 I'm pleased to be here today with Frank Effenberger, who's one of ITU's key experts in the area of optical access technologies. Welcome, Frank. Thank you. I was wondering if you could start off by telling us what are optical access technologies? Sure. So optical access is when you use optical fiber to provide broadband services to the customers. It's known by several names, fiber to the home, fiber to the business, fiber to the premises, but those are all basically the same thing. So inside of that passive optical networking is very important because it allows you to save a lot on the fiber and the central office equipment. So that's really one of the major technologies used for optical access. And PON, passive optical networking, was something that we talked about a few years ago and standardized a few years ago here in ITU. Are there many deployments of PON technologies in the world? Actually yes. Currently, there's deployments really scattered all over the world. The major ones are in China and in Japan and in the United States. And all told, we have about 100 million lines of optical access active right now. And what are the new developments in PON technology? So for context, the technology that we use today is G-PON or E-PON. About in 2010, 10 gigabit PON systems were standardized. And we're starting to see some small deployments of those now and that we expect that to continue. Currently, the industry is working on the next generation after that, something called NGPON 2, next generation PON, the second one. And this one, this system offers bandwidths of 40 to 80 gigabits. That's bi-directionally. It can go 40 kilometers. It can perhaps even cover 256 different endpoints. So that's quite a large array of capabilities. And it's seen by some as perhaps maybe the last PON technology that will be developed, at least in this general family of technology. So what's the evolution path then beyond that, if that's the theoretical maximum that you can reach? Well, it's usually not the theoretical maximum, but more the practical, what is very cost-effective. Going beyond those bandwidths is probably something more like a WDM PON, where you have one wavelength per endpoint and they get quite a high bandwidth that way. That's very interesting. I've seen you are looking forward to hearing more news about PON in the coming years. Thanks very much for joining us here today. Okay. Thanks for having me.