we do we analyze but we have to go for a mitigation planning so how to stop this disaster we can try to do because all the disasters we are not able to stop or mitigate so few disasters we can try to mitigate and few disaster we can try to manage so so that also another major challenge what we have currently because you know or an earthquake situation how to handle how to manage all this information how to mitigate all these things we can try to do so even though we do mitigation measures but preparedness is very very important because you know in case of different disasters like you know we plan for something but there may be a bigger event happens like you know sometimes you know I could say some of the best example in 2020 there was a Nivar cyclone everybody knows like you know generally cyclone will travel only in coastal areas we thought like you know we are from Vellore district so cyclone may not cross over there in interior of the Vellore area but what happened suddenly it has crosses you know in Vellore area also so we have to prepare ourselves when when somebody say it like you know the cyclone is crossing here Pandicherry and Chennai in between so we thought like you know it is going to cross only in coastal area and move towards you know Andhra Pradesh but what happened differently this time this Nivar cyclone which has crossed over inside the land and it crosses over Vellore Vellore is somewhere around 82 85 kilometers away from the coastal area but it is crosses over Vellore and it create a huge damage in Vellore but somehow we have tried to manage because already we know what time it is going to cross so government has taken proper initiative they have done a proper preparedness activities that is why the depth due to the Nivar cyclone is zero particularly in Vellore district and only the damage were reported not any physical you know that the depth due to the cyclone so we need to prepare ourselves for different disasters and why this is important the system like you know why we are talking about the disaster management system like you know it has to be a continuous one we should not stop at you know once only once like you know it has to be a continuous system you have to continuously be doing this exercise say I can say like you know when 2001 Bhujathpeg happened before that we are not much worked on bigger earthquakes after 2001 Bhujathpeg happened we work on our seismic codes and after 2004 tsunami we worked on you know tsunami mitigation projects currently we have a tsunami warning system in India it's very good working very well working and we have you know landslide early warning systems in India so it's all working properly and we have many many initiatives done by India we are all working okay so this what I told like you know the rescue operation these are all the major challenges because if you want to rescue one person you have huge number of people involved in this and the other area like you know the challenges rescue in night time so night time rescue is a major challenge what we have currently because you need to have a power system because in during disaster like power failure will be there so the another major challenge is you know in debris we need to have a mechanism to go and do the search and rescue operations so nowadays like the technology has developed and people they used to have a snake robots they put the snare robots inside and they'll go for you know the robot will go inside and see like is anybody there inside the debris or breathing so based on the breathing sensor it will give alarm to the people outside and they can do the rescue operation and clearance and access and the the the roads also get you know blocked due to the disaster like you know how to clear and where is the alternate route we have to arrange that also major challenge what we have evacuation is the major problem what currently we are having in because most of the cities they have multi-story so how to evacuate these people because we don't have enough resources to evacuate the people in particularly in case of an earthquake and all we have to evacuate the people from the multi-story building so you know in during 2001 Birch earthquake many people they jumped from tall buildings and they died also because of the earthquake shaking people they get panic and it has happened during 2001 Bhuj earthquake and shelter is the major area major problem what we have currently like you know you have to identify because in case of flood or a cyclone situation we have a cyclone shelters we have you know flood situation generally schools are used as a shelter but in case of an earthquake you are not going to use those things because those buildings also may failure so you need to have a open space particularly for a shelter so you have to quickly plan for the shelter in hundreds of people and management of human bodies in case of a disaster you have a death toll this increase so you there is no system like you know unique ID to handle this dead bodies currently so you have to identify the dead bodies and find it out like you know how to systematically list there and put it in the proper manner and another major challenge what we have is the food handling food for you know thousands of people you have to organize the food for thousands of people so that is also another major challenge but right now currently what in India we are very good in organizing this because we are distributed the system to the different people like you know we are involving government NGOs and other you know local social activities are there so they are all involved in you know distributing these things and treatment of pet teams also another major challenge immediately after the disaster because you are going to treat huge number of people and health and sanitation is the major challenge to make measures for the health of the people uh stacking in the mend and the reasonable sanitation facilities and communication because communication when communication fails it's it's a create major problem in