 A very good evening aspirants. Welcome to Hindu newspaper analysis brought to you by Shankarae's Academy for the date 27th of June 2022. Displayed here are the list of articles that we are going to discuss today. So without any delay let's get into the article discussion. Let us start our discussion with this oped article. See before getting started, I wanted to share something with you which I have observed looking at topper interviews. See one common trait that all aspirants have who clear means is that they have concise notes. They do not prefer knowledge accumulation but instead what they do is they constantly revise their concise notes and they take steps to retain their knowledge. Let us take the topic of MSME. For MSME they will maintain two or three pages of notes. They will diligently revise these notes again and again. If there is a question in GS paper 3 regarding MSME they will use these notes and write an answer that is most suitable for the question and through this method they will get minimum guaranteed marks for all questions in the mains GS paper and they will easily clear the examination. See this is an easy and effective way to study and it has worked for many aspirants but instead if you keep taking exhaustive notes for everything you won't be able to retain many facts and details. Finally, when you are in the examination hall you won't be able to reproduce most of your notes. Now you may have a question. Why am I sharing this with you? I am sharing this now because this editorial is comprehensive. It covers almost 90% of the stuff that you need to know about MSME. It covers the definition of MSME, the importance of MSME, the issues of MSME and the government initiatives taken to develop MSME. And if you take clear notes from this discussion and revise it regularly you can manage almost all questions about MSME in your mains examination. To summarize keep your notes simple and keep revising. Now before getting started the syllabus regarding this discussion is highlighted here for your reference please go through it. Now first of all let us see the recent revision made by the government on the classification of MSME. See there is a potential problems question here so listen carefully. The government has classified the industries into micro, small and medium industries based on its investment and turnover. An industry is considered a micro industry when its investment is less than 1 crore and its turnover is less than 5 crore. For a small industry its investment must be less than 10 crore and its turnover must be less than 50 crores. And finally for a medium industry its investment must be less than 20 crores and its turnover must be less than 100 crores. And note that this classification is applicable to both manufacturing and service industries. And this is about the revised classification of MSME. Now let us see the data and facts from the editorial which according to me must go into your permanent notes and you must revise it constantly. See every mains answer needs a clear uncomplicated introduction. With one or two pieces of data to make the evaluator believe that you have done your homework. And this editorial article offers you these data points. See in the introduction anyone can write that MSMEs are the backbone of Indian economy but only by adding data you can differentiate your answer. Here you can take some points from the editorial here. The article says that micro, small and medium industries that is the MSMEs actually account for over 99% of the businesses. And MSMEs are the largest employer in India outside of agriculture and it employs over 11.1 crore people or 45% of the workers. And you can also say about India's demographic dividend and by only generating employment through MSMEs India can truly realize its demographic dividend. So just by adding these simple points in your introduction you can convince your evaluator that you have done some homework and your answer is a well studied answer. Now moving on let us see the issues faced by MSME that are mentioned in the article. First and foremost is that MSMEs do not have access to formal credit. See the reason being the high degree of informality in the sector and MSME are not taking concrete steps to grow. Now coming to the second issue most MSME need these standards of productivity and this is due to the lack of innovation and lack of productive capital investment. Now thirdly most MSMEs do not need today's standards on environmental sustainability and health and safety of workers. See this is because of a lack of awareness about environmental laws and labour laws and there is also the issue of lack of enforcement of these laws by the government. And adding to this there is the issue of lack of skilled labour which stems from the fact that there is a huge disconnect between the industry and educational institutions. Finally these fragile MSMEs are affected due to the pandemic induced lockdowns and any progress that they have made post pandemic was again disrupted due to the Russia-Ukraine war and the rising food and fuel prices. Now these are the issues that are related to MSME sector. Now what is the consequences of all these problems? The consequence is that India's MSMEs are not able to properly integrate into the global supply chain and this is preventing India to realize its full potential growth. And now having seen the problems let us see the steps taken by the government to help MSME sector. Here the steps include make in India campaign, production linked incentive scheme, zero defect, zero effect certification scheme, digital section, eShram portal, national career service, Atma Nirba skilled employee employer mapping portals, rationalizing of labour laws, mudra scheme, MSME samband, MSME samadhan, prime minister employment generation program and finally so many skilled development and apprenticeship programs. See these are the steps taken by the government and I haven't explained each and every scheme here as we have covered almost all the schemes as a part of Shankaray's Academy's daily news analysis. And after this discussion note down all the schemes and revise the moment you hear or see the word MSME you must be able to recollect all these schemes and all the points we just revised. Only then you will be able to reproduce it in your examination and get good marks. Now moving forward let