 Hello, I welcome you all once again to my channel explore education. I am Dr. Rashmi Singh assistant professor department of education at the Skanna Girls degree college University of Allahabad. And after a long time, I will come back to my favorite topic that is educational psychology, and in which today I'm going to discuss methods of educational psychology. Actually, there are mainly five methods of educational psychology, which has been discussed in BA, BA, and MA courses, that is introspection, observation, clinical method, experimental method and case study, in which I have already a separate video on experimental method and case study. Hence, in this video, I am going to cover only introspection, observation and clinical method. However, a previous video of mine is available on these methods, but this is an old video and there is no PPT, so less visible to students who are observing on mobile. Hence, I am recording it second time. So, do subscribe my channel and it will be useful for various competitive teaching examinations as well as for your general understanding about the basic conceptual understanding about educational psychology. So, first of all, introspection. Whenever you go to study science, then the first point for you is to ask you what is the nature of the concept and what is its nature and what is its shape. After that, it is said that methods of educational psychology means that in scientific knowledge, which methods will be used? What are the methods to be used? Whose method is it to be used? The business of business is going on originally when it is being discussed, or which research methods are used? This is the method of educational psychology. So, introspection is the oldest method and obviously it is not used now. But when we study, we have to know from the beginning that which methods have been obsolete. So, introspection is the oldest method in the field of educational psychology. Historically, introspection is the oldest method of all which was formerly used in philosophy. I mean, you already knew that philosophy is the mother of all sciences. All the sciences came out of philosophy for a long time. And then in psychology, to collect data about the conscious experience of the subject. You know that since this is the oldest method, you should also pay attention to the oldest method. So, what was the definition of psychology in the morning? At that time, the definition of psychology was the conscious experience of the subject. So, this method is used to collect data in psychology. Whose data is used to collect the conscious experience of the subject? The subject which you have to pay attention to is the conscious experience of the subject. So, the conscious experience of the subject is used to collect data in the field of science. Introspection is the oldest method in philosophy. What does introspection mean? It means to see within oneself or self-observation you can say. Introspection means to see within oneself or self-observation. To understand one's own mental health and the state of mind. Introspection means to see within oneself, self-observation, self-observation and self-observation. Then, this method was developed by the structuralists in psychology who defined psychology as the study of conscious experiences of the individual. I said that when you read the oldest method of psychology, then you read that the structuralists were the first ones who defined psychology when you talk about Wilhelm Wundt. You should also know who the structuralists were. The structuralists were the first ones who tried to define psychology. And they said psychology is a picture of the structure of the mind. That's why people later said that the mind is so difficult, so conscious, so subconscious, so unconscious. How can you understand the structure of the mind? Later, in psychology, the structuralists were called functionalists. They said that it is easier to define the structure of the mind than to define the work of the mind. That's why they call it the structure of the mind. I already have a video on the structuralist versus the functionalist. You can read it and listen to it and understand the structuralist and functionalist. But we have to pay attention to this. When the introspection method came, what was the structure of the mind that was popular in the psychology field? And what did they tell us? They told us that the psychology is the reflection of conscious experiences of the individual. That's why this method came that it will reflect the real and experience of the person. If you understand it so much, you won't understand it. You don't just need to write it. Then, the method of self-observation came. The word introspection is made up of two Latin words. These two Latin words are called introminning within. Intro means inside yourself, inspection means looking. And inspection means looking inside yourself. It is a method where an individual is looking within himself. It is the method where the person is looking inside himself. Introspection, the individual peeps into his own mental state and observes his or her own mental processes. So, in introspection or intradarshan, the person looks inside his own mental state, and looks into his own mental problems. TOUGHT considers that to introspect is to attend the working of one's own mind in a systematic way. TOUGHT said that introspection means to introspect. He is saying introspection means that we are the working of our mind, the pattern of our mind, how it works, how it thinks. What is the work of the mind? So, we have to understand and take care of it in a systematic way. Here it happened that the one of the oldest methods to collect data about the conscious experience of this subject Is a process of self-examination, We are doing our own examination of where one perceives, Wherever we perceive, analyze and visualize, refer either reporting or material pay, introspection is also defined as the notice which the mind takes of itself. Let us see the stages of introspection. The first is that during the observation of external objects, the person begins to ponder over his or her own mental state. For example, we are very sad. The reason why we are sad is that our mental state starts to think. The person begins to ponder over. We start to think about our mental state. What is going on in our mind from the observation of that external object? The person begins to question the working of his or her own mind. We start to question the working of our mind. Why did we think this way? We always think this way. She tries to frame the laws and conditions of mental processes. If we are constantly focusing on our mental state or systematic way, then we cannot even remove those states. We can also frame the rules that our mind thinks this way. If this condition comes with us, then our mind thinks this way. This is introspection. What