 Okay, we are already in time. Thank you very much for being here with us today. Before we begin our seminar, we'd like to remind you that we have simultaneous interpreting in Spanish and English. You can access the icon at the lower right area of your screen to select the language that is of best convenience to you. I would like to welcome to the continuance of the series of seminars to strengthen capacity building for Latin America and the Caribbean on food safety systems. This is supported by the FITO Sanitary Office of Ecuador in representation of Ecuador as the president in coordination of codecs for Latin America and the Caribbean select and jointly with the regional office of FAO Latin America and the Caribbean were both jointly participating in a joint organization with the act financed by the Republic of Korea. This series of webinars that will be maintained until the year 2026 is to socialize and promote the standards of codecs elementaries for in equity of food safety in our region. During the year 2022, we took on the first two models. The first one was a guideline with a new participants in the second module with fundamental text. This year, we continue with three new models. The first one, which calls our meeting, which is a future and food safety. The amount of information that the challenges that we consider that our future are already part of our present, our daily lives. And so we have to act quickly to be able to have the information and have it at our disposal. I am Maria Los Angeles Catita. I am part of Act FAO and I have Daniela Viveros, who is also from Cicillac. So the floor is yours, Daniela, so that we can continue on the process. Thank you, Maria. Good morning to all of you and thank you for being here today. Part of this welcome to this webinar, we already have 75 people and we are increasing in the amount of interest in the aspects related to codex in the region. And to organize the webinar, we would like you to write your country, your name, in this case, Ecuador Daniela Viveros and keep your microphones off or muted. Now we will begin for this module. We have three experts that will take on the futures and the challenges of food safety, both from our world and regional standard and viewpoint. We will have a moment for Q&A where you can raise your hand and you will be given the floor. You can also write your questions on the chat that we will read at the end of the presentation. We would like to remind you that this webinar is going to be recorded so that we can share it with you and those that are not able to make it today. This is why we would like you to keep in mind and be connected to our reports. Thank you. Thank you, Daniela. We will now begin with Dr. Leonora with Faw and then we will have Claudia Guzman and Madame Gibson from Venetian. Dr. Dupuy is Venet Faw since 2009. Her areas are promotion and support of political world regional aspects related to food safety, related to national control on food, on the risk analysis, the preparation of emergency responses to food safety, improved capacity building for institutions in support of the Code of Salimentaries. Madame Dupuy analyzed the priorities for Faw and that which relates to food safety in the 2022-2031. He's part of the Secretariat of Faw and represents the application for standards, trade and STVIS. Before she became a part of FAO, Madame Dupuy was in the academic area in science and nutrition reform and modernization of teaching food safety and nutrition. Please, the floor is yours and thank you very much and welcome to the series of webinars. Yes, thank you very much, Maria for the introduction and I apologize that I will make my presentation in English. So first of all, I would like to greet all distinguished participants and dear colleagues who are connected to this webinar. So, and also to thank to the FAO regional office for Latin America and Caribbean for inviting for the invitation to talk in this regional webinar. So the topic which was been proposed is food safety challenges to address in the near future. The presentation will highlight key drivers of agri-food systems with impact on food safety. Also, we will look together to major food safety challenges to address and also to next steps, including expectations from national authorities. So as all know, the global agri-food system operates in a continuously evolving context characterized by globalized food trade, changing markets and interconnectedness of countries across regions. We have also pressure on food systems from raising population, urbanization and raising food demand. We face also food system fragility from climate change emergencies of a various nature with potential to affect food safety and food supply, including we have recent lessons from COVID-19 pandemic, which while it was not a foodborne disease and nevertheless has had some implications for the operation of food supply. We also face evolving and emerging food safety hazards and issues which bring and involve much unknown uncertainty and require growing attention to food safety. We definitely need more resilient, sustainable and safe food supply at all scales, local, national, regional, global. So let's look together what are food safety challenges to address in the near future. The FAO. Eleonora, so I'm so sorry to interrupt. Maybe you forgot to, we can't see your presentation. Yes. We can't. I don't know if you are using it already or... Ah, you do not see it. I'm so sorry. So I will then again share it. Maybe it's happened something with sharing share. You see now. Yeah, we can see it. You just have to put it in full screen, please. Yes, we'll try. Okay. Perfect. Thank you so much. Okay, this is a already passed outline what we have now with our global agri-food systems and then it's about what are those food safety challenges to address and which we will describe in this presentation more and more in length. I don't know now it is not moving. It is not moving the slides. No, I can see you're trying to... Yeah, okay, now it is. Okay, so that's the headquarter, FAO headquarter in the food system and food safety division. We have a FOSITE program which have undertaken a FOSITE exercise two years ago. And last year, this process has culminated with a publication FOSITE report. And this analysis of FOSITE report have identified major drivers and trends relevant to agri-food system and food safety which include technological innovation and scientific advances, urbanization and urban agriculture, circular economy, macro biomes and food safety perspectives, new food sources and food production systems, climate change, and also consumer behavior and food consumption patterns. These major drivers and trends have been identified through a process which consisted from first of all, finding and collecting information, relevant information from various sources such as scientific journals, a news release, information from partners and also monitoring specific websites. The collected information has been analyzed also using some prioritization criteria such as implications for food safety, also likelihood and also scale and novelty. And according to this criteria, the major drivers and trends which you see on this slide has been, let's say, prioritized. And it is anticipated that if these major drivers and trends will be addressed, then they will support the transformation of agri-food systems according to the expectation of the food safety agenda and will contribute effectively to sustainable development goals. And here you have the picture, the cover page of this report and also the web links to the website report. So what are drivers and what are trends? Drivers are macro-level factors that derive from a broad spectrum of areas including societal, environmental, technological, political and economic and trends are recognized in the bill, manifestation of drivers, keeping in mind that multiple drivers can concurrently cause or affect a trend and vice versa, multiple trends can be traced back to a single driver. So here on the right side, you can see an example of how this approach have been used in the FAO food site report. For example, three drivers, including population growth, climate change and resource depletion have conducted to the trend and have motivated to explore new food sources including edible insects. Once the trend is identified, then the relevant information is analyzed in order to identify the benefits but also the challenges in relation with the proposed solution. Again, okay. So let's first have a look at the major driver and the vital driver which is the climate change. Climate change involves changing environmental conditions which have serious implications for both biological and chemical contaminants in food and water by altering their occurrence, severity, changing the risk profile of hazards. And this in its then leads to changing efficacy of control measures and also to increased burden of food and waterborne diseases. So what are the features of climate change and environmental condition change? We face increasing precipitation, ocean acidification, sea levels, extreme weather events and temperature and at the same time decreasing water availability, water quality, soil quality and salinity, soil salinity. I don't know, it's not moving always. So we can see all these slides that a single, for example, aspect of climate change