 And there are a couple of housekeeping elements that I would like to share with you so that it becomes a enjoyable session for all of you. First of all, the webinar will be recorded. So I hope that you're all okay with this. The speakers have secured copyright permission so everything will be public domain that they are presenting. Please note that anything that we are expressing as opinions and conclusions, recommendations are the responsibilities of the speakers. This is not necessarily IWA so it's very important so that we can have some interaction. The two boxes below for the chat box, this is just for general requests and interactive activities like saying hello, I am from Germany, I like to say hello. Very important if you have questions regarding the presentation, please use the Q&A box. And we have Q&As after each presentation so usually the questions will be linked to this presentation to the speaker. If there are some questions to other speakers, please make sure that this is mentioned in the question. So again, Q&A box, this is what we will use in the Q&A session after each presentation. Then we are hosting this on behalf of the IWA, the Disinfection Specialist Group where I'm a proud member since several years together with my colleague Emmanuel Wissei from CNS, the CNRS from the North Sea. I'm from Violia, leading the sales for the Ozonea globally. We are a group of dedicated professionals really driving forward the disinfection so you're welcome to join and we even have some seats available in our committee for eager professionals that want to expand their network. So then before we start with the presentation I would like to run one quick poll to see actually where you are from. So what is your professional background? Please obviously select just one. Are you a student? Are you a scientist in university, a consultant, plant operator, technology provider, regulator, government industry or not listed? We would like to see what kind of people have joined today's session and are curious about your reply. We leave this open for one, two minutes so that you can reply to this properly. Again, I hope that the question is easy and quickly to respond to that we have a good view of who is joining today. And since we have more than a hundred participants I hope that's at least 50 or 60 reply fairly quickly. So how does it look like? We have a very broad range of participants. So nobody is really dominating there's a bit more academia presence but also consultants, technology providers with 11% industry 10. So I think this is a great diverse group that we have here. And I think that the presentations are really giving everybody something from this group. So thanks for the poll because now I will actually introduce our first speaker. This is the agenda, first of all, pardon me. So while we are almost done with point number one we then have Galena with a presentation on UBC LED. Oren will follow with a electrical post oxidation process. Then Emmanuel will take over as moderator to introduce Angarathia on electrochemical process, disinfection and Jiang Feng with a electrical field treatment before we then come to the conclusion by Emmanuel. So that's the exciting time to come. Now the first speaker. I'm very happy to introduce Galena Shabrina from AkiSense. She has a master of environmental engineering from the TU in Munich is now also living in Germany and works as an application engineer for AkiSense. Her presentation is called is a transition to UBC LED disinfection technology in municipal applications viable. So Galena, the floor is yours. Happy to listen to you. Just checking, can you hear me well? I can, yeah, perfect. Okay, good. Okay. So first of all, thanks a lot for inviting me and AkiSense for the conference. It's a great pleasure to introduce our technology and our innovations and how do I switch slides? Do I do this or? So yeah, first I will tell a bit about the company, AkiSense, it's a US-based company. We can switch to another slide. Yeah, so US-based company, we have two facilities in the US, but on the same time we have several offices all over the world, in Europe, in India, in Japan. So we are going internationally already. Though the company is quite young, but the development and the research started quite a while ago in 2003, which means it allowed us to do the technology from the beginning on and gives of course a huge advantage to see the development of the technology, its advantages and disadvantages. So to know everything from the beginning on so we can go to the next slide. It's about the technology, UV disinfection in general. It's quite known, quite old. We didn't invent it. So that's why I will not really tell a lot about this. On the next slide, we can show how it works. Yes, so it's a physical method and it's worked on the principle of UV light being able to penetrate microorganisms and to destroy their DNA. So it means that after this they cannot reproduce, which causes inactivation and disinfection. The method is very reliable, very old, very well known, very well established. But originally only classic UV lamps were used. So it's a mercury based lamps in quartz leaves. I think maybe next slide. Yeah, so these types of lamps like classic ones, of course they can provide a reliable disinfection, but they have several disadvantages for like it, and they are not applicable in many applications because of this. So for instance, they require quite long time for warm up. Something like up to 15 minutes it can be. It would be okay for long, for continuous application, but if we are talking about intermittent flow, when you need to turn on and off a water flow, then it's not possible because it takes too long, 15 minutes it's too long, and it requires a lot of energy as well. Another one, it's durability because each lamp has a quartz leaf, they are quite fragile. So it means like for many applications, for example, in transportation, if you need to disinfect something in train or plane, it would be a problem. And plus they contain mercury, which is a highly poisonous substance and it's not always applicable. So on the next slide, we can see there, yeah, the summary of LEDs, why we actually switched to UV LED devices and to LED source, because it has several very important but digits. So for instance, it has almost zero on off time to start. So it starts immediately. As soon as their device is on, disinfection starts. And this is just perfect for intermittent, or for low floors, yeah, and for intermittent applications. Another one, it's durability. They are very robust. They can be used in transportation, for instance. And for example, we even have a project with NASA. So they're used for disinfection in spacecraft, which shows a lot. So we can go to the next slide. So initially, as I told their technology is quite young. That's why it's like still developing. And it's very, very exciting to observe this because with every year we can see that the power of LEDs, they double. Maybe next slide. So yeah, this graph shows that unique