 Professor Kalldor was in charge of a study on the effects of allied strategic bombing on the German war economy, the British study. There was an American study which employed about ten times more people. The British study employed about three people and directed by Kalldor. The American study was much larger and was directed by John Kenneth Galbraith, but it included also Japan and the Far East. The British study was only about Germany. And the results are famous. Both of these studies found that the German war economy increased with the bombing, with the pressure which was put on the resources and the population by bombing. The result was an increase in production. It is very interesting, the explanation that was given, I think, by Professor Kalldor himself initially is that the Germans made huge improvements in the efficiency of the organization of the war production. So whereas previously there were inefficiencies whereby certain big shots in the party had control of certain areas of the economy, they rationalized and they improved the organization. And of course you had also the human factor, which operated in Britain too, is that the more the enemy attacks, the more you're determined to show them otherwise. I think that was the effect of the bombing on Britain too. I do remember that a 72-hour work week was not unusual. And the people who were employed in the war production were largely women and men who were not fit for military service, too old or not well enough or something. So for me the lesson I learned is that you really cannot break the spirit of a people just by brute force, whether it was the German side or the British side as far as the bombing is concerned. That is what I took away as a lesson. So when I came to Canada, initially I may say that Joe got for me a teaching assistantship and something at the University of Toronto. But I decided that really the environment was really boring and not at all interesting. I decided that I would either work in a factory, which I had done a lot in England during vacations, or I would find work with trade unions in research. I worked for the Mindmill and Smelter Workers Union for two years in producing a twelve-page tabloid newspaper monthly or the paper for them. So that's what I did, that kind of thing. I also worked for some insurance company just for the money. When my relationship with a Caribbean started the same time as I started up McGill in 1960. It was quite accidental. It had to do with the fact that Professor Kirsten, who was then at U of T, my professor at U of T as he spent a sabbatical year in Jamaica, he was a friend of Thelous, and he was engaged in some studies, and as I later learned, this is what professors do, they send for graduate students to help with the studies, and that's how I... And that's a relationship I maintained throughout all the years I was at McGill. I had to teach whatever I was given to teach, which was money and banking first year, about which I knew nothing, and I was not interested either. But to sweeten the deal, they let me develop a course in techniques of economic planning. I did direct a very large study based on Statistics Canada in Ottawa on constructing input output tables for the four Atlantic provinces. Well, you see, at that time we had a joint department of economics and political science. It was a joint department, and a colleague on the political science side was Charles Taylor, who was an important figure in the newly formed NDP, and he came and asked if I would write a background paper on issues of foreign ownership. Eventually, I was asked if I would write, put the material into a book, but my only disappointment with that, oh, and incidentally, when the book went to be evaluated, it came back very negatively. That was not economics, that was a political tract, and the publisher, meanwhile, who was the Macmillan of Canada, came and said, you know, we like your book. Can you think of somebody else to send it to that will give us a more favorable report? I said, sure, you try Mel Watkins, and the rest is history. Mel wrote the introduction, and he was at that time himself engaged in what we was known in Canada as the Watkins Report, a study commissioned by the Minister of Finance of the day, precisely on the effects of foreign direct investment on the Canadian economy, and some very well-known people were employed, engaged with them as Watkins in this so-called Watkins Report, principally Stephen Heimer, and I must take the opportunity of mentioning his name to any economist who might be interested. I think he was really brilliant, the fact is that he left us far too soon. My interest in the basically British West Indies, Caribbean, but particularly the former English colonies, it started from the time that I told you, Professor Kirsten invited me to finish a study to help a study on inter-island shipping service, and I was so impressed by the young economists, the West Indians, many of them educated at LSE, and I maintained their contact then with Alistair McIntyre and Lloyd Best and others, and that was pretty well from 1961. When I started to collaborate more with Lloyd Best, and we first hit on the idea about the slave plantation having been, so to speak, the original economic institution of those countries whose historic effects on the further development of the countries was very important. That started in 1964, and then we got some funding from the McGill Center for Developing Area Studies, brought Lloyd Best to Montreal and so on and so forth. Eventually, many, many years later published a book on essays in plantation economy, jointly authored with Lloyd Best. I think the connection came with respect to the work I had done in Canada on subsidiaries and branch plans of multinational corporations. Now in the West Indies, of course, these, what we might have called the representative firm using Marshall's term which nobody remembers anymore because they don't teach history of economic thought anymore, but the representative firm, so to speak, would have been a rather large subsidiary or company in the extractive industries in the case of the West Indies in Bauxite or in petroleum or in sugar, of course, historically the most important. And these large enterprises were so obviously predominating, the economies of those countries, particularly at that time, perhaps less so today, that I would see the similarities really has to do with the effects of being the subsidiary of some foreign company in the case of the West Indies extractive.