like raising temperature can affect food access, food across the world by increasing the incidence of infections by food and waterborne pathogens by driving plant pests into new territories and potentially leading to overuse of pesticides. Also increasing rising temperature can promote higher uptake of toxic heavy metals in stable crops and also can make plants more susceptible to fungal infections and mycotoxin and which can emerge and move to new regions. Increasing temperature is also associated with expanded harmful algal blooms and affecting that affects seafood safety. The climate change has direct effects with increasing occurrence of existing hazards and also indirect effects which relate to actions to mitigate the problem. For example, plant pests or animal disease control may lead to a food safety risk due to a bigger amount of plant protection substances use or microbials to be used to protect plants or in animal production. Next slide, trying to move. It's not listening me, this presentation. No, it's not moving, I don't know what happened. Oh, there it is, finally moved. So we will have a look at a couple of foodborne pathogens which are most, let's say widespread and they cause most of food recall in international food trade like salmonella, for example, which has high human impact, human health impact and it is estimated as a foodborne at 93.8 million illnesses. Of each an estimated 80.3 million are foodborne annually with 155,000 deaths each year. Salmonella has remarkable resistance and adaptability and is associated with a wide range of foods. Another microbiological pathogen is a vibrio subspecies which is responsible for majority of human diseases attributed to natural flora of aquatic environments and seafood and mainly it cause harm when the seafood is consumed raw or undercooked and therefore temperature in the processing have an important role, but also the foodborne the raising temperature in the environment also has a role in the spread of this pathogen. So if to speak about salmonella, let's look why the increase in temperature is a concern for salmonella. Increase in temperature precipitation and extreme weather events can lead to proliferation and more prevalence of salmonella serotypes. Salmonellosis associated with increasing broad range of foods of animal meat, eggs, dairy, but also of plant origin like spices, nuts, sprouts, fresh fruits and vegetables and even chocolate. A bit to persist in challenging environmental conditions and salmonella can pose also illness at low doses. And so salmonella already is a high disease burden but could even increase or could bring more harm therefore presents a great challenge for food control. Let's move to the next slide. Waiting when my computer will react. Okay. So there are scientific publications from different parts of the world which confirm that salmonella prevalence is associated with increasing temperature. And there are examples from European studies, from studies in the United States, from Australian studies. And in particular, the study from Australia tells us that without mitigation, increasing temperature will lead to an increase of approximately 50% in the morbidity burden of salmonella infections by 2030 in Australia only. So it's a pathogen to take seriously and to control to identify and apply risk management measures. Next slide. Trying. I don't know, maybe to present for the moment without slides. Yeah, maybe, I'm sorry. I'm just going to take out slides. So the next which I wanted to tell is that there are also evidence about the fact that the Vibrio subspecies for example, in the last 50 years have moved from let's say Asia, South System Asia and also from North America. They have moved all across the world and there are schemes about that and there are calculations and estimations showing for example, that there will be an increase in the postal areas suitable for Vibrio by 38,000 kilometers of new postal areas by 2,000 hundred under the most unfavorable conditions. Also, the study shows that that the anticipated extension of both temporal and spatial disease burden for Vibrio infections will have particular high levels in the northern hemisphere. And also that the increase will reach the plateau and will stabilize more or less after 2020 at 1,300 million of affected population at risk. So because of this concern, public health concern posed by Vibrio subspecies, codex alimentarios have undertaken the risk management work by developing the guidelines on the application of general principles of food hygiene to the control of pathogenic Vibrio species in seafood. And this guidelines was adopted in 2010, but since then there was also emergence of highly pathogenic strains, it was referring to geographical spread of infections of Vibrio subspecies in association with climate change and potential demographic effects on increased risk in densely populated coastal regions. And so the changes which are on the table which should be made as a next step in the near future is to update microbiological monitoring methods including molecular based approaches. Also to collect latest data on new pathogenic strains, the geographic spread and clinical incidents. Also to collect also to develop methods for detection and characterization of Vibrio species, develop nozzle methods and apply remote sensing based techniques, satellite imagery and whole genomes sequences which would facilitate predicting periods of elevated risk and better control the viruses and Vibrio subspecies and also to undertake practical interventions including at pre-havoc stages in seafood production and also at post-havoc treatment applying high pressure purchasing, freezing, pasteurization contributing in this way to the reduction of risk of Vibrio species associated with the consumption of seafood. Other foodborne pathogens which also increasing in occurrence due to climate change include parasites in freshwater, fish and plants, then it's increasing the pathogen shading increase the reason increase in mosquitoes, animal disease and with the respective use of microbials and potential antimicrobial resistance rates. And there are also some decrease in some viruses. We face also internalization of pathogenics Ischerichia coli and Salmonella in leafy green vegetables increased fecal contamination due to runoffs and contamination due to splash and flooding. Another, let's say emerging risk is coming from algal blooms and as you may know, the alga are a natural component of aquatic ecosystems and the blooms occur when certain alga grow out of control due to various environmental and anthropogenic conditions. Some alga produce toxins which can be accumulate in fish, shellfish and induced toxic syndromes in humans when consumed. Climate change is promoting and supporting harmful algal blooms and their expansion to new areas, most of which are not prepared to address the challenge of detection and surveillance and therefore this presents a risk to public health and trade. In particular, and one of the most known, let's say toxic and human disease related to algal blooms is chiguatera poisoning, which is caused particularly by dinoflagellates and it is a toxic substance which accumulates in alga, which is then eaten by small fish, herbivorous and which is then eaten by bigger fish and in this way, the toxic substance enter in the trophic chain arriving on the plate of consumers. It should be mentioned that Central America is one of chiguatera endemic areas and this has been documented and also confirmed published by FAO in one of its publication. And that's the hazard, which is let's say expanding and increasing toxicity under climate change are mycotoxins. Mycotoxins already a big problem in particularly in tropical areas and temperature, relative humidity and crop damage by pests influence fungal growth and mycotoxin production in crops. With the change in climate and with the worms moving to the nose to more cooler and the temperate zones, fungal species find new habitats and they, we face also like increasing the regional, the affected zones and regions affected by, which are prone to increase development and growth of production of mycotoxins. In addition, inadequate storage and transportation infrastructure, especially under climate change condition and also lengthening food chain, increase the risk of production and dissemination of mycotoxins. Heavy metals are also hazard, important hazard under climate change because for example, or water and acidification increase the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in plants or if we speak to speak about metal mercury in fish, this is also happening. Extreme weather conditions, rainfall, flooding, flooding, spread of toxic metals from mining areas to food production areas. And increasing soil temperature favours the uptake of arsenic by plants. Another driver and trend, which has been described in the foresight report is the changing consumer preferences and food consumption patterns. And this has been draw to the attention that there are different factors which determine the consumers to change their purchasing and consumption patterns, including environmental concerns, then concerns for animal welfare or health concerns. And many consumers, they tend to become vegetarians or flexi-vegetarians consuming less animal origin food and opting for plant-based alternatives. And