are the characteristics of introspection? What is the speciality of introspection? The subject gets direct, immediate and intuitive knowledge about the mind. I mean, we are reflecting on ourselves. There is no other person in our mind. There is no third person in our mind. So, we get a direct knowledge. We get immediate and immediate knowledge. Intuitive means the role of intuition in our mind. Then, the subject has actually to observe his or her own mental processes. He cannot speculate about them. I mean, we are not speculating, observing, observing, attending, noticing, knowing about our mind. We are not speculating. I mean, we are not thinking that this will happen, this will not happen. We are not speculating. We are observing. Okay. What are the characteristics of introspection? What are the characteristics of introspection? Introspection is the same as the person himself examines his or her own activities. I mean, this is the first-hand data. We have thought about it and we have written it down. We have written ourselves. That is why there is less chance of making a mistake. So, this is the speciality of introspection. This is the plus point of introspection. And it gives information about one's own self, which is difficult by other methods. It is very difficult to think about your mind in any other way. So, this can be the method if you want to focus on your mind. It is an easy method and it needs no equipment. You don't need a tool, a tool, a test. You just have to sit, think and write. It is an easy method in that sense. And it makes a base for other methods such as experimental and observation methods. Since this is the oldest method in educational psychology or psychology field. So, this is the method of making a base for other methods. This is the method of making a base for other methods such as observation method, experimental method. This is the practice method. And this is the practice method. And there are more demerits than merits. This method is subjective in nature and lacks scientific objectivity. It is completely subjective. We have thought about it and we have written it down. We have taken care of objectivity. We have taken care of bias. There is no scientific objectivity. You can't test it or generalize it. The most serious objection against this method is that human mind is not static. Like inanimate objects such as stone or chairs. I mean, our mind is not static. I mean, it is not stable. We are in anger. And we have to write this into the introspection that how we are in anger, how did our mind work. So, when we are in anger, then we are not writing. And when we are in anger, then we are not in anger. This means that the mind is not in that state when it is burning that thing. This means that this is a false statement. Our mental process is under constant changes. Our mind keeps changing every moment. We want to die every moment. We want to commit suicide. And we are very happy with the next moment in our life. So, when one attempts to introspect. So, when we try to introspect, the state of mental process disappears. The introspection of this state disappears. And it becomes a retrospect. The thing that has passed, we are introspecting it. So, this introspection is actually not this. Okay? Ross commenting on the limitation of introspection said the observer and the observed are the same. Mind is both the fields and the instrument of observation. He is saying that the biggest weakness and limit of this is that the observer, the observer is observing and the observed is observing. Both are the same. Both of you are the same. So, the mind is in the field of introspection and the instrument is in the field of observation. So, how is this possible? This is impossible. Then introspection cannot be employed in children. In the same group of people, those who have a problem or have children, they cannot introspection. Then there are conflict reports as regards the findings collected from different introspectionists. If we are going to talk about the same situation with the observer and the observer, then they will get conflict reports. Someone has said something, someone has said something, someone has said something, there is no conflict in co-use. There will be conflict. Okay? So, there are so many differences. But still this method is very important because why? Because it is the oldest method and it becomes the base for the future method in the educational psychology. Okay? Then observation. This method is also very important and it is used till today. We don't use introspection. The development of psychology as an objective science of behavior as if psychology was developed in the form of science. So, in what form? In the form of an objective science of behavior. So, the method of introspection was replaced by a careful observation of human and animal behavior. So, as soon as it was established, then the method of introspection was replaced by the method of pre-expression. So, pre-expression means observation literally means looking outside oneself. Introspection means looking inside within oneself. Observation means looking outside. I mean, we have to look outside ourselves. Observation has been defined as measurement without instrument. This also doesn't need any instrument. You just have to pre-expression. It is a very important method for collecting data in almost all types of research studies. All the main areas of your research are very important for data collection. And four steps are generally required for observation. If we look at it, generally these are the four steps that we follow. First, observation of behavior. First, we do pre-expression of behavior. Then, we do recording the behavior observed. We have pre-expression of behavior. We write it somewhere, record it. Then, we do analysis and interpretation of behavior. We do visualization of behavior and try to extract it. And then, if we are getting the same behavior again and again, then we generalize it. We do generalization of the behavior which is the main demand of research. Okay. And in observation, there will be many ways to get natural observation, artificial observation. But the most important is participant observation or non-participant observation. What does participant observation mean? The group that we want to do observation, we will become a participant in it. We will be a part of it. Suppose we want to do observation of class 12 children. We will become a class 12 child and participate in it. In participant observation, the observer became a part of the group which he wants to observe. We have to make sure that we become a part of it. We become a participant of it. So, observational studies, scientific technique of collecting data, those results can be verified and relied upon to locate behavior problems. When you become a part of that group, you can get a certain information that