power of LEDs, they grow like with every year incredibly. So we can see exponential growth in the last years. And on the same time, the pricing drops also drastically. Like these factors, they allow to bring LEDs from just an interesting technology that was started developing some time ago to a very practical product that can be already used in so many applications. We can go to the next one. So about the increased power of LEDs, it's not just about their increased single LED, right? Single LED, right? It's about the whole system. So even systems, they became much more powerful. So if we compare systems that is available now to the system that was available from the beginning, like let's say in 2005, it's almost a million times more powerful, which means it would allow high disinfection and disinfection of high flow rates. So all these factors, their rapid development, they drastically decreased costs and plus high interest from the public because of environmental concerns and because of regulatory drivers, they all bring us to increase deployment of LEDs. So they actually start, it also, it opened up a lot of possible applications. So for instance, now LEDs, they're already starting to dominate like low flow applications in many industries. For example, in food industry, I think it will be next slide. Yeah, so many leading world companies, they already choose LEDs because of these advantages for low flow and intermittent usage. This is, I will tell a bit about our platform, like what we have, like range of our products. So these abilities of LEDs, like compact size, they're very robust, they're very powerful. It allows us to create a very wide portfolio of products. We have, like for instance, we have our smallest UV system in the world, like for water disinfection, that can treat up to eight liters per minute to one of the biggest in the world based on UVC LED. It's our first municipal water treatment system. This was installed last year. It's Tera, next slide please. I will tell a bit more about this. Yeah, so this one is really huge for us. It's a huge step because it's the first municipal size water treatment. Before we were talking just about point of use systems, right? Something like few liters per minute max. But this one, it's 300 cubic meters per hour. So it's big, it's different level, it's different scale. It means that it also shows that LEDs, they are finally ready for municipal installations. Also it's important to mention that this device is made on the base of UVC LED arrays. So what it means, it means that many, many LEDs, they're used very dense to each other that allows to have a very high UV power density on a small area. It allows, and it allows a high disinfection of high water flows. And this is possible because of their last generation LEDs that are super powerful and plus to a very good thermal management. This is something that we also learned with just with experience and time how to do it. Just few years ago, something like this wouldn't be possible yet. And actually, this type of installation, it caused a huge interest, it evoked a huge interest from the public. So now we have already so many requests for similar installations for the next half a year. I think it will be on the next slide. So these are like our upcoming already confirmed installation for the next six months. The success is even bigger than we expected. It means that people and industries, they are interested in this. I think this is pretty much it. If you could go to the next slide. Yes, so that's it from my side. If you have any questions, please feel free to ask. Okay, no, thanks a lot, Galina, for this interesting journey of, for the UBC LED. And it's really quite amazing. That's where it started off with a few GPMs that we are now looking at, let's say, properly treating two MGD or 300 cubic meter per hour in a UV LED reactor. So that also leads to my first question that I would like to ask, the typical design points for the municipal drinking water plants. You already mentioned the flow 300 cubic meter. Can you say something about UV transmittance and UV dose design points that you would typically select? So what we are working now on, it's just drinking water applications. So of course we are planning on wastewater treatment applications as well, but it's the next step because it's always more challenging in terms of UVT, as you know, and the water quality is very much different. With drinking water, it's always more predictable. That's why we started from this. Yes, so this is like now we are sure, let's say about UVT above 80. This is something we could do and there is, we just didn't try it. So I would say like for general water treatment applications in municipal scale, we are ready. Okay, good. And that I think leads right to the question in the Q&A, is specific energy invested in kilowatt hours per cubic meter for the treatment of water. That's also maybe in comparison to conventional low pressure, conventional medium pressure for the same, for the same disinfection performance. What can you say about the energy? Yeah, if you are talking like, as I mentioned before, a huge advantage of LED power light source, it's that it's able to have instant on and off and this is where we save energy. So if there is application that requires intermittent flow, then we would save energy on this. But on the same time, for municipal, it's quite tricky. It's quite often continuous flow. And that's why still like classic mercury lamps, they will be more efficient here just because they have high efficiency, they have just high efficiency. So they need less energy for the same output. So it depends on application a lot. If it continues, then it's still classic lamps will be more efficient. If it's intermittent, then we can start looking at them. There is another question regarding cleaning. How do you clean the UV LED reactors? Is it similar as a classic design with wiping and chemical cleaning? Like at these installations that we have now, there is no wiping because it's a very high, there is very high UVT, so no need for this. But a part of this, it's quite the same. So no wiping, but you can clean it with chemical, with an acid, with like low concentration acid. Good, then more on also maintenance. How long does the instrument last? I would say that's probably the reactor itself, but also are there any consumables regarding the UV lamps, i.e. LEDs? There's also the question regarding costs. I'm not sure what you would say, what you would give there is an estimate cost per liter of water produced. I will just add something about the cleaning. Actually, their problem with cleaning is less than with classic lamps, because LEDs, they don't heat up. So normally the problem of classic lamps, or especially like medium pressure lamps, they heat up a lot and this attracts like additional foiling. With LEDs, this process is separated, right? So LEDs don't heat up on their own and they don't heat up the water, but they hit, like their other part is heated up drastically. That's