this change in the consumption pattern may lead to the ingestion of some allergen, unknown allergen, or can lead to contamination of new food sources, which all these phenomenon are requiring establishing standards and risk management solutions, which also especially apply to functional foods and the nutracea rooticals for which the benefits and let's say challenges or risk factors are not complete or well described. It's important to mention that, especially during the pandemic, and there is also convenience driven increase in purchasing of food through e-commerce, which in this trend is increasing and e-commerce requires both infrastructure, adjustments, proper storage, warehouses, et cetera, and proper control and proper adherence to food safety and good hygiene practices, but also needs regulatory solutions. Some countries are more advanced in these areas having already legislation in place and which is enforced. Other countries are only at the initial stages and more attention to e-commerce is necessary. And this appears as one of those steps needed for to address food safety challenges. In relation to consumers, to the changes, to the choices of consumers and consumption patterns, it's important to mention that consumers, food safety awareness often is shaped by the information they search, they receive from internet, from mass media. Therefore, it is very important to ensure availability and accessibility of information from trusted sources, counteracting and leaving less place for misinformation. Let's try to see if my slides move no more. I am sorry for this inconvenience. If when we speak about food safety risk communication, it's important that consumers have trust in the information and also in competent authority, in governing institutions, and this trust is essential for effective food safety risk communication. Risk communicator should actively work to demonstrate credibility, honesty and care and ensure that food safety risk communication is founded on good communication practices which include accountability and trust, openness and transparency, timeliness and responsiveness, preparing, planning, coordination and cooperation. And FAO together with WHO has issued in 2016 a handbook on risk communication applied to food safety where all these principles of good risk communication are described. And in addition, this handbook has an annex where all institution and actors involved in food safety risk communication can find a survey, a mini survey with several components, very easy to fill but which will help to understand where your institution spends with the capacity for food safety risk communication. And I encourage you to open this handbook and to visit the annex one in the end and that takes the mini survey so that you see what features of your institutions, what resources, human resources, maybe what trainings, et cetera, what actions are needed in order to ensure an effective food safety risk communication from your institution. Another, let's say, trend, drive and trend and described in the foresight report is new food sources and food production systems in which feature such sources like edible insects, seaweed, cell-based food production, plant-based alternative and jellyfish. In the area of new food sources and new food production systems, the terminology was flagged as one of issue which needs harmonization in order to have more constructive discussion among countries, among authorities and also having the agreement on terminology will also help with regulatory aspects. I would like to let you know that recently FAO has published food safety aspects of cell-based food where the terminology aspects are explained and also the way and the justification, the rationale behind choosing the terminology for this group of foods like cell-based food and also this publication includes the description of hazards related to cell-based food. And here attention not to confuse with risk, just hazards are not the same as the risk. You as professionals in food safety area understand that having, let's say, food safety hazards identified does not translate directly that the respective food is not edible, but of course it's a matter of keeping control and ensuring that these hazards do not transform or do not gain a high risk. And as a driver or before going to another driver, I just wanted also to draw your attention to the fact that new food sources and food production system topic has been discussed in the CCLAC in last October. And it was mentioned among others that new food sources and new technologies, they are coming with their own new challenges in terms of consumer acceptance, post social impact and therefore there is a need for agreement among countries about regulatory models and also technological advances need to be coupled with social, cultural and economic context and promoted by policy changes in order to be successful. And here I would remind that at the CCLAC it was also mentioned or FAO, representative of FAO, invited countries in CCLAC region to think about areas that relates to safe novel food and new technologies for which countries would need FAO technical support. And now you have to move to next driver and friend. It's about urbanization and urban agriculture. And in this context, it is important to mention that urbanization normally happens and at the CCLAC it is important to mention happens and it's more than the development of infrastructure than water supply and so on. So it is important to give you attention to good governance, mechanism, capacities, policies, financial support and also infrastructure development in order to enable food production in urban and very urban areas so that safe and diverse food is provided in a sustainable manner for urban settings. And also agriculture with urban areas can meet local food and nutrition security concerns and reduce food waste and reduce environmental impact. So it's worth developing, but with a due attention to make it in accordance with good practices and with good food safety outcome. Another driver and friend, which has been described in the foresight report is circular economy. And as a case study for this circular economy has taken microplastic, microplastic, drawing the attention that recycling, the packaging is not stride forward because there may be also some contaminants associated and it's important to have appropriate regulatory frameworks and underpinning risk assessment applied to recycling plastics and other packaging for let's say economic consideration and environmental protection consideration and to do this in good food safety terms. And then speaking about recycling, we should remember that recycling do not refer only to material, materials, but also to water. And I would like to draw your attention that the joint expert meeting on microbiological risk assessment has produced a series of guidelines, series of guiding materials. For example, how to use safety water in fresh fruits and vegetables, water from what sources and the characteristics parameters, then how to use safe and quality water in production and processing of fish and fishery products and also how to use and reuse the water in processing and production and production. And it's this microbiological risk assessment guidance, you know they are numbered, so you will find them. But I will share, I mean the organizer will share with you my presentation, so you'll find the links also which I included in those slides, which I cannot, I don't know, my computer just froze and I cannot move the slide. I'm sorry. And so the number of guidance are numbered 37, 41 and also 42. So it is very important that in those applications of water, which have direct contact with fresh produce, which will be used raw without cooking, without let's say processing, it's important to use clean feed for peppers, drinkable water. So it's very important to maintain safe water throughout the production cycle and to avoid contamination through water. Another driver and trend, which is described in the full site is food fraud. And which is characterized like as an unfortunate and the uncomfortable part of agri-food system, which have double two-fold burden, economic burden, bringing economic damage to consumers and also unfairness, bringing unfairness, competitive unfairness between let's say business operators, but also food fraud can have also food safety aspects if the ingredients used, they are not safe. And of course for food fraud, there are no easy solution and the regulation is a central part of trust building in agri-food systems. And in the end, the final call to eliminate food fraud from agri-food systems remain with authorities, with those, let's say institutions who have responsibility for minimizing economic damage and potential health consequences and the overall erosion of trust in the authorities. So what is important as a publication suggests not to rush, not to avoid hasty reactions in case of food fraud and estimate carefully what happens, the reason, et cetera. And also there is a recommendation to look beyond data as a solution and consider social variables as an equally valid element to address food fraud. So finally, I would remind that the risk analysis framework is a central methodology which is applied in food production in food business in order to ensure the food is safe and the risk analysis framework