 is based on introduction to video and second is based on file formats, color and coding systems, frame rates, bit rates or the compression techniques. So look at overview of this session introduction about video, video recording processes, line based recording, direct data recording, laser beam based recording and analog versus digital signals and video. Now come to video. Everybody watch movie on computer, television, projection and cinema hall. Can anybody tell me what is the object world of video in technical terms? Video is a second of multiple frames means in one second video contains multiple frames. Suppose this is the one image, this is the second image, this is the third image and goes on. This is the main definition of the video. This is the example of seconds of video. Suppose you take 25 different sorts of a moving hand from still camera, first sort like this, second like this, third like this, fourth like this, fifth like this, sixth and so on and put in the software and play in one second it will be look like this. So this video made from still image, so this is the technical definition of video. Now go to video recording processes. There are three types of recording processes, line based recording, direct data recording and laser beam based recording. Can anyone give the example of line based recording? Line based recording can be recorded analog signal and digital signal both, but data direct recording and laser beam based recording record only digital signal. Now come to next line based recording. This is the actual process of line based recording in VHS camera or DV camera head rotating clockwise and this is the magnetic tape of the cassette. The head has minimum 2 bits, this is the bit. Head rotating clockwise, bit also rotate with this and magnetic tape movement right direction. Minimum 2 bit required to record the signal on magnetic tape. This is the actual image from VHS camera head. This is the head drum. These are bits. This is the motor. This motor rotates video head drum. Example all cameras that record video on cassette like VHS camera, DV camera, direct data recording. This is based on digital signal. It can be classified in two categories, hard disk camera and flash drive camera. Direct data recording on hard drive, direct data recording on flash drive. Camera which records video on hard disk or flash drive can be classified in this category. Laser beam based recording. This is also the same of direct data recording techniques. The output of video data is recorded with laser beam. A camera we called on DVD, CD and blu-ray disc. There are three types of recording LBR, direct database and laser beam based. Analog versus digital. We listen analog signal, digital signal, but do not know the exact word of analog and digital. This is the analog video. This is the digital video, but we cannot categorize what is the analog and what is the digital. Come to analog signal. Analog signal is a variable signal that is continuous with time and intensity. Because this is the graph, x axis has time and y axis has intensity. Continuous signal means like this, this is analog signal. Any continuous variable signal is analog signal. Example signal from tap recorder. The tap recorder signal is continuous and telephone voice signal, now digital signal, digital signal is non-continuous and changes in individual steps and it has the binary digit 0 or 1 and it is based on true or false method. It is represented by 0 or 1 only. The time and intensity graph, suppose in first step 1 and after first step suppose it will be 0, you have a continuous signal 2 to a then again 1, again 0, again 1, again 0, again 1. This is the digital signal process. Do you know decimal number, anyone know decimal number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, these are the decimal number. But in digital, there are 2 bits used only 0 and 1, this is a base 2 system. Now binary number, it is a code that represent the numeric value into 2 digits 0 and 1 and it is based on base 2 system, base 2 means 0 or 1 only, 0 and 1 are bits, these are 8 bits equal to 1 byte, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, is there a say 8 digit, it has 1 bit there. Now 1, 0, 2, 4 bytes equal to 1 kilobyte, 1, 0, 2, 4 kilobyte equal to 1 megabyte, 1, 0, 2, 4 megabytes equal to 1 gigabyte, 1, 0, 2, 4 gigabytes equal to 1 terabyte, 1, 0, 2, 4 terabytes equal to 1 petabyte. Now let us we take an example, how to convert decimal to binary. Suppose we have to convert 69 decimal number into binary number, use base 2 table, base 2 table means decimal number from right hand side to left hand side in multiplication series. 1, then 2, 4, add 16, 32, 64, 128, this is the multiplication series, 69 is less than 129, there are no need to write more numbers. And 69 means 64 plus 4 plus 1 equal to 69, write down one below 64, then 4, then 1, 64 plus 4 plus 1 equal to 69. And remains we put 0, so 69 decimal number equal to 1 triple 0, 1, 0, 1, there are no need to use left hand side 0, like 9 equal to 0, 9, 0, 9 equal to 9. So, there are no need to use left hand side 0, why do we need digital signal, the strength of signal of digital device is better than analog, analog is the strength. Digital signals are easier to transmit, transmission is not easy, it leads to accurate transmission at half data rate, loss of signal is very low as compared to analog, it leads to better productivity, that is a productivity military digital signals. Now, come to analog and digital video, analog video, what is analog video, can anyone explain analog video, analog video has luminance and chrominance signal, luminance means black and white signal or brightness information of video, the symbol of this why, why is they represent luminance, black and white TV, luminance means brightness information of video and chrominance, color information of video RGB, red, green and blue, so a video which has luminance and chrominance signal is called analog video and it is generated by analog device, analog video example, component video, YPBPR, also called YCBCR, composite video, RCA, S video, super video or separate video and RF signal, radio frequency signal. Now, come to component video, YPBPR or YCBCR, Y means luminance signal, PB means program of blue color, PR program of red color, it is a analog video signal that has been split into three components, YPB and PR, Y carries luminance signal brightness information of video, black and white signal, PB carries blue color and luminance signal together, blue and Y, PR carries red and luminance signal R, Y, green signal can be derived using the information of blue color, red color and luminance, this is the actual image of component video, luminance socket, PB socket, blue color socket and red color socket, composite video, what is composite video, everyone use composite video, it is a based on three source signals, red signal, U signal and saturation signal, the representation of YUV, this is the composite video socket, this is the RCA cable, it is a one signal that has luminance, U and saturation, U means main source of the color, saturation means brightness information of the color, photos of me use, S video, separated video or super video, carries luminance and chrominance signal separately, this is the socket of S video, pin number one grounded, pin number two grounded, pin number three luminance signal, carries luminance signal, pin number four carries chrominance signal, this is the connector of S video, RF signal, RF signal made from composite video, it is not a actual signal, it is made from composite video and it has both audio and video signal, TV camera socket, this is the RF signal socket, the basic diagram of RF signal, RF means radio frequency signal, this is the RF circuit, this is a PCB circuit, it has some IC, some transistor, some resistance, two inputs required to make a RF signal, composite video and audio, then output RF signal, RF signal sends the signal in particular frequency of TV channel, TV may 2 say like a 69th channel, a particular frequency the RF signal, now come to digital video, a digital video made from 0 or 1 bits, it is introduced by Sony company in 1986, first time when digital video was come the format was D1 then D2, first digital video format D1, fire board, this is a basically IEEE 1394 serial bus interface, which is a high speed bus system of the computer or camera, it is a faster than USB, any data you can transfer to use this fault, because it is a bus serial interface, example of digital video, there are two types of digital video, man digital video and converted from analog video, man digital video, a video that has been recorded by digital camera or captured by DVCR, any video is recorded from digital camera, video is digital video, and DVCR capture that video is digital video and digital video converted from analog video, suppose you have shoot from VHS, and after capturing it, it is taken in computer, what will be that video, actually it is analog video, but after going to computer, it will convert digitally, all files, formats of video that has been restored on memory are digital video, captured through analog device, now we will stop here and give some exercise to you, next topic we will discuss color encoding system, frame rates, file formats, resolution and aspect trace your bit threads, codecues for encoding compression techniques.