why we need thermal management. But the foiling is much lower. And for the spare parts of the LED? Hello, yeah, what's the duration? Let's say, or first of all, maybe of the entire system. You have a lifetime for the entire system and then lifetime for the LEDs. For the entire system, I think it would be difficult to say because except for LEDs. I mean, I guess like a normal system, because LEDs, it's the parts that will be replaced on the first place. And their lifetime would depend a lot on how you run it. So it can be like up to 10, like the same, like with classic lamps, it can be up to 10,000 hours if you decrease the current. So if you don't run it on the full scale, but if you need it to be very powerful, you increase the current and this will decrease their lifetime. So it's very adjustable. Okay, there is that question again regarding power, conventional low pressure, medium pressure or LEDs. And I said, you already mentioned that if it's continuous, low pressure is more effective. I'm not sure, are we on the LED standpoint similar to medium pressure right now? Or is that, where do you see the order of magnitude the differences when it would be continuous? No, no, LEDs, they are lower still. When it's continuous floor, they, yeah, they would need like more power to produce the same amount of UV power for continuous. What can you do? And then you'll be in the industrial applications also that could be municipal applications with coupled to a filter, right? So where you have the... Absolutely, yes. Okay, good. Then I think that's the last one that we would have here is how, but let's say this is more general. How do you address the issue of maintaining residual disinfection in the transmission network? So that's probably more a leading question for general disinfection, right? Exactly, it's a huge question. It can be a topic of a next conference, I would say. Yeah, yeah, no. So maybe I can even rub in the UV, will this affect on the spot? And then there will be, it needs to be coupled with other disinfection technologies for residual. It's not that... Like this? Or nowadays it's like more and more popular to install UV disinfection just at the point of use. So like before you use the water, this is also an option. So people, for example at home, people can install it just in their bathroom or something like this or just at the entrance of their home. This would be also an option. There are a few more Q&As. Maybe Galina, you could even check if you want to answer something in writing because I would like to go over to the next speaker now for the sake of time. So you can, if you check on the Q&A box, you could answer directly, right? Okay, perfect. Because then I like... Thank you, Galina again. And let's see if there are more questions coming up a little later on. Because now we're jumping from Germany to Israel. Oren, many thanks for being here today. Oren Gaffrey is the chairman of Badi's. He holds a BSC and MSC of Materials and Process Engineering from the Ben Gorion University and also business management from the Hebrew University in Israel. He is the holder of several patterns and author of various articles including the fields of pulse technology and water and wastewater technologies. And that's what we're here today to hear your presentation on EPOP. So the floor is yours, Oren. And... Thank you, Dr. Dinklos. It's a pleasure being here and I'll be happy to describe what we are doing at WADIS. In general, WADIS is developing technologies for water and wastewater treatment using electrical pulse in the water, high-voltage electrical pulses. We are using it generally for several applications. The first application which is already in the market is for disinfection and treatment of sludge in wastewater treatment plants. And there we have a very high voltage in very short duration of pulses which are creating both disinfection and the increasing the solubility of the sludge before it's going into the anaerobic digestion. And also, after that, to disinfect it for other application like last week. Oren, for your particular subject, you would need to let Isabella know if you need to have to go to the next slide because we are still at the entrance point. The other process that we are developing is electrical pulse oxidation process which we call it EPOP. And we use it as an alternative, the aim is to use it as an alternative for advanced oxidation processes for both decomposition of micro pollutant and disinfection of the wastewater. The next slide, I will describe the EPOP technology. The EPOP is also high-voltage electrical pulses at very high frequency which are done directly on the effluent in a multi-electrodes reactor with carrier gas that could be either air, oxygen, or sometime others. The phenomena that we are, and of course it's created plasma on those multi-electrodes within the liquid. By the plasma, we are doing two stages. The first stage is that the plasma itself, through the high temperature which is produced there and UV is doing the work of both disinfection and decomposition of micro pollutant. And then through the plasma, the second stage is that we are creating free radicals which are continued to do the work on the flow of the wastewater. On the next slide, you can see it schematically where we can see the stage one where we have the molecules. The plasma itself is doing the decomposition and then create free radicals which continue to work as the flow continues. In this case, we found out, of course, that we have both hydrogen peroxide, oxygen, ozone, and some others that continue to do the work on the liquid. I have to mention we have four patents already, three are already granted and one which is at the national phase in PCT. And we have started to do, we are doing work also on this technology, as we can see on the next slide, please. This is a demo system that we put at the Shafdan wastewater treatment plant. This is the Tel Aviv wastewater and we put a small demo together with Mekorot, which is Israel National Water Supply Company and under the Horizon 2020 program. And what we can see here is inside the container, we have on the number one is the Oxygen Generator, we have number two is the Pulse Generator that we are building it totally from the beginning, which is working on pulses between 500 to 2000 pulses in a second. We have the reactor, in this case, the reactor is small on the demo. It's meant to work only with like two to five cubic meters an hour. Then we have continued the, you are using also a nano bubble generator as an option. And there's an option also to use contact tank if we want to have better results to use the ozone, which is created also by this process. So on the current discussion on the current work on the first work, we didn't use the contact tank at all. And we use it just directly, the work on the wastewater. On the next slide, we see the arrangement of the tests which were done there. We have the secondary effluent coming in. It was pre-filter at 450 microns. Then went through polyaluminum