contains risk management, risk assessment, risk communication. The risk assessment of this new drivers and trends and the new hazards, potential hazards related to this new drivers and trends require more data, require more data, require more information. And it is important to use more environmental data through collecting, through satellites, through remote sensing. And it's important also to have research to establish correlations between environmental conditions and the foodborne diseases, hazards and foodborne diseases. It's important to support the development of predictive models which only are as good as data are and the new insights can support risk management. And here I would like to let you know that FAO has had a survey at the study in 2022 together with Wageningen Food Safety Research where the knowledge and use of let's say daily warning, food safety, daily warning tools and methods has been used by our taken and used by country. And I wanted to introduce the findings from this survey. So the rationale it was that technology is developing at a great pace and good understanding how it can use is essential. So they identified the following findings that identification of daily warning signals and emerging risk signals of food safety in food and feed is considered important but not always identified as a prioritized activity in many organizations or food business operators. Therefore awareness need to be enhanced on daily warning tools and methods. Also it was also a conclusion of finding that software tools for identifying food safety daily warning systems especially for emerging risk of food safety in food and feed are important to know. And it's important to have enabling policy environment, technical skills and the capacities and which currently are insufficient at the insufficient level. And there is also a general low level of automated data collection. And the machine learning and artificial intelligence are not implemented in many organizations. Nevertheless, the importance is acknowledged. The gap analysis shown the following gaps. Gaps and technical challenges like lack of internet access and also lack of technologies like monitoring system, large computational infrastructure, high tech, robotic sensors, drones and limited access to data. Social economic challenges included lack of coordination between agencies at national level, lack of skilled personnel, lack of good financial conditions and lack of supporting practices. There are also outlined gaps for different technologies like gaps in big data, gaps in internet of things in artificial intelligence technologies in automated food safety systems. But I will leave this for your reading when you get the slides. Unfortunately, I'm sorry they cannot be displayed. And I will remind the data sources. We need various to use various data sources such as sensor data from spectroscopy and electronic noses to image data like satellite images, mobile phone images, text data from online media publications, also data from food inspection and control including also whole genome sequencing data and also data from coming from food research and expert knowledge. So of course the future for, we need a new approach for data collection and data analysis and the countries are encouraged to prioritize and give attention to that. What actions countries are encouraged to take in order to address the drivers and brands which has been outlined in this, let's say, in this session. First of all, awareness is important. So it's important that we are aware what is coming, what is at the horizon and we need to make sustainable investments and to strengthen surveillance and to organize strategic monitoring and food safety management plans to apply them and to ensure their enforcement. We need the new approaches to analyze increasing data volumes using tools based on machine learning and international intelligence, sorry, artificial intelligence and promote data sharing among actors but among public sector, private sector and among countries as well. To engage with stakeholders, we need to engage with stakeholders at local, national, global level in order to harness expertise and resources and unified response to growing common challenges can be assured only through integrated one health and cross-sectoral approach where together with agri-food sector and other partners, important partners are environment, health, but also finance. We need to assess and reassess considering the changing environment. We need advanced knowledge through research, identifying issues and improving solutions. They should not be reinforcing the problem and we should be forward-looking, of course. So FIO considers that COSIDE plays an important role in identifying emerging food safety challenges and it's important that every country undertake FOSIDE exercise and where necessary FIO is also open to help with increasing capacity for FOSIDE at country level. And as the message which I wanted to convey in this presentation is that FIO is well-placed to collect, analyze and disseminate information for various emerging issues from numerous areas and it can also provide support to countries in implementing, as I mentioned before, their own FOSIDE activity. And with this, I would close my talk. I'm sorry, I could not. But I am sending to you now Maria the presentation. And in fact, I should send it through WeTransfer or some other because it's big. So I cannot send it through email. But after the webinar, you can also disseminate it to participants. And I apologize again for this technical incomodity. And if you have some questions, maybe you are invited to raise questions. Thank you very much for your attention. Muchas gracias. Muchísimas gracias Leonora, thank you so much for joining us today and for sharing with us. Now we open the floor, you have any questions? If you have any questions, please go ahead. In the meantime, I'll have the first question. I have the first question for you. What can FAO do, what can FAO and CODEX members in the region can do to tackle some of the challenges that you presented today and how can they get in touch with FOSIDE? Get in touch with FAO. Okay. So first of all, the participants are invited to have close contact and communication with FAO country offices where they exist. So this is one, let's say compulsory advice and step and also it's important that you participate in the process of the development of country programming framework. Each country has so-called country programming framework which is a kind of commitment and a plan for capacity development and interaction of FAO's country. And it's important that institutions convey their priorities and they are captured into CPF country programming framework because in this way, it's easier to get funds for the implementation. So this I would like to say and concerning CODEX, CODEX standards, as you know, as there are two-way process is a process of contributing to CODEX standards development. And for this, you need the country data, regional data, regional consultation and you should be in the process of close contact with the regional coordinator for Latin America and Caribbean, which is Ecuador. And we have a couple of colleagues here from CCLAC. And also, so this is one way of working with CODEX providing technical expertise, providing data for standard setting. And there is a second way of taking already the products, the standards which CODEX is developing. It means standards, guidelines and recommendation and other text code of practice which should be applied in the agri-food systems. So I encourage you to have a look at CODEX, the page to look at those standards, guidelines and code of practice, which can be useful as a solution for the problem which you may have currently in your country. Thank you. We have another question from Gustavo Miramar. Gustavo, please, if you can turn on your camera for that. Yes, it's very important what Gathers says here, Leonor has said. I would like to say that the pollution of Salmonella and what about the microorganisms, for example, this type of pollution, this type of pollution, physical and chemical by pesticides and others. It is in the primary production, right? And what we would need What about the guidelines? It would be good so you can give it to us too. So this is something concerning our different countries and it is part of the national of Bolivia. It would be good if we could work in this area, given that this is causing problems with Salmonella, as Leonor has said, and it would be good. So what about the good practices and the analysis of Sesgo that we could do with work that is operational here in Bolivia? Thank you very much. Yes, thank you very much, Dr. Mirabal, for your question. I cannot agree more that food safety should start from primary production and the application of good agricultural practices, good hygiene practices and good manufacturing practices. They are prerequisites for food safety, for effective food safety management systems so that at the end of the food supply chain, we have safe food. And indeed, it's an analysis of hazards. It's very important in order to know what kind of good hygiene practices should be applied and what kind of risk management measures should be applied in order to neutralize or to minimize the hazards to the level which they do not pose risk, appreciable risk for public