 Hello, everyone. Good evening. I am audible to you. Shakti, co-host. Shakti, co-host, co-host. Message to host and panelists. Everyone really. Okay, okay. People attending online, I hope I am audible to you. And people who are watching it on YouTube, I hope I am also audible to you. I am audible to you also. All right. So, we will start with the session. I am Swacharitan, Faculty of Science and Technology in Shankarayesh Academy. Welcome to the free session provided by Shankarayesh Academy, wherein the main aim of this session is to cover at least 300 questions, sorry, 200 questions and cover 100 themes in various subjects. wherein today we are going to discuss about science and technology. Before we start the session, I will give you a general outlay of the session. I have taken 30 questions. So, these 30 questions, they are taken from different field of science and technology, like space science, astrophysics, biotech, nuclear science, electronics, communication, information technology, nanotechnology, and then from basics of NCRT. Basically, at least two or three questions will be there in all these themes. Now, how we are going to approach this session is, first, I will show you the question and then, generally, assume you are going to write your prelims examination. It is 120 minutes, wherein you have to attend somewhere around 100 questions. I have assumed or I have assigned somewhere around 50 seconds for each of the questions. So, once I show you the question, the bar will run at the top of the screen wherein before it runs out, which will be in 50 seconds, please make sure you drop your answers. So, all the answers that will be given as input through the Zoom meeting, I will take it as the answers and then based on that, we will proceed with the discussion. This is the idea here. So, we will start with the first question. Please wait a minute. So, online people, I am watching your messages on the Zoom. You can drop your messages here. The question on your screen now. Please zoom to the board. Okay. Do you want the board to be zoomed in? Is it not clear to you? Board level zoom Venuma. So, that board Mata Thiriramari. Now, Thirya Deepavala, board maximum zooming. Is it fine now? People are attending on the Zoom. So, based on the answers you have given, first one is, you can launch the satellites up to 8000 kilogram to the lower orbit. It is correct. So, first of all, you have to understand what is the lower orbit. Let's say, if this is the surface of earth and if a satellite is placed up to 2000 kilometer from the surface of earth, then you call it as a lower orbit or up to 2000 kilometer. You call it as a lower orbit wherein of all the launch vehicles that India has right now, the GSLV Mark 3 which is the heaviest launch vehicle of India. This is capable of carrying up to 8000 kilogram to the lower orbit. So, if you take the payload capacity of GSLV Mark 3 to the lower orbit, that is less than 2000 kilometer, it can carry up to 8000 kilogram of payload. This can be anything, a satellite, a spacecraft or even astronauts, anyone or anything that can be up to 8000 kilogram can be carried by GSLV Mark 3 to the lower orbit, that is up to 2000 kilometer. Then, when we talk about GTO, that is geostationary transfer orbit, where the satellites will be placed in a temporary orbit and then it will be lifted to a very high earth orbit, somewhere up to 35000 kilometer. So, for such orbits, this GSLV Mark 3 can carry up to 4000 kilogram or in very simple terms, if you want to launch a communication satellite which is much heavier which has to be placed in a very high earth orbit, India can send up to 4000 kilogram. When if you want to place any other imaging satellite or any other minus satellites which are placed at the low altitude, India can send up to 8000 kilogram. So, these are the launch capacities of GSLV Mark 3. Based on this, first statement is correct. Second statement, India sells sufficient in the production of liquid and cryogenic engines. This statement is also correct because the liquid engines developed by India, these are called as Vikas engines. First, they were integrated in PSLV, the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle. So, India sells sufficient in liquid engine. You would have seen movies like the Rocket in Umbia Effect and everything that discusses about Vikas engines. Now, coming to the cryogenic engines. Right now, India has two cryogenic engines. First one is CE 7.5. This is the first indigenous cryogenic engine developed by India. Where in the largest cryogenic engine developed by India, it's called a CE 2.5. Where in CE 7.5, right now, it is operating in GSLV Mark 2. Where in CE 2.5, this is operating in GSLV Mark 3. Which means two types of cryogenic engines are used by India. For both of them, India has sells sufficient capabilities. On other