 Good morning, dear learners. I'm Dr. Satish Visambalakade and I'm working as an Aston Professor of Communication Skills in the Department of Humanities and Sciences, Volchin Institute of Technology, Sholapur. And I welcome you all for this session on Nouns Part 2. As I said earlier, I have divided this session on Nouns in two parts, that is Nouns Part 1 and Nouns Part 2. In the previous session, that is Nouns Part 1, we have dealt with three types of Nouns, that is the Common Noun, Proper Noun, and Collective Noun. Now in this particular session on Nouns Part 2, we will be discussing the remaining types of Nouns, that is Abstract Noun, Material Noun, Countable Noun, and Uncountable Noun. So let us proceed to the next slide, the learning outcome. At the end of this session, students will be able to use appropriate noun forms in their communication. Dear learners, this is the learning outcome. At the end of this session, students will be able to use appropriate noun forms in their communication. So we'll be discussing about Abstract Noun, Material Noun, Countable Noun, and Uncountable Noun. Now here is a question for you people to think over. And the question is, what is an Abstract Noun? So I would request you to pause this video for some time and write the answer for this question in your course journal. And then you can resume the video. Welcome back. Now here is the answer for your question, what is an Abstract Noun? So the definition of an Abstract Noun, an Abstract Noun is usually the name of a quality, action, or state considered apart from the object to which it belongs. So goodness is the example of Abstract Noun which relates to quality. Hatred is the example of Abstract Noun which relates to action. And slavery is the Abstract Noun which relates to state. In this way, Abstract Nouns refer to ideas and qualities that we cannot see or touch. Most Abstract Nouns are formed from adjectives. The following example will make it quite clear. So the example is safe. So the Abstract Noun safety is formed from the adjective safe. In majority of the cases, as I said, Abstract Nouns are formed from adjectives. So let us do an exercise based on Abstract Nouns. So in the first sentence, you have to fill in the blank by using the word strong, which is an adjective. So the answer is strength. As I said, most Abstract Nouns are formed from adjectives. And so the Abstract Noun which we get from the adjective strong is strength. So the answer is she is a woman of strength. And in this sentence, strength is working as an Abstract Noun. Second, the honesty is the best policy. Now in this particular sentence, there is an error. And the error is the use of article the here. Normally in such sentences, we do not use definite article the with abstract nouns like honesty. In such sentences, abstract nouns like honesty do not take definite article the. And so the right sentence is honesty is the best policy. Sentence number three, the love is God. As I said earlier, generally abstract nouns do not take definite article the before it. So here in this particular case, love is an abstract noun. And it does not take definite article the before it. So the right sentence is love is God. Let us proceed to the next category, that is material noun. Let us define what a material noun is. So the definition is like this. A material noun refers to a material or substance from which things are made. So the following example makes it quite clear. Sentence number one, this chain is made of gold. In this particular sentence, gold is material noun because it tells us about the material from which the chain is made off. So the chain is made of gold. And so gold here is working as a material noun. Likewise in sentence number two, this shirt is made of cotton. So cotton is a material noun because it tells us the material from which this shirt is made off. Let's do a small exercise based on material nouns. So look at sentence number one. This ring is made of the silver. Now there is an error in this sentence and the error is the use of definite article the. So here generally in such sentences like this ring is made of the silver where silver is working as a material noun. We do not use definite article the before such material nouns. So we need to remove definite article the from this particular sentence. So the right sentence is this ring is made of silver. So let us discuss sentence number two. This wall is built of stones. So here there is an error in this particular sentence and the error is the use of the plural material noun stones. The right sentence is this wall is built of stone. So we should use the material noun stone in the singular form. Now why so? So whenever you use a material noun to refer to the material from which a thing is made off that particular material noun should be in the singular form. This particular wall is made of stone and so stone here is working as material noun and so we should use it in the singular form. So whenever material nouns are used in such sentences they are in the singular form. So this wall is built of stone. Sentence number three. This table is made of woods. Again the same rule woods here is used as material noun and so it has to be in the singular form. So the right sentence is this table is made of wood. Here in sentence number three woods has a different meaning. Plural woods means it refers to forest. Here the meaning is of material noun and so we need to use it in the singular form that is wood, W-O-O-D wood. So the right sentence is this table is made of wood. The next category, countable noun definition. Countable nouns are individual people, animals, places, things or ideas which can be counted. Example, anything that can be counted first whether singular, a dog, a house, a friend, et cetera is a countable noun or plural that is a few books, lots of oranges, et cetera is a countable noun. Uncountable noun, the definition. Anything that cannot be counted is an uncountable noun. Even though uncountable nouns are not individual objects they are always singular and one must always use singular verbs in conjunction with uncountable nouns. Examples, there is no more water in the pond. Sentence number two, please help yourself to some cheese. Sentence number three, I need to find information about Pulitzer Prize winners. Now here water, cheese and information all these are uncountable nouns and they are always in the singular form. Now let us do an exercise based on countable and uncountable nouns. Sentence number one, there is few water in the tank. Sentence number one is wrong because water is uncountable noun and with uncountable nouns we use little and not few and so the right sentence is there is little water in the tank. So remember the difference between few and little and their relation with uncountable nouns. So it's very simple, few is used with countable nouns and little is used with uncountable nouns. Sentence number two, he gave me few informations. Now here there are two mistakes in this particular sentence that is informations is uncountable noun and it is always in the singular form. So we need to remove the plural s from the spelling of information and error two is the use of few with information. As I earlier said few is used with countable nouns. Here information is an uncountable noun and we need to use little. So the right sentence is he gave me little information. Sentence number three, a little members were present for the meeting. Again there's a mistake in this particular sentence. Members is a countable noun. I repeat members is a countable noun and as I said with countable nouns we use few and not little and so the right sentence is a few members were present for the meeting. So this was all about countable and uncountable nouns. So these are the references for this particular work. Thank you very much.