health. I would remind that good agricultural practices include in themselves some part of good hygiene practices, but it's not enough because they don't bring always the technological parameters how to achieve food safety and how to reduce the risk of hazards. Therefore, it's very important and I advise Bolivia and other countries to look into developing good hygiene practices applied to different food subsectors because every food subsector has its own technological scheme, its own processes and its own hazards. Therefore, it's important to have good hygiene practices applied for example, dairy, applied to breadmaking, applied to food streets, applied to canning maybe or applied to meat products and so on. So, this is my advice to advise people also good hygiene practices for retail or for food service and so on. Thank you. The second time of Colombia, we have a couple of questions and then we will close this part of the day. Thank you very much. Good morning all. Listening to Leonora, reading the report, I see that she says that it is necessary to make new risk evaluations because we don't know about that and what are the implications that we have for this type of consumption and the food and the protection systems, the changes given to human, the urban spaces, the changes for the technological things and what we can do. We have to do all these risk evaluations. Leonora already said that we need to find new risk measures. So, I have the feeling now that after more than 30 years of working in food in equity, in food safety, the small knowledge that I have concerning this is going to be left behind. I mean, I'm not going to be updated because all these changes mean an enormous change and the need to research and learn and no more to find new measures to understand what's going on, everything that is posed here, that is posed by the report of the file. It's a full challenge and it is very interesting in the presentation of Leonor for the young that are here and it's a lot to do, we have a lot to do and that is something, well, it was more a comment than a question. Thank you for your time. Yeah, thank you very much. Mr. Jairo for Romero for the comment and indeed the food safety is a continuous business, is a continuous process. We cannot stop because, for example, if to imagine the body of knowledge as a circle which is bordering with unknown, which is outside, more knowledge we accumulate and more that the circle is enlarging, the more also is the border of unknown. So this is just a visual illustration that if we advance with science, we advance with new technologies, we have more and more questions also ahead of us. Thank you. Yes, thank you very much. Good morning and good afternoon, everyone. Thank you for a lovely presentation, enjoyed it. I wanted to know more about the food safety risk network that we have for our region and how it is going to help us in the capacity building for our countries to do risk analysis, that's one and for analytic data because we need this to do our monitoring programs both on the agriculture side and the ministry side, the food safety side. And just wondering how every was went so, have any programs in line or viewpoint how we're going to attain this. Thank you. Yes, thank you very much for your question, Dr. Susan Glenn on Miguel. I am wondering if Marisa is online, is Marisa connected, Daniela, do you know? She couldn't know, okay. Because we have a regional food safety officer which is involved in this food safety risk network project. I think this is a project which is funded by food safety STDF standards and food safety development facility and it is aiming to develop a risk assessment capacities at national level and to have a network of specialists exactly for cross-fartilization or consultation and for building, let's say not duplicating but building synergy and deciding where to focus the resources and what would be the most stringent problem to be addressed. So I am very optimistic about this project and it's very good that you are interested in this problem and I would encourage to contact and I think that Maria from Santiago she could help connect you with Marisa and see how Dr. Susan can be involved in this project. Yeah, thank you very much. Thank you, I will put Isabel and Marisa about the question I will link the two of you. We have another question but given the time constraints, Ani from Peru, if you can write it on the chat, I would like to introduce a new presentations. Eleonora, thank you very much for being with us and for sharing your knowledge and helping us in taking important steps towards better understanding food safety, thank you very much. Thank you very much and I would stay to listen also to the next presenters and if possible to participants with discussion it's my pleasure, thanks a lot. Thank you, Maria and Eleonora, so nice to see you and greet you at this workshop. We're going to continue now and we're going to welcome Dr. Claudia Guzman who has 23 years experience in different areas in medication, food, raw material, safety. She is involved in the Codos Alimentarios in El Salvador, Osartic and she has six years experience in this area. Thank you, Claudia, for inviting, for accepting our invitation. We are now sharing your presentation. You are ready to go. Thank you very much, Daniela. I would like to thank you for the invitation and to be able to show you the contact point Codos and we hope to be able to share our experience from Salvador standpoint. I will refer a little bit about the challenges and food safety in El Salvador from the contact point, Codix contact point. Here we go. So I would like to give you some background about Osartic, the acronym. It is the organization from El Salvador that has to do with the regulation, technical regulation, coordinate, adapts, updates, disseminates technical regulations linked to the government. It issues the necessary regulations for the systems operations. It has technical regulations that must be complied with by the trade and other sanitary and future sanitary measures set forth by the World Organization of Trade. It maintains updates, makes available to the public. It has a database of the updated technical regulation and the process for the country and it acts as a coordinator for the Codix elementarium's point of context in El Salvador and it's linked of course to the law that were passed in the country. I would like to give you some background now about food safety. El Salvador has been working from 2017 to 2019 in managing the requests for a project with the FAO, MAS, Codix elementarium support to be able to create a structure of what the national program, Codix program looks like. And in that path during those years in 2020, we were able to have the support of by national El Salvador and Guatemala. And the project is called Capacity Building to strengthen and effectively manage contact points, the commission of Codix, the Codix national committees in the countries of Guatemala and El Salvador. In 2021, with the delay of the pandemic that arrived by surprise, we wanted to couple the emerging occurrences at the time. We faced major challenges to develop or put the project in operation. So I will share the by national project. El Salvador, Guatemala. This is allowed us as countries to enter this process to consolidate our Codix national programs without the support, the financial and technical support of this organization SVNGT and the by national project was to strengthen capacities of the members of Codix, Salvador and Guatemala to achieve a higher level than the current situation found in both national programs. We have analyzed to understand the level of the different areas where we stood as a national Codix program. We created a great deal of onsite processes to take the right steps, focusing on the weaknesses that we had in this and that we identified. Now we have eight results that were expected at the by national level, which are the challenges we need to comply with. The first one is to strengthen inter-regional collaboration between Guatemala and El Salvador through our commissions and committees of Codix with the development of trainings and workshops through our experiences of El Salvador and Guatemala. Then our other aspect is to strengthen collaboration amongst the member countries in projects with other contact points of the CESA luck and countries that are consolidated. This has helped us to achieve professional links and to understand what have been the success stories in order to learn from them as three, the Codix contact point and members that make up the domestic structure, which comply with the functions of Codix and good practices of Codix. We should have a strategic plan at the domestic level and other Codix technical aspects. As number five, our objective is to increase the support of the contact points through institutions that are linked to the national program, subscription of an agreement or signage of an agreement on behalf of the authorities of health, agriculture, economy and the office of representatives to guarantee the commitment of the Codix Elementarius national program. And we want to facilitate also trade. The results and all the management that we try to present this for different countries, the topics that are being developed by Codix. And number seven, the Codix contact point, the members must be technically