us see the way forward and the steps that are to be taken to improve the MSME sector. First is the digitization of MSME and the next big buzz word is industry 4.0. See industry 4.0 include big data, use of artificial intelligence and virtual reality in the business process. So the first step is the digitization and efforts must be taken to ensure that. The second is greening of MSME. See new MSMEs must be made to adhere to India's environmental goals and old MSMEs must be retrofitted. This needs significant investment from the entrepreneurs for which they will need government support also. So government here must ensure that significant investment has been done to other MSMEs to the India's environmental goals. Now third is the diversification of supply chain so that future shocks like the ones that happen during pandemic can be prevented. Now finally the MSME sector must be rapidly formalized. Here government must take measures to ensure organic formalization of the MSME. See just forcing the sector to formalize through strict policy will be detrimental to both the sector and the government. So instead of pushing the MSME into formalization government should hold the MSMEs and guide them into formalization. Here finally to summarize to realize the full socio-economic role of the MSME sector the government should take forward-looking policy. That's all about this article. Now let's have a quick recap. In this discussion we saw the classification of industries into micro small and medium by the government based on investment and turnover. Micro industry is one when its investment is less than 1 crore and turnover less than 5 crore. Small industry its investment must be less than 10 crore turnover less than 50 crore. Medium industry investment must be less than 20 crore and turnover must be less than 100 crore. And this classification is applicable to both manufacturing and service industries. And after that we saw MSMEs account for over 99 percentage of the businesses and it is the largest employer in India employing 11.1 crore people. And by generating employment through MSMEs India can truly realize its demographic dividend. And after that we moved on to see issues faced by MSMEs. The first one is lack of access to formal credit, lack of standards of productivity, lack of innovation, lack of productive capital investment, lack of standards on environmental sustainability, health and safety of workers, lack of skilled labour and finally conditions that affects the sector which are beyond control which includes pandemic induced lockdowns and the Russia-Ukraine war. And we saw the consequences of these problems which is MSME not being able to properly integrate into the global supply chain. And after that we saw steps taken by the government to help MSME sector. We saw certain schemes here which includes Make in India campaign, production linked incentive schemes, zero effect certification scheme, digital section, Ishram portal, national career services, Atman Irba skilled employee, employer mapping portals, rationalizing of labour laws, mudra scheme, MSME samband, MSME Samadhan, Prime Minister Employment Generation Program and many Kaushal Vikas schemes that is skilled development schemes. And finally we ended our discussion by seeing steps that are to be taken by the government to improve MSME sector. The first one is digitization of MSME, the next one is enabling industry 4.0 which includes big data use of artificial intelligence and virtual reality in business processes. The second one is greening of MSME, third one is diversification of supply chain and final one is formalization of MSME sector. Now with these points in mind let us move on to the next article discussion. Now look at this news article. Our Prime Minister is currently in Germany to attend the G7 summit. Germany which is the host of this year's G7 summit invited India, Argentina, Indonesia, Senegal, South Africa as guests for the summit. See this gesture of Germany is to recognize the democracies of the global south as its partners. Our Prime Minister will hold bilateral meetings and discussions with the leaders of G7 and also the guest countries on the sidelines of the summit. See the issues that our Prime Minister will mainly focus on will include climate, energy, food security, counter-terrorism, environment, gender equality, democracy and the Russia-Ukraine conflict. And this is about the news article. In this context let us revise about the G7 grouping. See G7 grouping it is an informal group of seven countries. It consists of United States, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan and United Kingdom. See G7 represents 40% of global GDP and 10% of world's population. See these points are golden points. You can use it in your mains answer and it will be useful for your problems also. See unlike other bodies such as NATO, G7 has no legal existence and that is why it is called as the informal group. In addition to this it even lacks a permanent secretariat. It also has no binding impact on policy and all decisions and commitments made at G7 meetings. See the policies decisions and commitments need to be ratified independently by the governing bodies of member states. And this is about the G7. Now let us take a look at the presidency of G7 groupings. See the presidency of G7 meetings is held by each of the seven countries in turn each year. The country holding the presidency is responsible for organizing and hosting the meeting. Germany took over the presidency of the G7 from January 2022. In each G7 summit the host country can invite some guests. As we saw earlier this year India, Argentina, Indonesia, Senegal and South Africa have been invited to attend G7 summit as participating guests. See this year's summit will be held in Munich, Germany. For problems it is better to know about the first summit and the last three G7 summit locations. The first summit was held in France in the year 1975 and this year's G7 summit is in Germany and it is the 48th summit. See the 47th summit was held in the United Kingdom and 46th summit was planned to be held in the United States but it was canceled due to corona pandemic. Now moving forward let us see the evolution of G7's agenda. See the G7 summit provides a forum for member countries to discuss shared values and concerns. In the 1980s the G7 mainly focused on international