chloride and then 2.2 milligram per liter. And then it's went through hydrogen peroxide, sorry, flocculation and then the hydrogen peroxide. And then it's went in parallel. One lane was directly to ozonation. And the second lane went to the epoch process so that we can learn the differences and the results between the two. On the next slide, we can see some of the results. We made it with different type of parameters, each test. And then with the best parameters, we see that we have, as you can see on the arrow, blue arrow, we have more than 97% of all tested micro-pollutant. The micro-pollutants were tested in, were taken by McElrott and tested in Germany, in Karlsruhe, the EZW. And then repeatedly, we made those tests and so that we are really destroying more than 97% on all of the work we did with the best parameters. So of course, the ozonation was doing also very good work on most of the molecules. But for example, on the iodine, which are used for x-ray, there was limited results with ozonation and very good results on the plasma, on the epoch technology. We can see also, we tested also the both, all the microorganisms. These tests were done, were taken at McElrott Central Laboratories. And we saw that we are really removing most of the coliforms and also the tests which are not here for viruses. And it was something which happened on the ozonation. We saw some regrows later on, which was a phenomena that needs to be understood on the after the process. Then on the next slide, we can see also results on the DBPs like bromides and NDMAs, which were lower by the epoch process compared to the ozonation. And on the next slide, we tried to compare the energy we used with compared to other AOPs. In our case, the energy level was higher than ozonation. But these are, as I mentioned, the first type of generators that we were using and now we are building other generators, which will also be more economic and better in the results. Next slide, I would summarize our conclusions. That the E-POP and ozonation research show similar reduction on easy degradable TROCs. The E-POP was better on a difficult type of compounds. The DBP also on the NDMA and bromide were lower. Disinfection is a process which we see already on very good disinfection coming on all types of tests. But the energy consumption, as I mentioned, is greater. And also we have to discuss later on to reduce the cost of our current systems compared to ozonation. So the next slide, I want to say thanks to the Horizon 2020 Aquinas project and to Makorot Israel National Laboratory for that. Dr. Chaim Chicoel, which is also, I think on this webinar helped us also on the process and we published together a paper which described all the results at the IOA conference in Nice just before the corona. So thank you very much. Thank you very much for the very phenomenal journey of this AOP process. Again, AOP means then not just disinfection but more. So that is a good piece of the puzzle to solve more challenging water situations than just disinfection. We have Q and A's coming, Q is coming in. The A's are now our chance. The first one, can EOP be effectively used for healthcare wastewater treatment to reduce anti-microbiological resistance? Yes, of course we have to try every single molecule. But yes, I believe it's a very powerful tool that can work on any kind of APIs. And also we're thinking about PFAS, and others, but this is to come. Okay, good. Then let's say if we are comparing this more with an ozone system, maybe to highlight again the difference in power consumption, what's the order of magnitude difference there right now? Yes, I think we were about double. I mean, we were in the range of 0.2, 0.25, a kilowatt cubic meter. And the ozonation was in the range of 0.1, I think something like that. Okay, good. So that's something that can be definitely be addressed with optimization. Yes, of course, we know how to optimize it now. I mean, we were using pulses of about 120 nanoseconds. And we want to use now to reduce it to at least three times. And by that we keep the high energy, but the shorter duration and fast rise time so that the technology will be much, much better. I mean, it will be reduced, I estimate by at least 50% energy consumption. Good, but then you're getting there. Another aspect when you compare it with, for example, ozone, you need a lot of health and safety devices, like ozone room monitoring and residual ozone destruction when you install an ozone system. What about the EPOP system? What kind of devices would be necessary there? Yeah, on the system, on the container, we used to have both ozone destructor and we will try to make it even better by using the ozone with a contact tank and so on and reuse maybe even partially of the water tank. Great, and I think that ends right now the Q&As that I have received. Maybe there will be more coming up and then you can check, Orin. Sure. Okay, thank you very much. Thank you. For the presentation. And then I hand over to my colleague Emmanuel. Hi, thank you. Thank you, Ludwig. Thank you, Ludwig. So good morning, good afternoon and good evening everybody. Thank you again for participating, attending this webinar. But I hope it will interest you as much as possible. And I'm pleased to take the lead now to introduce Anne Garcia La Casa. She's an associate professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Castilla, in Spain since 2021. And currently she belongs to the Electrochemical and Environmental Engineering Research Group, as did by Manuel Rodrigo. Her research has been focused on the study of environmental applications of electrochemical engineering, from the removal of high non-organic pollutants by electrocoagulation, to more recency, the removal of water and airborne bacteria from hospital influence. And today she will present the works about the recent advance in the production of oxygen by electrochemical processes for water disinfection. Please, Anne Garcia, the product is yours. Okay. Thank you, Manuel, for your kind presentation. I think that you can hear me well. See, it's okay. Yes, it's good. Well, as Manuel told us, I am going to speak about the production of the oxidants using electrochemical technologies for water disinfection. In the next slide, I am going to start just saying what probably you already know, that is the World Health Organization consider the anti-mectovial resistance as one of the top ten global public health concerns. And the hospital influence presents a high load of antibiotic resistance bacteria. But the lack of regulation in the treatment of these eclipses leads to their mixture with urban wastewater. However, most of the wastewater treatment plants are not especially designed to remove these antibiotic resistance bacteria. What we propose in our research is to develop a pre-treatment of hospital effluent to remove these antibiotic resistant bacteria before they discharge into the municipal sewers. Then it could prevent the spread of these bacteria into the environment in case you use the reclaimed