particularly disaster situation because most of our mobile phones is not going to work so how in that situation how to handle so it's a major challenge currently what we have but in India concern our communication systems are very good like you know in reason time like I still remember in 2014 or 2014 Uttarkan flood time so we used to google finder to find people during the flood situation many people got missed so the government they use that one and we have a system now at least and water and power supply is the major problem you have to bring water because you know uh before and uh during and after all three phases you have to plan how to you know bring the necessary items for handling the disaster situation and temporary subsistence security is the major problem you have to maintain law and order especially prevent the looting and unnecessary damage in the area and public information we have to give proper information because if you if you are not going to give the proper information there'll be a chaos in that area now a lot of you know new technologies were available okay lot of new technologies were available in that particular area particularly in public information right so we are all uh you know mainly uh uh say for example uh now uh the the sentiment analysis the one area people they are working using uh some artificial intelligence to give order to the public information like a alexa right you know uh they they are creating some kind of alexa kind of information you can ask people so if somebody is missing so they can call and ask like you know whether this person is available so so it will automatically answer okay that kind of information is currently available for that and disaster welfare inquiry also another important because people if our relatives are missing so you have to give properly to the uh proper answer to the people that also another area and maintenance of public moral is another major problem uh because you know a lot of people they may die because of the disaster so we have to properly convey the message to their relatives that is also another important area that's okay and damage assessment so we have currently you know different techniques are available to do the damage assessment immediately after the post disaster so this is this is a damage assessment done by the you know set UN operating satellite system so they can uh map your areas which are all the areas got you know uh damaged fully partially all these things you can identify from the satellite image this the technology is available nowadays we can do this uh how much area got uh you know damaged and maintenance of uh awareness levels you have to do continuous monitoring and organization of programs you have to continuously uh broadcast because people they forget uh about the disaster so we have to do this you know in a continuous manner and information channel through information channels we have to do uh the continuous making awareness to people shopping back radio and television cinema programs special information displays police information so otherwise you know uh people they forget actually about the disaster so it should be a continuous manner to alert the people and linking up libraries because you know a lot of uh informations are available in the internet and that should be used properly and the major challenge what we have currently is uh in disaster is like you know people they are working in different areas like you know uh hazard will be taken care by the geologist geomorphologist hydrologist meteorologists and geophysicists and the vulnerability taken care by the engineers hazard will be taken care by the scientists and the risk will be taken care by the administrative people the main challenge what we are having currently is the the the proper hazard information is not to be conveyed to the engineers what they have to do and the engineers also do not know how to convey this this you know vulnerability to the the risk people like you know administrative people say for example the hazard people they create some kind of maps and the engineers do not know how to use this map there will be a different kind of colors yellow color orange color red color like that but the engineers do not know what they have to do in that particular area whether they have to construct the building in a proper manner what kind of construction they have to go for and what kind of remediation measures they have to do those things they do not know how to and when they go for a you know administrative people suppose if I say like you know you have to monitor this area for a earthquake so if you want to monitor an earthquake you need to have a minimum three earthquake instrument great seismographs for that purpose you know it takes you know one seismograph will be somewhere around 16 lakhs the minimum 50 to 60 lakhs to monitor one area so government immediately ask whether you are able to predict an earthquake but you know it is not possible to predict an earthquake currently but why you are spending so much of money on that so we need to be able to understand we need to be able to answer that okay so if we are not able to answer properly the administrative people they are not able to give the money so this is also major challenge what we are having currently that's why our you know administrators should understand okay so what purpose they are using where to inverse this money because what all the money we are spending is only the public money right so we need to inverse this money in a proper manner and many of the cases what we have is like you know repetition of the work like you know the hazard map many times I used to see like you know continuously it's already done by many people again whenever there is a new AS officer comes then he used to say like you do this hazard mapping again so hazard mapping is not you know you don't need to do for every time like hazard is common right once hazard may change in case of rapid administration other than that like hazard will be same right it may not be