economic policy but right now the G7 extended its mandate to include issues related to foreign policy and security as well. In the recent years G7 leaders have met to formulate common responses to challenges encompassing counter-terrorism, development, education, health, human rights and climate change. Now that's all regarding this news article. Let's have a quick recap. We saw the group of seven that is G7. It is an informal group of seven countries. The seven countries include United States, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan and United Kingdom. We saw that it represents 40% of global GDP and 10% of world's population. See it has no legal existence, no permanent secretariat, it has no binding impact on policy, decisions and commitments made at G7 meetings and we saw about the presidencies of G7 groupings. The first summit was held in France in 1975. The year 2022's G7 summit is the 48th summit and it was held in Germany. The 47th summit was held in United Kingdom and 46th summit was planned to be held in United States and we saw the evolution of G7's agenda. Initially it focused on international economic policy but now it extended its mandate to include foreign policy and security and more importantly in the recent years G7 leaders met to formulate responses to challenges such as counter-terrorism, development, education, health, human rights and climate change. With these points in mind let us move on to the next article discussion. Now take a look at this news article. This news article talks about national emergency. See our Prime Minister Mr. Narendra Modi yesterday during his monkey bath address said that today's youth and the coming generations should never forget the dreadful period of the emergency. See it was the month of June when the emergency was imposed in the year 1975 and he says that it is an attempt to crush the country's democracy. See all the rights were taken away from the citizens of the country including right to life and personal liberty. So this is the crux of the news article given here. In this context let us quickly go through the emergency provisions. See the emergency provisions are contained in part 18 of the constitution and it is from articles 352 to 360. See these provisions enable the central government to meet any abnormal situation effectively. And what is the rationality behind it? See the rationality behind the incorporation of these provisions in the constitution is to safeguard the sovereignty, unity, integrity and security of the country, the democratic political system and the constitution. See during an emergency the central government becomes all powerful and the states go into the total control of center and it converts the federal structure into a unitary one without a formal amendment of the constitution. See this kind of a transformation from federal to unitary during emergency is a unique future of Indian constitution. Now with this basic information about the emergency provisions let us move on to see the three types of emergencies that are given in the constitution. The first one is an emergency due to war, external aggression or armed rebellion. It is popularly known as national emergency and it is given in the article 352. See remember the constitution employs the expression proclamation of emergency to denote an emergency of this type. Now second one it is an emergency due to the failure of constitutional machinery in the states and it is given in the article 356. See this type of emergency it is popularly known as precedence rule and it is known by other names such as state emergency or constitutional emergency but however the constitution does not use the word emergency for this situation. Now coming to the final one it is the financial emergency and it is proclaimed due to a threat to the financial stability or credit of India and it is given in the article 360. See among these type of emergencies today we shall see in detail about the precedence rule. We have seen in detail about the national emergencies so many times so today we are going to concentrate on precedence rule. Now according to article 355 the center has the responsibility to make sure that the state government is operating in line with the provisions of the constitution. So it is this duty in the performance of which the center takes over the government of a state under article 356 in case of failure of constitutional machinery in the state. So the responsibility is given in the article 355 but the center takes over the government of state as per article 356. See remember the precedence rule can be proclaimed on two grounds one is mentioned in the article 356 itself and another one is mentioned in the article 365. Now let us see the first ground which is mentioned in the article 356. If the president receives a report from the state governor or otherwise is convinced or satisfied that the state's situation is such that the state government cannot carry on the governance according to the provisions of the constitution. So this is the first ground. The second one is given in article 365 as per this article precedence rule can be imposed if any state fails to comply with the directions given by the union on matters it is empowered to. In simple words precedence rule is when the state government is suspended and the central government directly administers the state through the office of governor and also remember parliamentary approval is necessary for the imposition of precedence rule on any state. The proclamation of precedence rule should be approved in both the houses of the parliament within two months of its issue. The approval is through simple majority. See the precedence rule is initially for a period of six months. Later it can be extended for a period of three years with the parliament approval every six months. So they have to get approval every six months and it can be extended till three years. But the 44th amendment to the constitution 1978 brought in some constraints on the imposition of precedent rule. It said that the precedent rule can be imposed beyond a period of one year unless there is a national emergency in India or the election commission of India certifies that it is necessary to continue the precedence rule in the state because of the difficulties in conducting assembly elections to the state. So as per the 44th amendment