water for irrigation in agriculture or even in urban green spaces. We are focused on the treatment of hospital effluent and mainly in these two ones. In the treatment of liquid hospital effluent as the hospital urine which may contain a high load of water-borne antibiotic resistant bacteria. And from the last year we are working also on the disinfection of the hospital indoor air that contains airborne antibiotic bacteria named bioaerosols. How to remove these bacteria? Well, we propose the production of oxidants using electrochemical processes. The production of oxidants may be controlled by several parameters such as applying different current intensities and selecting different electro materials or even using different electrochemical cell designs. Here I show you two different electrochemical cell, a microfluidic flow through and a commercial one named Microsone. In the next slide I'm going to explain you how to produce oxidants in liquid-based. To do it, we use simulated urine which composition is shown in the table and we introduce this urine into a feed tank and then move through the electrochemical cell via peristaltic pump and then recirculate it again to the feed tank. The electrochemical cell is connected to a power supply where we can fix different current intensities and receive the experimental system. In the future, we can observe the production of oxidants in the case of using a microfluidic flow through electrochemical cells using mixed methyl oxide anodes and applying a current density of 50 ampere per meter. We observe that this electrochemical cell promotes the formation of chloramines and the formation of chloramines takes place due to the chemical reaction between ammonium ions that are already contained in the initial solution of urine and with the chemical reaction of ammonium ion with hypochloride. The hypochloride is electrochemically produced by the oxidation of chloride that it is also present in the synthetic urine. Here it is important to highlight that the oxidant monitor are not the total oxidants produced but only the oxidants that remain in solution without taking any reaction using the other electrochemical cell the microzone cell. This cell promotes the formation of ozone since it is specially designed to produce ozone. As expected when we apply higher current intensities the concentration of ozone increases. At this point when the production takes place in the liquid phase we are working with simulated hospital urines and we have the target bacterium in this case we selected the glacial anemone as the target antibiotic bacteria since this is after the E. coli one of the antibiotic resistant bacteria which causes urinary tract infection in the hospital and also it is resistant to some antibiotics as carbapenem or beta-lactam. As we can observe in these figures the production of oxidants in liquid phase is a promising technology for the removal of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Since we can observe that using the microfluidic flow through cell we obtain a complete disinfection after two hours applying 50 ampere per square meter and in the case of using the microzone cell we can observe that we are able to obtain a complete disinfection applying one ampere and the complete disinfection takes place before one hour under this condition we wanted to check more realistic hospital urine and then in the next slide I show you that we used urine not only contained the glacial anemone but also other antibiotic resistant bacteria such as interococcus peccalis and anicolyte. As we can observe on the figure B the microzone cell attains a complete disinfection also before one hour regarding the antibiotic resistant bacteria that means that this electrochemical cell is faster one to remove the bacteria but if we compare these two electrochemical cells in terms of efficiency and we selected 0.4 ampere per liter we can observe that in the case of the microzone applying this electric charge we are only able to reduce one or two lobes of this bacteria however in the case of using the microfluidic flow through we are able to remove up to six lobes of this bacteria so the microfluidic flow through is a more efficient one but slower in the removal of this bacteria just to say that it is only important to remove the antibiotic resistant bacteria also the genes here I showed you the evolution of a target gene named black KPC gene and we use the real time PCR system to follow the evolution of genes and we can observe that using the microfluidic flow through we can maintain a constant concentration of these genes since we are not able to obtain a complete disinfection but in the case of using the microzone if we compare the initial zero time with the final that means three hours of treatment we observe an increase of the cycle threshold that means that we have an important decrease in the concentration of this target gene additionally we also wanted to check the morphology of this bacteria after after producing this oxidants in the same phase in the same media that is the bacteria and we observe that using the micro fluidic flow through that promotes chlorine disinfectant it induce a small pitch in the cell wall but in the case of working with the microzone that promotes the formation of Othol we are able to induce several damages in the cell walls resulting in the interior telos of the bacterial structures at this point I would like to say that we wanted to test this technology in a real environment but we were not able to do it because of the restrictions in the hospital of our city due to the covid pandemic so we were not able to check this technology yet in the next slide I am going to describe what we are working on in the last year and we are working on the production of oxidants in a gas phase using electrochemical technology and we have started with the production of Othol to produce Othol in the gas phase using electrochemical technology the electrochemical experimental device is shown in this figure we use an electrolyte, an inert electrolyte that is perchloric acid and we move this electrolyte with a peristaltic pump all the time recirculating through the system and it passes through the microzone cell which is connected to a power supply just to control the current intensity applied then the stripping of the ozone from the electrolyte so as that depending on the intensity we obtain different concentrations in this gas stream we cannot say in the figure that the higher the current intensity applied the higher the concentration of the ozone in this gas stream in the next slide we just wanted to study the performance of this ozone gas stream in the disinfection of simulated hospital urine just contain clefsela pneumonia one bacteria to start we introduce this ozone gas stream into the system using a radiator and what we observe in the figure is that the production of ozone when the concentration of ozone in the gas stream is higher, we obtain a higher removal of the antibacterial resistant bacteria but it's not enough