change very frequently maybe at least 10 years or 20 years only it will change you don't need to do the hazard mapping every year so that is not possible right so only few few kind of you know hazard like you know flood hazard you can do for you know two two two times you know two years once or three years once depending upon the situation not every year right so that that is the major challenge what we have currently because many times we spend a lot of money on only the repetition of that should be avoided okay so that's why you know the globally what we are currently focusing on sendai framework okay sendai framework is the 15 year voluntary non-binding agreement which is recognized by the primary role to reduce the disaster risk but the responsibility should be shared with the other thing so local government private sex star and stakeholders and the main focuses on the substantial reduction of disaster risks and losses in lives livelihoods and health and in the economic physical social cultural and environmental hazards of persons business communities and countries so this is the successor framework of yoga framework which is action in 2005 and 2015 so in yoga framework we are mainly concentrating on disaster resilience okay so what we we are trying to do in those days like you know 2005 to 2015 we are mainly focusing on people should understand the resiliency of the nature like you know disaster but in sendai framework we are trying to reduce we are trying to manage the disaster okay trying to reduce the risk of the disaster that's what we are mainly focusing okay so in sendai framework this is 2015 to 2030 the scope is the present framework will apply to the risk of small scale and large scale frequent and infrequent sudden slow onset and slow onset disasters caused by natural or man-made hazards as well as the related environmental technological and biological hazards and risks it aims to get the multi hazard management of disaster risk in development at all levels as well as within across the all sectors it means it's cover everything so their expected outcome is the substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in lives livelihood health and economical physical social cultural and environmental assets of persons business communities and countries so that's what our expected it should be reduced of loss in every level so that's what our main focus they have a seven targets so in the target one is substantially reduce the global disaster mortality by 2030 aiming lower average per 100,000 global mortality between 2020 to 2030 compared to 2005 to 2050 and substantially reduce the number of affected people globally by 2030 aiming to lower the average global figure by 100 100,000 between 2020 to 2030 so like that you know everything we have to reduce in 2020 to 2030 okay at least 100,000 we have to reduce that's what our main target in sendai framework and they have a four priority areas priority one is understanding risk okay and second thing is strengthening the disaster risk governance to manage the disaster risk and priority three is investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience because we are not investing money on reduction for resilience that we are not done so far that we have to do and priority four is enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and build back better because you know our recovery process is very long right currently you know it takes two to three years to recover fully immediately after the disaster we have to recover very quickly the other countries mainly countries like Japan and all they are very quickly recovering from any disaster within a month or two maximum it may be a six month they are very quickly recovering but we are not doing that actually so our priority area is to quickly recover because since you know unless you know how to handle the situation you are not able to do quickly recover from the situation that you have to be okay so what we have in India so currently what all the things are happening in India I will just discuss so India is the country where we have 2 percent of the land area but we have 16 percent of the world population so this is the major problem in small area you have more number of you know people the population so that it's it's increasing the vulnerability of the disaster so in India we have a disaster management history like you know we don't have you know the disaster management policy in India those days right so we have a high power committee set up in the year august 1999 until 2001 the disaster management under the responsibility of agriculture ministry because those days our main disasters are flood and drought so that's why the government of India they have only all the disaster taken care by the ministry of agriculture and forest so that's why until 2001 it was with ministry of agriculture and forest after 2001 it was transferred to the ministry because you know that time lot of people they get affected by the earthquake and then we need to under we understand that we need a military force also to handle the disaster right so that's why they have transferred this to ministry of former first in the year 2002 then after that disaster national disaster authority were established and disaster management act passed in the year December 2005 so this is the disaster management act which is paused in 2005 number 53 of 2005 it was you know released on 23rd December 2005 so this is an act to provide for the effective management of disasters and formalities connected there with the incidental that too the national policy on disaster management was published on 2009 approved by the union cabinet on 22nd October 2009 so our policy to build a safe and disaster resilient India by developing a proactive multi-disaster and technology driven strategy for disaster management so this will be achieved through a culture of prevention mitigation and preparedness to generate a prompt efficient response during disasters the entire process will center stage the community and will be