of the constitution precedent rule can be extended beyond one year if it satisfies any of these two conditions. Now talking about the revocation of the precedence rule precedence rule can be revoked anytime by a proclamation by the president after the imposition of precedence rule. A proclamation of revocation does not require approval by the parliament and that's all about the precedence rule. Now in this discussion we saw about the emergency provisions in the constitution which is contained in part 18 of the constitution and from articles 352 to 360. The rationality behind these provisions is to safeguard the sovereignty, unity, integrity, security of the country, democratic political system and the constitution and afterwards we saw three types of emergency. The first emergency is due to war, external aggression or armed rebellion. It is the national emergency and article 352. The next is due to failure of constitutional machinery and it is called as the precedence rule and it is as per article 356. The third one is financial emergency due to the threat to financial stability and it is as per article 360 and after that we saw about the precedence rule. As per article 355 the center has the responsibility to make each state government operates in line with the provisions of the constitution and as per article 356 the center takes over the government of the state in case of failure of constitutional machinery and afterwards we saw two grounds on which the precedence rule is imposed. The first one is if the president receives a report from the state governor or convinced or satisfied that the state's situation is such that state government cannot carry on the governance according to the provisions of the constitution. The next one is if the state fails to comply with the directions given by the union and after that we saw the approval for the president's rule. See parliamentary approval is necessary for imposition. It should be approved by both the houses of the parliament within two months of its issue. The majority needed is simple majority. The precedent rule is approved for a period of six months and it can be extended up to three years with approval for every six months and we saw the constrain placed by 44th amendment to the constitution regarding the precedent rule. The amendment says that precedent rule can be extended beyond a period of one year only if there is a national emergency in India or if the election commission of India certifies that it is necessary to continue precedent's rule because of difficulties in conducting assembly elections and finally we ended our discussion by seeing revocation of precedent's rule. We saw that it is revoked by a proclamation by the president and the proclamation of revocation does not require approval by the parliament. Now with these points in mind let us move on to the next article discussion. Look at this news article on June 22nd the ruling Shiv Sena in Maharashtra called a meeting of all of its MLAs in Mumbai. Some of its legislators have aligned themselves with the party's rebel leader Ekna Chinde and they were camping in Gawati. See the party has warned its MLAs that their absence from the meeting would lead to the presumption that they wanted to leave the political party and this therefore led to the notice against them under the anti-defection law. So Ekna Chinde moved to the Supreme Court against the disqualification notice issued by the deputy speaker to him and 15 other legislators. In this context let's learn about anti-defection law from Prulam's point of view. See the anti-defection law punishes the individual MPs or MLAs for leaving one party to join another party. The 10th schedule popularly known as the Anti-Defection Act was included in the constitution via 52nd Amendment Act 1985. See this is an important fact here it will be useful for your problems. Anti-Defection Act that is the 10th schedule was included in the constitution by 52nd Amendment Act 1985. I know that the law covers three kinds of scenarios. One is when the legislators elected on the ticket of one political party voluntarily give up the membership of the party or in other cases if they vote in the legislature against the party's wishes then it comes under defection. The second scenario arises when an MP or MLAs has been elected as an independent member and afterwards they join a party. This also comes under defection. Now the third scenario it relates to nominated legislators. In their case the law specifies that they can join a political party within six months of being appointed to the house but not after six months. See the violation of law in any of these scenarios can lead to a legislator being penalized for defection. Residing officers of the legislature that is the speaker or chairman they are the deciding authorities in such cases. See the Supreme Court has held that legislators can challenge their decisions before higher judiciary. However the law does not provide a time frame within which the presiding officer has to decide a defection case. See there have been many instances when a speaker has not determined the case of defecting MLA until the end of the legislature term. There have also been instances of defecting MLAs becoming ministers while a defection petition against them has been pending before the speaker. So these two kinds of scenarios have also happened. And last year Supreme Court dismissed a minister in Manipur when the speaker did not decide the defection petition against him even after three years. See the court held that ideally speakers should take a decision on the defection petition within three months but this is not in the law as of now. See you have to note that there is one exception to anti-defection law. See the anti-defection law does not apply if the number of MLAs who have left the party constitute two-thirds of the party's strength in the legislature. I know that these leaving MLAs can merge with another party or become a separate group in the legislature. I'll give an example here in the year 2019 all six MLAs of Bahujan Samaj party in the Rajasthan joined Congress. So this does not lead to defection. This relates to the exception that we saw in the anti-defection law. Now coming back to the news as we saw news reports indicate that 30 Shivasena MLAs are with Ekna Chinde. See taking this number at face value it means