to attain the complete disinfection since the ozone in the next slide we can see that the ozone react killing the bacteria but also in the next slide and we cannot say that it can react with the uric acid that is one of the organic compounds naturally containing in urine and finally in the last one in the next slide we are also study the performance of these oxidants in gas phase here you can observe that the production of the ozone gas the experimental setup is the same that I told you that I have described before and here we use a simulation chamber where we put in contact the ozone gas stream that comes from the electrochemical production using also a microzone cell with a simulation of a hospital indoor air and in the figure we can observe that we are obtaining really promising results to continue studying on this because here we use also the airborne Klebsiella and we observe that when we work in a continuous mode we are able to maintain four or five logs of removal of these bacteria in the air so we are working on coupling this technology to the air condition in installation in hospital and just to summarize the next slide the concussion just to say that depending on the electrochemical cell use we are going to promote one or other oxidants and that if we are using oxidants in the gas phase we are obtaining promising results to continue on this line that may increase the technology within this level of this commercial electrolysis so thank you very much for your in the next slide just thank you very much for your kind attention and if you have some questions or comments just thank you very much for your nice presentation and there are a few questions since you are talking with micro food excels the first question is what is the energy consumption that you are requiring the specific energy consumption that is required with such system and what is the size of the required to treat with the wastewater what is the size of the required in the square meter I don't have here the data but in the presentation I have put the papers that are already published where we compare the energy consumption between micro fluidic and the micro cell I don't have the specific data but you can find me there and as I told during the presentation the micro zone is we obtain a faster removal of the bacteria but the micro fluidic flow through cell is much more efficient than the micro zone and Manuel, I think you are good thank you the final question, just to be quick is regarding the mechanism of oxidation to treat the hospital wastewater how is it what is the mechanism because you can treat other compounds eliminate, remove well in the case of producing the oxidants in the same media that we have the target bacteria in this case the carbon intensities applied are really low because we just want to remove the antibiotic resistant bacteria we don't want to degrade the organic compounds that for example in our case we have in the unit because what we want to propose is a pre-treatment, just to remove the antibiotic resistant bacteria not these organic compounds that could be removed in a wastewater treatment plan in a conventional one because these organic compounds do not present any toxicity because we have already done a test with the BBO and it does not present any... so it's not our objective to degrade these organic compounds thank you so we will switch to Jean-Sainte Jean-Sainte is there so let me introduce you briefly so Jean-Sainte Jean-Sainte is an assistant professor at Georgia Tech in China and he was formerly a graduate at Georgia Tech in the USA and he's research and research in environmental nanotechnology and next generation energy sources and we are pleased today to have Jean-Sainte Zhu to present the locally announced electric field treatment for a water wastewater disinfection so please Jean-Sainte, the floor is yours okay thank you, thank you for the introduction hello everyone, I'm Jean-Fung I'm an assistant professor at Georgia Tech in China so we can have a new campus at Georgia Tech in China so next slide please so in general in this talk we have about 15 minutes so I really want to spend most of the time to talk about why we want to use a lift or we call it locally enhanced electric field treatment for water disinfection but not what we did before so in general it's kind of a short presentation and I just want to focus on why we want to do this so first a little bit of the conventional electric electric field treatment obviously EFT so in general if we have two electrodes and place bacteria between so on a primary high electric field about like tens of several kilovolts and the cell membrane of the bacteria will be damaged as the figure on the right hand side shown there will be a water channel that is created on the cell membrane and if the electric field is high enough there will be a kind of irreversible water channels these water channels will make the intracellular substance to release out of the cells so making the bacteria inactivated and this process we call it electroporation so just create force on the cell membrane by electricity and the major advantage of this process is that it's a physical process physical process means that there will be no chemical reactions or chemical disinfectants involved so as we all know that the disinfection by-products the DBPs on the major problems when we do the water disinfection using the chlorine and other oxidants so if it's a physical process then we will have no concerns on the DBP but the biggest issue is that it really uses a very high energy so it's just a primary high voltage and also the instrument to generate such kind of a voltage is also very expensive and also if you generate some electric current the heat is generated which means that you also need a cooling system to maintain all the process very energy intensive so that for water disinfection there will be almost no applications next slide please great and there will be several kicks and so we just introduced our locally enhanced electric field treatment instead of we just apply a very strong electric field we have some tricks to enhance the local electric field to trigger the electric operation so one method is called the Markov skill enhancement this mostly involves the reactor design so for example if we design this tubular coaxial electric configuration we have a center electric very thin center electric and an outer cylindrical electric so the electric field near the center area will be enhanced dramatically and the electric field will be lower and we also have another micro skill enhancement and just a click maybe several times to show the yes you can just show the actual everything great there should be a that's all and another method is that it just we create a nanoware okay or we can one once we say one dimensional nanostructure on the surface of the actual so because of the lightening of the fact so the electric field near the tip area of the nanoware will be enhanced dramatically to maybe five to seven orders of magnitude so that we