provided momentum to the sustenance through the collective efforts of all government agencies and non-governmental organizations that's what mainly our policy mainly focus on it involves the government and non-governmental organizations because it is not possible by do only the government so that's why we are you know mixing both like the government and non-governmental organizations and our disaster management act mainly focus on mechanism for drying up of monitoring the implementation of disaster management plan ensuring measures by various winds of government for prevention and mitigating the efforts effects of disasters and for undertaking a holistic coordinated and prompt response to any disaster situation so that's what our DMA act and we have a national disaster management authority they have a vision to build a safer and disaster resilient India by holistic proactive technology driven and sustainable development strategy that involves all stakeholders and posters to a culture of prevention and preparedness and mitigation so they have a different function and responsibility in DMA mainly focus on lay down policies approved national plans laid on guidelines and they are coordinating with enforcement to implement of the policy and plans recommend provisions by the fund purpose of mitigation provides such support to the other countries affected by major disasters okay laid on broad policies and golden for functioning the National Institute of Disaster and national disaster management authority their main focus to empowering stakeholders for improving effectiveness of disaster management in India so our NDMA we have a structure under NDMA we have a high level community actually under government of India we have a cabinet committee under that we have a high level committee we have a cabinet committee on security so under that we have NDMA National Disaster Management Authority under that we have national emergency center and we have our states we have a SDMA state disaster management authority under states we have DMA district disaster management authority under that we we have a local IRA day, we have TSTMA, we have Taluk level disaster management authority. So under NDMA we have NADM, National Institute of Disaster Management and we have a NDRF, National Disaster Response Force and we have a Planning Commission and also as we have a National Crisis Management Committee. So this all comes under NDMA. So what we currently work on like you know this NDMA, SDMA, DDMA so they are closely associated with the community and the communities, we have academic institutions, scientific organizations, technical institutions, professional bodies, corporate six star, NGOs, we all work together and we all try to reduce the disaster syndrome. So this is the structure of NDMA. Our Prime Minister is the Chairman for NDMA and we have different wings are available and we have some members also of NDMA are there. And the Disaster Management Act in 2005 and National Program for Disaster Management in 2000, National Policy for Disaster Management 2009 have an institutionalization of paradigm shift in disaster management in India from a relief centric approach to one of the proactive prevention, mitigation and preparedness. That is our paradigm shift in our ND, Disaster Management Act of 2005. And we have a DRR approaches integrating risk reduction measures into all developmental projects. So this is a very, very important act which is you know done by the government of India. So we have to integrate risk reduction measures in all development because any major projects comes. So you have to involve the disaster management measures inside in the project. And initiating mitigation projects identified high priority areas through joint efforts by the central and state governments, encouraging and assisting state level mitigation projects, paying attention on indigenous knowledge and disaster and coping. This is another important area where government of India also is very much you know interested in indigenous, indigenous knowledge play a major role. I will discuss all the things in our second part of the lecture and giving due weightage in the product, the heritage sector. This is also another area where government of India works. And our National Disaster Management Policy mainly focus on participating proactively realizing the global goals and set that framework for DRR and conference of parties, a Paris Agreement and Climate Change, our Prime Minister's 10-point agenda on this DRR and social inclusion as a cross-cutting principle and mainstreaming DRR into integral features. And our National Disaster Management Policy mission is to make India disaster resilience across all sectors. And our Prime Minister's 10-point agenda for disaster risk reduction, this is also very, very important. Currently our government of India, we are mainly focusing on all development sector must be in bright the principles of disaster risk management. Our risk coverage must include all starting from the poor household to the SMEs to multinational corporate to national states. Women's leadership and greater involvement should be central to disaster risk management, immersed in risk mapping globally to improve global understanding of nature and disaster risk, leverage technology to enhance the efficiency of disaster risk management efforts, develop a network of universities to work on disaster related issues, utilize the opportunity to provide social media and mobile technology for disaster risk reduction, build on local capacity and initiative to enhance disaster risk reduction, make use of every opportunity to learn from disasters and achieve that there must be a study on lessons from after. So, lessons learned from disaster is another area we are mainly focusing on, bring about the greater cohesion in international response to disaster. These are all our 10-point agenda on DRR, where we are mainly focusing on. So, we have a national disaster management institutional mechanism in that our NDMA mainly focusing on top