trained and prepared to exercise all the activities that Codix requires from them. This has been a very hard task in the last year and more welcome because part of the training we need to carry out on our staff is fundamental. And the number eight is the work development in government institutions. Our binational project seeks to strengthen elements to have macro results. We will have 11 products and 33 activities. The number one is centered around the fact that we have consultation, communication and decision-making process by Codix. The results that we expect is that the contact point and the members that are part of the national structure comply with their role and have understand the strategic plans of the national program and all those that support the good practices. We have four products that are triggered from these elements and each one has activities. I'm not going to go to that detail. We already have the National Codix Commission baseline which is fundamental for all the activities that the contact point is carrying out. And because they are leading the process at the national level we are implemented. Also the national and 2022 we carried out the national plan by complying by 90% of all the activities by complying by 90% of the program. And right now we're executing the national program 2023 with the goal of achieving our strategic plan. And last point here is that upon concluding this program we could transfer this diagnosis to measure consolidation and how the national Codix structure has played out. The number two element is centered around the fact that El Salvador and Guatemala should have knowledge and comprehension of the work carried out by Codix. The members and the contacts and the mirror committees of Codix and all stakeholders, government, industry, academy and consumers are trained and technically prepared to carry out their jobs and activities of the Codix countries. This is focused around having this kind of training. In 2022 we developed a significant training and in 2023 we have already developed one and we have other types of program training which will strengthen these competencies. Element three is centered around the fact that El Salvador and Guatemala apply policies that will guarantee Codix at the national level. We hope this program is established and in present for the achievement of the well-being of the population at large authorities of health, agriculture, economy and foreign affairs should be committed to supporting the Codix elementaries in the countries. The products, the authorities have to be sensitized to this high level. We need to coordinate the different high level authorities, health, agriculture, economy, the offices and of course the foreign affairs office. And of course from the standpoint of Codix to be operational and be involved in all these operations of the ministries of course that are involved so that we can generate this dynamic of sustainability on the national program. As I mentioned before, I have a summary of what this creation looked like. This was a process in 2021 like where we carried out different workshops and we were able to carry out the strategic plan. This was a validation program and the subscription in person event with the support of the ministry honorary members that signed this plan. We created two national plans which have been executed in 2022 as I stated and 2023 which is in the underway. With different activities which we expect to comply with our project. In this strategic plan, we developed it based on the problem we identified at the national level after we implemented the tool. We carried out this process with the funds provided. Our main problem as a country is the scarce participation and involvement of key national authorities in Codix to work in the proposal analysis adoption, follow up and assessment of the scope in compliance with Codix standard and to achieve the reduction of diseases transmitted via food or foodborne diseases as was to facilitate trade. Then we created the results in order to obtain these consolidated structures. Amongst the expected results on a long-term, middle-term and short-term which is the one we're working on right now, our vision is to within these results we can reduce the incidence and severity of diseases that are airborne, that are foodborne. A higher participation of agro-industry products in the national international market with employment and income for El Salvador. In the middle term, we have the adoption and implementations of Codix standards at a domestic level which are relevant to reduce the foodborne diseases and the reduction of costs and times in transactions. As you can see, this is a long path that the country is going step by step and we are very happy and optimistic to be able to carry out and achieve the results that we have set ourselves as a goal. In the strategic plan 2021-2024, we expect on a short-term to have results in three areas. One of them is to improve the consultation process, communication and Codix management in the Codix standard compliance, a support adoption of processes, follow-up and assessments of Codix standards and reducing of course foodborne diseases and facilitating trade, improve and increase technical capacity, scientific involvement in understanding food safety and our framework is to be able to implement all these. Our strategic plan vision is to consolidate the Codix national program in El Salvador through an effective participation of all stakeholders in the creation and review of the food safety standard which is what we are working on. Now, as far as development objectives, we seek to increment the key players to propose and adopt the standards for Codix elementaries in improving trade and commerce. We wanted to improve the quality consultation, communication for the proposal analysis adoption of this Codix standard. We hope that we will be able to increment the participation of key players for this proposal and that we are able to adopt Codix number two. What has been set forth has been reviewed and recommended and adopted by the mirror committees and to support the reduce and reduce foodborne diseases. And number three, by then we would like to have improvement of participation processes in El Salvador and the participation of international organizations around the Codix at the domestic level. This is the part of the research and international level because it is part of what we're going to do because we're going to be focusing these as it is. So we understand having a program positive in terms of the food safety that is to minimize the management for the implementation of the standards for their nature, it is part of the ETA and the commerce. So everything on the researchers and everything at a national level, international and all these facilitation of areas, this is part of the research, the follow-up and the basis to be able to make the ministries. This is part of the standards. This is part of the research for the evaluation of the social impacts economic in the application of the standards and sorry for the Codix standard being able what this is generating and for the mechanisms and for these effects, economic for the implementation of these standards and this is introduced for the decision takers. As a last area, last objective here, it is part of the significant capacity of these links and all the food safety for the proposal and the evaluation of anything that we should do. And for that, we have the standard to be able to comply the expected results. One of them is that it is able to update the knowledge, the technical knowledge of the different parties that are relevant of the Codix and the proposal and the follow-up of the Codix standards. Also, it says that we have integrated these research for the Codix of the food to be able to standardize some areas that are coming from the some notions for the standard and the action plans in the result number three and the standards that are referenced at a national level, international and others. This is for the improvement of the processes of generation and these standards that are the Codix and the fourth one that are part on these research and the standards for the compliance of the resources that are strategic for the food safety. In number five, we pretend to have developed and be ableized the technical proposal that are financial for these type of research for the food safety and the standards of the Codix. This is something that supports data when these are requested and this is part of the standardized result that allows to systematize and exchange value effectively speaking and efficiently in food safety. And well, this is my presentation. This was my presentation for today and I hope this has given you the necessary ideas for the contact point that is the Salvador. This is the reason why we are here and this has a full challenge to be able to comply and have these happy compliance. So there's a strategic plan and everything that we have done, everything with the purpose to strengthen our plan, our program, national program of the Codix. And so we thank very much your time and the attention that you have given me. So thank you very much for that. Thank you so much, Claudia. Good presentation. We're gonna now go to the Q&A. If you have any consultation, please let me know. Raise your hand or you can write it down in the chat. Okay, so