only apply need to apply several voltages for example in our experiment one ball is good enough to reactivate this bacteria and this also you know we just reduced the voltage dramatically so that the is efficient so here are some some of the things that I have done during my Phd so in general just give you a head up just a very quick overview so firstly we did some system design so system design indicates how the reactor how the electrodes look like and the second thing is the process design so in general leaf is a kind of very new technology that most of our work have been done only in the lab so no like field test no pilot test so we haven't moved that far but also leaf have some limitations the major limitation will be the fragile nanowares because these nanowares are kind of vertical very long so that there will be chemical electrochemical corrosion there will be the water flashing these kind of a mechanical forces so that the last time of these nanowares is the major restriction for us currently so that we just combine the leaf with other technologies for example Ozone for example electrochemical copper these methods they just compensate others disadvantage or limitations and also after we got pretty good disinfection efficiency got good results we want to know why so the why does direct to the mechanism study the mechanism study we not only used some experimental experimental methods but also computational simulations and lastly about the energies so most of our speakers talk about the electricity based processes so the major problem is where the electricity comes so we also developed some kind of point of use or we say decentralized novel energy sources to power the leaf to disinfection next slide please we just a very briefly talk about what we have done before so this work we just combine the two enhancement methods the micro and micro so the idea is pretty easy so and we just developed this tubular coaxial electrical configuration and a primary strong electric field enhancement and next slide please and you may curious about what the nanoware look like so we the nanoware most of us uses the copper oxide nanowares and because a there will be a kind of copper release problem so that we just called the copper oxide nanoware with a thin layer of polydopamine these kind of a very thin polymers can cover the surface very well and the thickness of these coatings can be controlled so that we can enhance its stability but not reduce the applied voltage reduce the electric field and also on the right hand side these are the images that the nanowares look like next slide please and here's the process design we will just firstly combine with ozone so we will not go into the details but in general you know every method has its restriction right but if we combine two methods the limitations will be reduced and also we observe the enhancement effect this means that the disinfection efficiency achievable kind of one plus one higher than two effect next slide please next slide just move to this is the performance a little bit about the performance so you can see at the lower voltage is lower than 0.4 volts so the theoretical line which is the red curve and the blue curve which is the experimental one just as an overlap and after the after a threshold you can see an increase of the experimental results compared with the theoretical one which means that just as I mentioned the lift can promote the activation efficiency of ozone so this is just the details you can refer to the paper for more of these results next one yeah this one is just to show you a little bit about the energy source so this is the we just combine our lift technology with the tribal electric nano generators we call it TNG so this is kind of a good energy source because it can harvest low frequency movement for example the rotating of our hand so if we rotate the handle here the water can be transported from one side to the other and when it goes into the system it can be activated by our device so here's a short video showing how we did the experiments yeah you can see if we rotate the handle the water just transport from one side to the other and the electric voltage can be generated so it's very stable in the background next one please okay and turn to the next page yeah so this is also kind of a self-explanable example so all of us have a smartphone our hand and also the battery of the smartphone gets stronger and stronger so that we just develop such kind of an electric chip and a user interface act so that the battery becomes an electrical chemical workstation so with this workstation so we can just disinfect the water all the time if we have a cell phone on our hand next one please lastly just a little bit summary so we have developed such things and the major take home message is that it's a physical process and which means that actually for the standalone technology we do not have any additional disinfectants and also potentially there will be no dvp formation and it potentially be applied in different scales you can see different colors we can do the primary secondary and the point of use water disinfection and the next slide please this is the last one so I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Xin Xie at Georgia Tech so he taught me a lot I will go nowhere so and also these funding agencies and thank you all for your time and listening so I would like to take questions and comments thank you very much for your nice presentation and this is an interesting device and technology and the first question is about the electrode potential of the applied current you applied what are the values of because you mentioned about the cell voltage right values what is the electrode potential at each electrode do you know yeah firstly we would like to use applied voltage instead of the potential because you know for all our system we use positive electrode and negative electrode but not cathode or anode because we consider our technology as an electro physical process but not an electrochemical process so that we prefer not to use the terminologies in electrochemical systems and that's how depending on the morphology or the aspect ratio of the nanowares so for our best practice we can use only one volt to kill 10 logs of E. coli with only 10 minute retention time okay so is it electro sorption phenomena as well I mean is there electro sorption yeah the electro sorption we call it electrostatic attraction so because most of the cells are negatively charged so that they will move to the positive electrode so that's kind of a major mechanism that we use because you know in the water bacteria are everywhere but actually the strong electric field only exists on the surface of the electrodes so that we want to drag the bacteria from the ambient to near to the electrodes so that we use electrostatic attraction as well as the dielectrophoretic forces depending on different designs okay and what is the current when you apply one volt what is the relative current what is the relative how many ampere