level decision making, cabinet committee is there and national crisis management committee is there under that we have a SDMA, our state government is there. So, we are all closely working on our disaster risk reduction activities and we have a nodal ministries for disaster because you know in those days we have only one ministry to take care of disasters now because we have a number of disasters in all over the India. So, we have around 20 different types of disasters we have. So, each we have different ministries, accident will be taken care by ministry of civil aviation, rail accident will be ministry of railway, accident by road, ministry of road transport, avalanches will be ministry of defense, biological emergency ministry of health and family welfare, cold wave will be ministry of agriculture and former welfare, cyclone, tornado will be by ministry of earth science, drought, cyclone ministry of earth science, drought ministry of agriculture and for farmers welfare, earthquake will be taken care by ministry of earth science, flood will be taken by ministry of jalshakti, urban flood will be ministry of housing and urban affairs, forest fire will be taken care by ministry of environment and forest. Frost will be taken care of the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer welfare. Health storm will be, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer welfare. Industrial and chemical disasters will be, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. And landslide, Ministry of Mines, Nuclear, Radiological, Department of Atomic Energy, Oils Bill, Ministry of Defense, West Attack, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers, and Tsunami will be taken care by the Ministry of Science. So, we have a state-level disaster mechanism is available. And so, we have different kinds of disasters in India. Our Prime Minister, Permanent and High Power Committee, they have divided the disaster into five major groups. One is water and climate related disaster, flood, drainage management, cyclones, tornadoes and hurricanes, health staff, cloudburst, heat waves and cold wave, drought, sea erosion, thunder and lightning. So, these are all under, you know, water and climate related disaster. We have a geology related disaster, landslide and mud flows, earthquakes, dam failure, dam falls, mine fires, tsunami. And we have chemical and industrial nuclear related disasters. We have accident leaders. Actually, accident is not a disaster, but government of India, they have group accidents also in a disaster because the death due to accident related disaster also equally like, you know, natural disasters. That's why they have accident also under disasters like, you know, we have forest fire, urban fire, mine flooding, oil split, major building collapse, serial bomb blast, festival disasters, electrical disasters, air, road, rail accidents, boat capsizing, village fire. And we have a biological related disasters, biological disasters and epidemics, pest attacks, cattle epidemics and food poisoning. So, we have five major group of disasters in India and our India's profile for disasters like, you know, we have 32.87 lakhs square kilometer area and our borders neighboring China, Bhutan and Nepal. And we have major rivers of 12, total catchment area of 252.8 million hectares. And we have a forest area of 6,92,027 square kilometer area. So, totally 21.5% of the total geographical area of India is forest. And we have a 7,017 kilometer coastline. And we have a 4,42,218 square kilometer desert area, 1.2 billion people, around 41.5% in families, you know, 48.5%. And we have annual exponential population growth is 1.64. And our climate is tropical monsoon and tropical climate by the relatively high summer, temperature and dry winters. And what we have currently is, we have a different kind of hazard maps. This is a seismic hazard donation map of India. So, I'll take another five minutes and we'll close this. The seismic hazard map, which gives different areas of India, prone to earthquakes, we have a zone two, zone three, zone four and zone five. So, what is meant by zone two is like, you know, you can expect a magnitude of 4.9 in zone two. Zone three means you can expect a magnitude of 6.9. Zone four, you can expect a magnitude of 7.9. Zone five, you can expect a magnitude of eight and above. So, the light yellow color is nothing but the zone two. Light orange color will be zone three and orange color will be zone four and dark red color will be the zone five areas of India. So, in this map, you can see the lot of dots. These dots are nothing but the earthquake epicenters and there is some kind of brown color lines are there. These are all nothing but the fault line, which is what we called as Interplayed Earthquakes Faults. These faults are currently time to time reactivate because of that we have earthquakes. That's why they are mentioning these faults all over the India. Okay. So, again, I will discuss detail in the next class next, you know, next lecture based on like, you know, our different types of earthquakes and other things. And this is the Lancer and Hazard donation map of India, what we have currently. So, the darker color area like dark red color areas are severe to very high. Lancer prone areas and orange color areas are high. Lancer prone areas. And the moderate to the light orange color areas are moderate to low. Lancer prone areas and the yellow color areas are unlikely to Lancer prone areas. In India, we have North East Himalayas and North East Himalayas and part of Western Ghats, we have Lancer prone areas. We have a flood hazard maps are available. So, the areas liable to floods are, you know, presented over here by the Government of India. And we have a new hazard map, which is introduced by the Government of India, which this is called Thunderstorm Incident map. So, because Thunderstorm also, in recent days, we have in India. So, the dots wherever we have, the brown color dots, these are all the area we have, number of thunderstorms which is available. And