let's go for that. Gustavo, go ahead. Yes, I would like to take this time to the CCLAC to congratulate our colleagues, Claudia in this case. The advances that he has for the strategic plan and as Bolivia and the strategic plan and the implementation of the committee, the Codix of Bolivia in this case. Nevertheless, we are a bit avoiding the difficulty of being able to make that, meaning that all the institutions can take part of the POA for the different activities with the concerning budgets. So I would like to ask you about this requirement. How are you doing that? Have you had any difficulty in the implementation of the strategic plans? And for El Salvador and Guatemala, I would like to know about that, but also I would like to respond to know if you've seen here in Bolivia, we are having to strengthen for the Codix that are sustainable overtime to strengthen this legal part or establishing the food safety as a public policy that is and becomes a task of the state, not as a private entity, but it is part of the step with the TIPIA training. I don't know, Claudia, if you could, please comment something about it. You are so kind, Claudia. Thank you so much, Gustavo. Thank you all. All the team is working to be able to perform this plan that we have stated ourselves. And I would like to tell you about the experience that we've been able to develop and the strategies that we are developing for these areas for the project on the tasks where we have gathered all the different parties of the different national sectors to be able to work as a group international plan. And this opportunity in the year 2022, we have developed, we have two days, two working days, one where we create a draft of a plan for the Codix in El Salvador that introduces all the national parties and we give this room for the modification, for the improvement, creating a roadmap for all the activities that we are dealing with and other that work sheen in the second working day, we are going to have this yearly plan reviewed and to make adjustments that visualize the members and therefore we will be able to favorize us to be able to have some of these yearly plans as we have mentioned. So somehow all of this, all of this is going to give us this support for the project of all the sectors for all the activities that are opposed, they're not the contract point. The contract point is the one that is going to be littering for the activities of that and these are all the ones that are involved, these are involved. And thanks very much for all the awareness and all the effort and the sensibilization of this 2021 that we are starting to execute and we have had the support of the different sectors when we gathered these activities also to be able to execute them. So I consider that it has been key and very important the sensibilization in the support of the authorities that has been essential to be able to manage these plans and to achieve these compliance. Okay, this is the second question that is coming and we have here the legality and everything that we are considering to escalate our rule of codex, codex at another level and we are working all together, we can be part of that. And the idea is to have this codex rule for the level of the execution and for that, equally speaking, and in a ministry of codex, and in a ministry of codex, and in a ministry, we have two ministries that are part of the iniquity of the food, food safety, and the assistance of the government. And also this has been essential for the support of the entities to be able to establish and be able to escalate this document that is the one that we're waiting for. So it has a necessary weight and importance to have that sustainability that we're looking for. Okay, thank you so much. Thank you so much, Claudia. We have another question here, which are the challenges concerning the food safety that have been identified and how the codex has been helping to achieve that. The food safety is not part of the codex and the area. What has been done? This is part of the mean cell. I could not answer that question. And we are giving that perspective as a contact point of the codex that we are in this part of the area. I mean, that we are in this situation. Thank you so much, Claudia, for your presentation. I don't think there are more questions. And it's an honor to have you here. And it's an important actor for the region. You are a very important stakeholder and I hope we can keep in contact. With this, we put an end to your presentation. So, Angel, let's go ahead. Thank you so much, Daniela and Claudia for this excellent presentation. Now to continue, we're gonna leave for the floor with Natalie Gibson. She's a technical director in the food safety of the authority of the insect. And she has been working in the food safety as an administrator of the laboratory. And she deals with the surveillance anti-microbial and the codex of this year, 2022. So whenever you want, Natalie, the floor is yours. Thank you and happy to be here. Thanks for the invitation. I just share my screen. Okay, are you seeing it in full screen? Oh, yes, okay, great. Okay, so I'm here on behalf of the Belize Agricultural Health Authority and our codex committee. And just a little background in Belize, where we're located. We're bordered by Mexico, Guatemala and the Caribbean Sea. And our economy largely based on tourism and agriculture. We're a very small country, a very small population, only 400,000 people at our last census. And in terms of our national food control system, we have the two major authorities are the Belize Agricultural Health Authority, the Food Safety Services Department and Baja, which we call Baja, which is the statutory body with responsibility for animal health and food safety. We're established in 2000. We have the Ministry of Health and Wellness and specifically their Public Health Bureau has responsibility for food safety. The Belize Bureau of Standards has responsibility for standards, quality and consumer protection. And we have the Pesticide Control Board, which has responsibility for registration of pesticides. So in terms of, I'm going to focus more on Baja and the Ministry of Health, our division of authority there based on regulation and also on MOU with Ministry of Health having responsibility for foodborne disease surveillance, certification of food handlers, food safety policy, inspection of food, retail food establishments, drinking water and certification of drinking water facilities, food recall and outbreak investigation. In Baja, we have inspection of processing establishments, import and export certification, HASAP, food safety testing, veterinary drugs and animal feed safety. And there are a few things that probably aren't covered that we will need to cover in the future. So just looking first at foodborne disease surveillance where Ministry of Health, as I mentioned, is the lead. However, they do have a national committee and there's a national action plan. And we have support for implementation of the plan from the Caribbean Public Health Agency and PAHO. Surveillance is done by a clinician within health facilities and results supported. There's an information system, the Belize Health Information System and Epidemiology Unit within the Ministry of Health monitors trends in acute cases of acute gastroenteritis. An investigation is carried out by surveillance teams within the regions. In terms of our challenges here with foodborne disease surveillance is that limited sample collection on the reporting, the 2012, which is 11 years ago. So it's a pretty old study estimated that only one in four cases of acute gastroenteritis were reported and that number goes even less when you look at cases for which samples were collected and tested at the clinical labs. So there's very few data linking foodborne disease to a food source. And in general, there is a, yeah, one of the limitations is timely investigation for foodborne disease outbreaks. There tends to be a larger focus on controlling the outbreak than in finding the causative agent. So one of the things our action plan would address some of these gaps. One of the things we need though is high level support for its implementation. And I thought this one was interesting. In this case of Cigatera poisoning, there's been ongoing work internationally on this case. And if you had asked me some years ago, well, before 2017 I would have told you that we don't really experience cases of Cigatera and for a lot of us, this was the first case that we knew off where we had several people affected from Cigatera poisoning from consuming barracuda fish. However, if you talk to the people who are older in the various government ministries, we find out that there are anecdotal reports of previous cases of poisoning. So we had the clinical diagnosis and we've had some occurrences in the years following 2017. We were not able, so far, sorry, we were not able to, we had challenges getting testing of fish sample for Cigatoxin. And actually we had finally managed through our international counterparts to locate a lab in Europe to assist with the testing. And that was actually going very close to when the COVID-19 pandemic. So our samples were already quite a bit old and with the pandemic, everyone shifted focus. So we have the clinical diagnosis, but we've never had detection of the toxin in a sample. And