how that group thinks, who has a good feeling about it, what are their problems, what are their problems. Not that they will consider you as their subject, then they will share everything with you. So, its advantages are that it allows for insight into context-relationship behavior. You get an insight into context-relationship behavior and can provide information previously unknown to researchers. That is crucial for project design, data collection and interpretation of other data. You can get such information that was unknown to you and you were aware of it. You can work well with it. But disadvantages are time consuming. Suppose you have a particular angle, particular issue of data, that is not possible in this group. And since you are a participant, you will not provoke that you should talk like this. That is why it takes a lot of time that when the time comes and you will get the data. Then, documentation relies on memory, personal discipline and diligence of research. We are so inexperienced. It is not that we want to get the data, for that we are insisting on that group that you should talk like this, what happens, what happens, what happens. They will feel that we are doing abnormal behavior and they will show their abnormal behavior in front of us. They will not do normal behavior. That is why we need a lot of diligence of our researcher. We live in such a strong sense. And if we do not note what we observed today, then we will forget it. It depends on memory as well. We will remember it. Then, it requires conscious of afforded objectivity because method is inherently subject. Since we are a part of that group, then it is possible that our thoughts are molded from their side. So, we have to keep our objectivity in mind. We do not have to be involved in that group. If we are involved in that group, then our subjectivity will come. In the issues and what we are talking about. So, we have to keep in mind that we have to be detached from that group. It is very difficult. It is not possible. Non-participant observation means that we will observe but we will not be a part of the group. Here, the observer observes their position which is least disturbing to the subject and the study. We are not disturbing the subject. We are observing from a distance. Specific behavior is observed in natural settings without subjects getting conscious that they are observing someone. The subject should not know that someone is observing him. You have to observe in a natural setting. Because if they know, then they will not do their normal or natural behavior. So, the disadvantages of this can be noted that our angle is distorted and we are not able to see the right thing. Objectivity of the observer. We are not objective. We are constantly including subjectivity. We are including our self. In writing, reporting, interpretation, selectivity. Who are we listening to? If we have chosen the group then all the results will come wrong. And ethical concerns. We have observed the sensitive issue. How much we will write, how much we will reveal, how much we will hide. We need to take care of these ethical concerns. There are many merits since it happens in a natural and normal way. So, natural and normal way of knowing the external but also the mind of the subject. That is, we are the subject of the person. We also check the mind of the person. We also check the external work. It is a natural and normal way. This is more reliable than introspection and objective. This is an excellent source of information. What actually happens? In classroom, playground, where we want to meditate, you can get information of what is happening. Study of individuals in a natural situation. You are meditating in a natural setting. So, if you are not in a controlled condition then you can get better data. Objectivity is free from personal bias or prejudice. If you are trying to stay away from an abnormal person, it is very suitable for introspection. You can use it anywhere. These are the pros and cons of it. What are the negative points? There are two types of mistakes. One is sampling error and observer error. Sampling error means the sample we have chosen represents our population. No, the sample is wrong. So, observer error means we are the observer. If we are observing the same thing or if we are not, it is an observer error. It is very important to be free from these two errors. Then, observation is useful only for collecting data about overach behavior. We are only observing and collecting what is visible outside. What is going on inside, we are not getting the mental processes. And subjectivity of interpretation. We are interpreting the observation. Our subjectivity is there. So, this is a big issue. How do we interpret it objectively? As soon as you interpret it, your subjectivity will come into interpretation. Then, clinical. This method is primarily used to collect. It is called naidanik. It is the prekshaan. It is the naidanik. It means we have to remove the negative points. We have to remove the negative points. This method is primarily used to collect detailed information on the behavioral problems of maladjusted and deviant cases. This method is used to collect psychological problems of maladjusted and deviant cases. This method is used for them. The main objective of this method is to study individual cases. You have to study with one case. Why? Because there are many cases that you will not be able to generalize. And cases of groups to detect and diagnose. You have to detect and diagnose what is the negative point. Then, you will diagnose and identify it. And then, you will suggest therapeutic measures for them. How can they be improved? You will give suggestions for them. It involves the following steps. First, you should do an interview. You did the research. You did the diagnosis. You did the information gathering. You organized the investigation. Then, you made a hypothesis that this problem can be caused by this. Then, you diagnosed that yes, this problem is caused by this. So, this is less popular. Because it is only in maladjusted and deviant cases. So, introspection is the oldest. It is not used now. But it is still useful. You should at least know. Observation is still used. And in many ways, participant or non-participant is used more. It is more popular. And both have their pros and cons. Both have their merits and demerits. And this is clinical. And apart from this, it does not work. There is a separate video. Listen to it. There is a case study. Listen to it. If you know these five methods, you can say that you know the methods of educational psychology. At least, you can attempt such type questions or short answer type questions. You should understand what is the method, why you have covered. It is very topic. So, go through it. Learn it. And happy learning to all of you. I have done from my side. Okay?