wind hazard maps also available for India. We have the coastal areas are prone to different types of wind hazards and cyclones that also we have currently. And this is another new map which is introduced by the Government of India, we call Cyclone Accurance map. So, we have a western part of India, we have less cyclone occurrences compared to eastern part of India. So, with this, I will stop. The rest of the things I will discuss in the next lecture, maybe in the next week. Actually, this paradigm shift has happened after 2001 Bhuja earthquake, mainly after the Disaster Management Act was, you know, followed in 2005, because earlier we used to spend money on relief and rescue operation, okay. After 2005, the Disaster Management Act was passed. So, instead of spending a lot of money on post disaster activities, you spend money on pre disaster activities so that we can save one third of the money. So, that is what happened. This is nothing to do with the mitigation of cyclone. Actually, see cyclone mitigation is a little bit different. See cyclone mitigation projects generally in coastal areas, you have to go for the cyclone shelters. Generally, that is the main thing what they have done in Government of India. So, they have built cyclone shelters all over the coastal area already they have done under the cyclone mitigation projects, okay. And second thing is cyclone mitigation, mainly in cyclone prone areas, people they are go for the cyclone resistant design, but this has not happened so far in India because we are not much, you know, involved cyclone mitigation projects. Most of the areas we are only go for the cyclone management. We are not going for any mitigation process so far, actually. So, that is not happening in India. Cyclone mitigation projects we are talking, but we are not doing that. That we are not doing correctly. It's a good question actually. I'll tell you this, when it was happened, there is one person name is called Manikantan, we borrowed instrument from him and we have done it. But again, this is depending upon the situation, you know, the borewell situation is totally different. The instrument which is used from that person also it is not useful during the event because the underground scenario is totally different. You cannot use all the equipment in all places, that is not possible. Number one, number two is like, you know, that time itself Government, they announced 5 lakh rupees for people who have come up with a new idea and everybody, they started working and till now I don't know none of the people they have come up with the idea with a new instrumentation. So, I don't think like, you know, no one because that next one month or two month people they talk about this one and they are everybody they are talking about to design a new instrument to rescue people who fell in borewell. But so far I don't understand like, you know, I don't, you know, come up, come up with any idea like, you know, people they have developed such kind of instrumentation is not there so far. So, everybody they talk about for one or two months then they will forget about it. That's what happened. Actually, again, I'm telling like, you know, resilient infrastructure is nothing but it's people is prone to landslide, particularly I can say it's not only for cyclones, it's for all kind of disaster, resilient infrastructure is nothing but the building will prone to different types of disasters. Maybe even if you get different types of cyclones, it won't impact on the building. So, that is the one thing. And second thing is people maybe, you know, they can what I can say like, even the cyclone comes also people they may not get affected by the cyclone because of this the resistant design. So, particularly I can say like the cyclone resistant design like if you have a shelter, cyclone shelters, these are all in a coastal area, which is designed for mainly for cyclone structures. So, those areas are prone to cyclone, but the people they get in a say resistant area like, you know, cyclone resistant design are prone to this kind of area. Again, I'm telling like, you know, in different countries, they are following different methodology to receiving children's from well, but it is not, you know, applicable to all kinds of bore wells. The bore well which is the incident which is happening in Tricci is totally different because that area is called Manapari. That area is mainly hard rock area. In hard rock area, when you are constructing well, you cannot go for a cross well, cross hole techniques. You know, it is not possible. And the people they are using in that area again, depending upon the well depth, the instrument what they are currently using is a kind of structure which is going inside the well and they can take the students from there, the victim from the both of their hands, it will automatically tie and it can, they can take up the children from the well. That is possible, but it is not possible in all cases. Again, depending upon how the victim is there inside, whether they are in the cross position or in the vertical position or whether they are in a sitting position, depending upon each position, the instrument whatever they are going to use is differ actually. So, that is, that is not again going to be useful for different situation. So, the techniques in different countries, they are using for different kind of situation which is not applicable for our Indian condition. That is also different. Storm, surge, resilient impact. Again, see the embankment, say all these mitigation projects are depending upon the, it is not only the surge embankments, like you know, it is flood prone structures, what we can say like, you know, all flood prone structures are differ from again place to place. That is what I told like, you know, you need to understand first the hazard type. So, even for a same flood situation, you do not need to go for a storm, surge, embankments is not required. So, again, maybe in the next class, I will tell you different mitigation measures for these kind