that it does not reach the two-third mark of the 55 MLAs the Shivasena has in the Maharashtra Assembly. So what constitutes the two-third mark? It will come around 36 MLAs but only 30 MLAs are with Ekna Chinde. Therefore the protection under the anti-defection law would not be available to Chinde and his group. And it is the assembly speaker who decides whether an MLAs has left a party or a group that constitutes two-third of a party. But note here that the position of the speaker of the Maharashtra Assembly is currently vacant. The last speaker was senior congress leader Nana Patul who resigned from the post in 2019. See according to article 180 clause one of the constitution it states that the deputy speaker performs the speaker's duties when the office is vacant. So the deputy speaker of Maharashtra has been acting as the speaker. He has to follow the rules of Maharashtra legislature that lays down the process under the anti-defection law. See we have to understand a point here that is in the absence of speaker, deputy speaker can issue disqualification notice under the anti-defection law. And that's all about this article. Let's have a quick recap. We saw that anti-defection law that is the 10th schedule was included in the constitution via 52nd amendment act 1985. And we saw the three kinds of scenarios that comes under defection. One is when the elected MLA or MP voluntarily gives up the membership of the party through which they got elected or if they vote in the legislature against the party's wishes. The second scenario is that when an MP or MLA who has been elected as an independent member joins the party. The third scenario is that when a nominated legislator join a political party after six months. We saw that the presiding officers of the legislature that is the speaker or chairman or the deciding authorities in such cases and they can challenge the decision before Supreme Court and know that there is no time frame within which the presiding officer has to decide a defection case. And after that we saw the exception to anti-defection law which is the law does not apply if the number of MLAs who leave the political party constitute two-thirds of the party's strength in the legislature. And finally we ended our discussion by seeing article 180 clause one of the constitution which states that deputy speaker performs the speaker's duties when the speaker offers his vacant. And with these points in mind now let us move on to the next part of our discussion that is the practice prelims question discussion. See today we have four prelims questions I'll solve two of them today you have two quiz questions. Without wasting much time let's take this first question consider the following statements about G7. Statement one all G7 countries are part of G20 grouping. See this statement is correct this is because all of the members of G7 they are member of G20 also. See like G7 G20 is also an informal grouping which consists of 19 countries and European Union and it also has representatives of International Monetary Fund and World Bank also. See members include Canada, US, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, UK, France, Germany, Italy, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Russia, China, India, Japan, South Korea, Indonesia and Australia. And apart from that we saw that European Union is also a member. So from this we can say that statement one is correct. Now coming to statement two the decisions taken by G7 leaders during annual summits are binding. See the statement is incorrect this we saw in our discussion itself. The decisions, commitments that are taken at G7 summits are non-binding. So the correct option here is option A 1-1-E. Now moving on to the second question which amendment substituted the words armed rebellion for internal disturbance in article 352. See the correct answer to this question is option A 44th Amendment Act 1978. See the 44th Amendment Act of the Constitution substituted the words armed rebellion for internal disturbance. So national emergency can no longer be declared on the grounds of internal disturbance as it was done in the year 1975 by Congress government headed by Indira Gandhi. See what was the major amendment that was brought in by 42nd Amendment Act? 42nd Amendment Act changed the description of India in preamble from sovereign democratic republic to sovereign socialistic secular democratic republic and it also changed the words of unity of nation to unity and integrity of the nation. So it included three words which includes socialistic secular and integrity. Now what about the 45th Amendment Act? The 45th Amendment Act of the Constitution 1980 extended the period of reservation of seats for the schedule cast and schedule droids and the representation of Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and the state legislature assemblies for another 10 years that is up to 26th January 1990. So as I said already the correct answer to this question is option A 44th Amendment Act. Now coming to the quiz questions see this question is asked in the year 2022 prelims. With reference to anti-defection law in India consider the following statements the law specifies that a nominated legislature cannot join any political party within six months of being appointed to the house. Statement 2 the law does not provide any time frame within which the presiding officer has to decide a defection case. Identify which statements are correct and which statements are incorrect and post your answer in the comment section. Now coming to second quiz question this question is a previous year prelims question it was asked in the year 2014 which are of the following schedules of the constitution of India contains provisions regarding anti-defection. Option A second schedule option B 5th schedule option C 8th schedule and option D 10th schedule. See this is a very easy question attempt this question and post your answer in the comment section and I've given a main question here for your practice so interested aspirants write it and post it in the comment section and if you have any queries related to the articles that we discussed today post that also in the comment section and with this we have come to the end. If you find the video useful like share and comment and do subscribe to Shankar A's Academy's YouTube channel for further updates. Thank you.