how many what is the intensity one volt you have an intensity related to this one volt right what is the intensity but you don't have the intensity okay and what is the power that you can generate with stable electricity with stable the power the tribal electric the TNG so it depending on how large your device is so for example for our application as I just mentioned you know the tribal electricity it generates AC the alternative current so that in this case we want to generate for example we want to generate 1.5 volts for the disinfection because you know sometimes if we just generate one volt it's not sufficient so that we generate 1.5 volts with the rotation speed about 60 or 100 rpm so that's kind of most of the adults can just rotate it like that and you see we need such that big device to generate 1.5 volts yeah okay and is it efficient for any kind of microorganisms because you mentioned in transport phenomena it will not be all charged to microorganisms so did you try many kinds of microorganisms yeah for now because most of them are just lab demonstration so for the disinfection primarily we just use a lot of different microorganisms on the disinfection so in the disinfection part we use bacteria the gram positive gram negative the round shape the round shape the different shapes we have tested several kinds about maybe six or seven and also we tested the viruses the MS2 so all the model viruses so and most of them show a pretty good disinfection efficiency but in terms of the movement the electrical absorption so we haven't done very systematic study on that actually but it's kind of very interesting study that we're going to consider in the future okay and one last question is about the scale up do you know how you intend to scale up it or do you want to keep it small for the centralized system for example or do you want to do intend to integrate it in centralized system you mean so using it in a small scale or a larger scale is that a question oh yeah so actually I really I believe every development so all our inventors may want to use it at a full scale okay if it's possible I want to use it in a drinking water treatment plant in a wastewater treatment plant that's the ultimate goal I really want to do that but actually we still our technology was developed about nine years ago so it's not a very mature method and for now we only can treat it like very household level water usage not very large scale but if possible we really want to make it larger to use a full scale water treatment plant that's our future dream okay good one last question I come back to the current because someone is asking can you apply a current as well instead of voltage or can I use current instead of voltage current instead of voltage yes yeah that's a that's an interesting question but actually because electroporation this is a electric field induced process yeah okay in this way we do not need electric current so actually as you can see we just grow the nanovirus on the electrodes in my development but for our other lab mates if we have suspended nanovirus in the liquid it will also concentrate the electric field there will be no current over there alright so that which means that the voltage or the electric field is more important than the current yeah okay and I was just thinking last thing the lifetime of your electrode of your material you were mentioning that it should be not that long how long is it for now the lifetime of your of your material the lifetime yes of your material yeah I got your point the lifetime for the for the best practice we can use the nanovirus for as long as 15 days 15 15 days actually it's not a very long time but actually at the beginning of our development the electrodes can be only used for 5 minutes 5 minutes then 1 hour then 12 hours then for now 15 days still it seems like not a very big achievement comparing with other methods but still for us it's kind of very a milestone finding for us okay so thank you good luck for that thank you for all the questions thank you for your presentation I think we'll go to the conclusion now on the board so thank you again to the speakers who who accepted to present their works to have a discussion with attendees and now we're going to go to the poll as a second poll we would like to as you are calling to you which disinfection technology or combination of technology multiple answers are possible would be the most interesting to be applied okay so either UV light based systems electropal oxidation systems electrochemical based processes localion and electric field systems chlorination based systems ozone based systems parasitic acid systems something not on the list maybe also so we leave you on 1 minutes 1 to 2 minutes to answer and then we're going to get the results and we go to the conclusion okay then so we got the results so it seems that we have the preferred one like UV light based systems the one kind of system that has been presented at the beginning of this webinar and electrochemical electric based systems it's also interesting people that are attending this webinar so that's interesting global view of it so thank you again for putting things to this poll that's interesting interesting weather so now we're going to go to the conclusion directly so just few take home mistakes so there are several emerging technologies like electrochemical and electrical based systems that have been presented today there could be another one as well so it was not exhaustive of course so there is a need for suitable and sustainable disinfection technology for long-term efficiency without disinfection by-product issues another take home mistakes and there is not only one single technology that could answer all disinfection issues right so there is a need for a solution toolbox to select and combine on a case-by-case basis okay next slide so there are upcoming webinars organized again by the disinfection special group from the highway that will be during the first semester of 2023 right so one would be around the challenges and opportunities in identification with prioritization and control of disinfection by-products in drinking water another one would be about the emerging technologies for wet or wet water treatment that enlarge to other other processes like current-related or ozone-related or organic peroxide systems to enlarge to complete the view as a group of viewers that we have started to present you today with this webinar we really hope it could help you to understand better and see discover maybe also kind of processes that could be applied in the near future okay and so we would like to thank you for your attention for this webinar and you can still join our network of wet or professionals of course with a discount 20 discounts off if you are a new member 31st of December 2022 to do it by using the code written on this slide so again we would like to thank you for your attention and that's a real pleasure to organize it with highway and hope to see you for the next webinar and thank you everyone bye