of structures like, you know, for earthquake, what all the different mitigation measures are there. Maybe you can understand after my second lecture because what I am giving today is like, you know, only what are the different types of disasters and what it is going to create impact. And how you can reduce these disasters like, you know, reduce the losses or the damage this disaster, what kind of mitigation measures we can take, we can discuss in the next class. Okay. Yes. So, our ISDR, International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction is the nodal agency for our world level. So, they are the nodal person, you know, ISDR is the nodal person for our, you know, handling the disasters. So, we are following only the UN-ISDR strategy for monitoring all these disasters. So, technologies are available, but again, I am not sure about like, you know, what currently they are following. Let me check. So, we have both physical and social vulnerability. Both are there. So, physical vulnerability generally, it is on the physical structure, damage to the physical structure due to the different disasters. It may be by an earthquake, you will have a partial collapse or a fully collapse. So, that is nothing but the physical vulnerability. And the socio-economic vulnerability, again, the poverty, and you have the food and other things like, you know, the secondary impact on the people. So, that is the socio-economic vulnerability. Yeah. No. So, see, earthquake prediction is the major challenge currently. Prediction is nothing but, like, you know, for example, currently we are predicting cyclones and floods in well-advanced. Okay. So, we can able to tell tomorrow there is going to be a cyclone which is going to be crossed at this particular time. It is possible currently. But in case of an earthquake, we are not able to predict an earthquake unless we say tomorrow, 4 o'clock, an earthquake magnitude of 6.9 is going to happen in a so-and-so location. It is not possible currently because the cyclone or a flood, we have enough warning time because the depression, when we have a depression, it takes time to convert into a cyclone. So, maybe a one-week time or 10 days time. But in case of an earthquake, it is not possible to predict where, what time it is going to happen and where and what is the magnitude. That is not possible currently. So, there is no technology available all over the world to predict an earthquake precisely in where it has happened. But we have a technology to, after it has happened, we can monitor and we can, sorry, we can locate the epicenter location and we can identify what magnitude, all these things after the disaster. It is not pre-disaster. Yeah, this is another good question. The thing is like awareness level. What I can see, I was there in Japan immediately after 2011, Japan tsunami, it just happened. I can tell you a very, very, very nice incident because those people when government says they listen, that is the one very important thing. Like I was traveling in a train after the 2011 Japan earthquake, I was carrying two water bottles. The whole train, people, they carry only one water bottle. Everybody, they're seeing me differently. When I asked my Japanese friend, so why they are seeing me differently, they said, because of tsunami, we have a water scarcity, you should carry only one water bottle. That was the line which is written in the train. But I carried two water bottles because I do not know Japanese language. But being an Indian, we always very cautious. But when I see this information in the train, everybody, they're carrying only one water bottle. It means the Japanese people, they listen. When government says you should not do, they are following. So this is the one example I can say. When government says the public is listening, so that's why Japan very quickly recover from the disaster. See, already it's there, but see, disasters are there everywhere. Not only for India, other countries also, it's there. It's increasing. That's what our IPCC calls. But currently, people, they're working to try to mitigate these disasters. We are very good and already we have developed a system to monitor landslides, forest fires. We have very good systems are already available. It's in practice. Even if you go through the FRI report, Forest Research Institute, already they are giving early warning to the forest fires. We are giving early warning to the landslides also. It's already government initiated this. I say even we are also working on this actually. So we are all trying to predict this, events in well-advanced, try to manage. But what I want to highlight is like, these disasters are there. We are trying to reduce. That is the very, very important things. That's why we always say, introduce this disaster in developmental activities. Unless this is going to happen, it is not possible because we have a rapid urbanization. We are doing all these smart city projects. So all these smart city projects should include these disasters. Unless you include what disaster is going to happen because most of the cases when they design any new areas or new infrastructure, they don't much see about what is happening in that area past. So that should be included. Actually, the disaster should be included in developmental activities. Then only it is possible. Otherwise, it is not possible. Actually, we are monitoring currently. So it takes time. Definitely it is going to because you know, Sendai framework, each country is there monitoring. So you can go through. There is a website. You just type Sendai framework monitoring. So UNISDR is monitoring currently all countries. So what countries are doing and how they are effectively reducing the loss of lives and loss of damage both so that you can monitor. And definitely we are going to have effect. So that's what I told like you have to check. You have to involve the disasters into planning. Unless you do, it is not possible, particularly for urban planning, urban flooding. Why it is happening? Because we are