I'm very interested to see the output, the guidelines that should be coming out in terms of management of Cigatera. We don't have a lot of data. We know which fishing areas we're associated. But very curious to see what impact was very interested in the FAO presentation, looking at the raising temperatures, how that would affect algal blooms and what we can predict from the future. But we definitely need a lot more data in terms of incidents of Cigatera poisoning in Belizean waters or seafood. So in EMR surveillance, for me, it's closely linked to food-borne disease surveillance. When we're talking about the food chain, of course. And we had participated in a pilot study for the Caribbean region in 2016, looking at the baseline proportion of Salmonella and the antibiotic-resistant profile in poultry. At two points, pre-slaughter and retail. And at that point, we found very little minimal multi-drug isolates in the Salmonella that we detected. That was in 2016. So how that scenario has changed until now, to be honest, we don't have an answer for that. In 2019, we worked on a five-year national plan for EMR monitoring in the food chain. We had support from EECA and the Ohio State University with plans to implement in 2020. So you might see a trend here, the pandemic kind of disrupted our plans a bit because we actually had sourced some funding at the national level in 2020 to execute that the first year of the plan, at least. And again, everybody got diverted into, yeah, all the measures with the COVID pandemic. So we are now in a case where, of course COVID has had its impact on our economy and we are looking now trying to catch up and see how we can find funding to initiate implementation and see how things have changed since 2016. And of course we're not looking, that was a pilot study, we were looking only at poultry. We have a five-year plan now where we're looking at other priority commodities as well, looking at the resistant profile there. And we have the support of PAHO also trying to assist us to see how we can access funds. So begin implementation of this plan. So shifting from microbiological hazards to contaminants and chemical residues, we have one lab in the country. So we generally consider it very limited, but we are a small country with a small population and we don't have well-developed monitoring plans as yet. I shouldn't say well-developed, we don't have, I would say enough monitoring plans as yet. Our laboratory is fairly well-equipped and we've benefited from several projects. There are challenges sometimes with budgetary constraints in terms of maintaining those equipment and also just having those plans to provide sampling for the monitoring, food safety monitoring that we want to do. And we've had significant technical capacity built in the lab through IEA technical cooperation projects. So I think at a meeting some months ago, I was happy to report that we received our LC, our liquid chromatograph tandem spectrometer, which actually would have the capacity to test for for sigatoxin, where we to develop the method in country would have that capacity now to be able to do that testing. We've also had training and here's just, that's a picture of our chemist who was in Cybertov, Austria at the IEA food lab last year training, which was really great. Of course, it's time that she wasn't in Belize testing and we have limited human resources, but the capacity that she gained was definitely worth it. We've also received some sample preparation equipment for heavy metal testing under the 11th EDFSPS project for the Caribbean, specifically the component looking at strengthening fisheries and fisheries lab. So the Caribbean regional fisheries mechanism and Infopesca supported us there. And so basically, well, of course, we have all these equipment. We want to be monitoring contaminants and be able to look at a lot of those contaminants that were mentioned in the FAO presentation. So we're limited right now in the number of monitoring plans. We have been able to participate in regional initiatives at the ORIESA level, which is the regional organization in Central America for animal health and food safety. We've been able to participate there to determine baseline levels of priority contaminants in certain commodities. So in 2018, we participated with the other countries of Central America to collect samples for determination of the cadmium levels in cacao beans. We had in 2020 arsenic levels in rice. And so both of those, so we have some data there. And ongoing, we're looking at aflatoxin levels in maize. And so that one is ongoing. We don't have the results yet. In terms of the use of the data that has been generated, we've also had some capacity building, sorry, this is in terms of the monitoring plans. I mentioned we had limited monitoring plans and we've had capacity building to support us to design monitoring programs. The focus was veterinary drugs, but through IAEA regional project that we participated in, which ended in 2022. So the endpoint of this data, of course we want to know what the risks are for our population in our food. So in terms of the data that has already been generated, we want to use it. And our staff has participated along with other or some member countries were trained in the use of the Simovina database for submission of monitoring data to GEMS. So our data can contribute to the international exposure assessments that are being done. Also through our regional project with the International Atomic Energy Agency, we acquired it at RISC software and we're looking forward to using it. I know Arisa has conducted some training in Honduras already in using this software. And I know they informed us, the Director of Food Safety had informed us that they've already looked at our data and analyzed the exposure assessment for beliefs. And so we're looking forward to our risk assessors to learn how to use the software and be able to do those quantitative risk assessments also for ourselves and be able to participate more actively also when it comes to the international risk assessments that are being done. So in conclusion, we have some threats that we are aware of and some where there is not enough sample collection, testing data collection and data analysis for us to detect trends. So we've had several projects to build capacity in those areas. Sustainability is an issue, but we have those capacities and one of the things we need to do is sensitize our stakeholders, sensitize consumers. The data we do have, we need to use, again, sensitize the consumers, make them aware of the food safety threats. So we can have the high level support to implement more food safety monitoring programs. And also we need to improve our international engagements of our food safety professionals in Codex. Last year, we were able to do that significantly because of the online, but even it's still limited. It's something we still want to increase. We need to improve and we're looking at opportunities to do that. And so thank you very much for your attention. Yes, congratulations Natalie for your excellent presentation. And I would like to ask with a scientific mind, in Bolivia, we've had an attack of chicken's poultry died extensively in Bolivia. We have a crisis of the poultry industry. And so my question is the following, dear Natalie, from your scientific standpoint, could we say that there might be an interrelation between the antimicrobial resistant and avian flu? That would be my concrete question. Thank you. Sorry, what did the chickens, I didn't understand what was the cause of the mortality in the United States chickens? Okay, sorry, avian influenza. Okay, I will have the avian flu. Yes, to be honest with you, avian influenza is really more the expertise of our veterinarians. So we're looking mostly at foodborne pathogens and we're looking at antibiotics. In terms of the avian influenza virus, I would say that I don't see what pressure, I suppose I'm not seeing what pressure antibiotics would exert since they're bacterial, they attack bacteria based on their chemistry. But again, yes, I would leave avian influenza to the veterinarians. Thank you. Any other questions? I didn't see any more questions in the chat. Okay, there are no further questions. Thank you, Maria and Natalie. We are concluding today's presentations. We'd like to thank our panelists and participants for this excellent day. Before we leave, we would like to have a picture of all of you at this event. We'd like to invite you to continue participating in our webinars. The next one is the 7th of July, module four, the application of codecs with regional experiences with dates to comply with the fifth food based on one system. So turn on your cameras, please. So that we can take an image of this event. It's six pages worth of images. So please be patient. First picture, smile. We're going to the next page. Don't forget to smile and turn on your cameras. All right, we're all set. Thank you very much. And stay tuned to our social networks. We will share the presentations by Cicillac. The recordings will also be shared with the, on the FAO page. And I will send the contact points of codecs of all the countries in the region so that you can review it and you can extend them to those that were not able to participate. Without further ado, see you on the 7th of July. Goodbye. Thank you. Bye bye.