mostly encroaching our natural river course in an urban area. So because of this, we have a rapid urbanization, we are closing all this natural streams, nature, it follows its own way. Unless you know how to divert this water properly, it is not possible to go for a stop urban flooding. It is not possible currently. What we can do is we have to properly identify the flood prone areas. And accordingly, you have to plan and engineering measures are very much needed to particularly in urban areas. You know, I have already discussed actually. So in Disaster Management Act, mainly in India, it says we have to reduce the disasters loss. That is our main strategy. That's what I told like you know, we have a national disaster management authority. Under that we have a state disaster management authority because it's governed by the central and state has to have their own authority to have it, both actually. So actually, this is only to reduce the sea erosion, not the cyclone. Cyclone impact will be there because you know, we are not going to reduce the speed of the cyclone. That we are not doing because currently we need cyclone because you know, according to me like you know, we need cyclone. Unless we have a cyclone, our rain pattern will differ. Again, loss of rain will be there. Again, it will lead to another disaster. So we need cyclones. So cyclone shelters are safe to accommodate. Yes, of course it is safe because all our cyclone shelters are constructed such a way that very safe manner. Definitely it is very safe. And the another major issue what we are having currently is during COVID situation. So COVID situation, these shelters are, it's mixed up with COVID patients. Kerala is the best example. They have very nicely handled the situation. Of course, there is an act also it was there after the borewell death happened in Tricchi. Before that also government has initiated. The only thing is very small thing. You know, you have to just cover the borewell. That is more than sufficient to avoid this borewell disaster. It is not a big thing. But people, they, it's a negligence of people most of the times. Yeah. So already people they are doing actually, particularly in most of the NGOs they are doing this work currently. So they go to the each and every house and they do kind of, you know, psychosocial rehabilitation measures. Already people they are doing it actually. So the NSS, NCC, actually it's both with NDMA and DDMA both. It's not only particularly with the DDMA, it's with the SDMA, NDMA and DDMA, all three. This is a very good question. Somebody was asking about authentic websites. Actually, I have all these things in my next lecture. I'm going to show what are all the list of, you know, websites are available where you can check all these things I'm going to give in very detail. So don't fail to attend my next lecture because I'm going to discuss all these things in my next lecture. What I'm, what are all the things I'm discussing today only the basics. But in next lecture only I'm going to discuss what are the mitigation measures and the other management aspects and what are the different techniques are available that I'm going to discuss in my next lecture. Surely you can see that. See, actually, you know, see always, you know, we are fighting with nature. We cannot always say blaming government because disaster is, it's involves in a vast area. So even though we identify flood prone areas, even though we identify, you know, other hazard prone areas, few things like, you know, nowadays, like because of this climate change, we have extreme events, what we call this extreme events. This is the new technology what we are using currently because suddenly we are getting in a particular area, cloud burst, suddenly we are getting, you know, the historic rain in a particular area. So our, you know, mapping process is not related to that. What we are currently doing is flood frequency mapping or flood hazard mapping for 100 years or 50 years like that only. Our mapping process is not meant for, you know, different types of floods. We have a, you know, seasonal flood, we have a coastal flood, we have a, you know, river flood, we have a cloud burst related flood. So we have different kinds of floods, but the, our flood hazard mapping is not related to only, only one kind of flood. So again, this is the major challenge what we have currently is flood hazard is depending upon the different types of rainfall. So we are not doing that again. So still we have to go long way, long, long way, particularly on flood related disasters. Because we have prediction system, we have a monitoring system and I will tell you, you know, in the next class how we are monitoring floods, all these things, but you know, but our, our, the, the hydro project, whatever you are discussing about in that, like it's all related to cloud, but we have to even, so cloud burst, even if you do cloud burst, we don't know where is going to be the cloud burst in a particular day. So if you able to predict a cloud burst in well advanced, maybe 10 days before in that particular area, there is going to be a cloud burst, definitely we can identify the area where it is going to impact and definitely we can manage the situation. That's very much possible. So most of your questions actually you will get an answer in my next lecture actually, because, because of the time we have splitted this lecture into two, right. So thank you everyone and maybe my next lecture will answer all your questions. Because of that, you know, because today I'm just giving you overall thing, what is happening in India, what are the different kinds of disasters, all these things, but again, I will discuss detail in the next class, what kind of mitigation measures, how the traditional indigenous knowledge is helping and what all kind of different technologies are already available, different websites are available to monitor and mitigate all these things. The agencies are working on disaster management, I will discuss. Thank you. Thank you so much.