words, we can domestically produce it without any other country's support. Even though these cryogenic engines are inspired by the Russian model, right now, India has indigenous capabilities. Third one is GSLV Mark 3 has the highest success rate among all the launch vehicles of India. This statement is wrong. That's because when we talk about success rate, it's about how many missions you have sent and out of which, how many missions were successful. If you take the success rate, GSLV Mark 3 has lesser success rate. Wherein PSLV, that is the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, this is considered to be the most reliable launch vehicle of India. That's because in the entire service history and all the commercial missions, so far only two failures. One was in 1993, the other was in 2017, which means this is considered to be the most versatile workhorse or this is considered to be the most reliable launch vehicle of India. Wherein the third statement is wrong. Based on this answer should be one and two only. And after I tell you the answer, again, I will give you like 15 to 30 seconds reserved for any doubts. Online people, if you have any doubts, you can drop your messages quickly. Many of you have answered B, few of you have answered C. Wherein C is wrong answer. I hope you understood. How many failures for Mark 3 not required sir, but when we were trying to send Mangalyan repeatedly GSLV Mark 3 was showing failures. And that is why the India's Martian mission or the Mangalyan was sent through PSLV. So from what I have heard, it has very lesser success rate and also more number of failures compared to PSLV. This is sufficient. The numerical data is not required. Which has the highest success rate, Jeevlin PSLV has the highest success rate. PSLV Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle PSLV has the highest success rate. We have one more question where CE is used the cryogenic engine 225 by the way Nareem C20 C25 both are same. C25 is name of the program C20 is name of the engine. So C20 25 symbolizes same thing and they are part of GSLV Mark 3. What is the height of GTO? It depends on the altitude where you have to place the satellite. If you want to place the satellite 35,000 km then the GTO can be up to 7,000 km and from where we will be rising it. Suppose if you want to place a navigation satellite somewhere around 10,000 km then 4,000 km can be GTO. So this GTO depends on mass of the satellite and also depends on destination of the satellite. It has a variable range but definitely higher than lower target. Is it clear? Can we go to the next question? All right. Coming to the second question related to navigation systems B is the majority of answer where in few of you have answered C many of you have answered E Okay. We will see this question. First one, navigation system in mobile phones can predict our location by trilateration technique. This is true. That is because if I am going to turn on GPS here now my phone is going to receive signals at least from 13 satellites repeat. Since GPS are somewhere around 24 satellites including the backup satellites, 8 to 13 satellites will send signals to my mobile phone. Now the mobile phone has a GPS receiver which is going to calculate distance of the satellite from the mobile phone. Repeat the distance of the satellites from my mobile phone is calculated. Based on this your location will be predicted. So this method is called as trilateration in very simple words if you are going to electronically calculate size of a triangle or size of a shape then it is called as a trilateration technique and this should not be trilateration technique. Because trilateration technique you use the angles of a triangle to determine its length. That is different. Where in navigation systems they use trilateration techniques. Triangulation is used for land survey methods. Where in this is used in navigation satellites. So the first statement is correct trilateration technique is used by the navigation systems to predict your location. Second one, navigation system by India has satellites in geostationary earth orbit as well this is also correct. That's because you classify satellites generally placed at a very high altitude in two first one you have geostationary and then geosynchronous. So both these satellites have one common characteristic that is time period of the satellite repeat time period of the satellite or in other words time taken by the satellite to complete one orbit that is the time period of the time period of the satellite equals to rotational period of earth which equals to 23 hours 56 minutes and 4 seconds or other words approximately you can write 24 hours now the earth is going to take 24 hours to complete one rotation the satellite is also going to take 24 hours to complete one rotation that is called as a geosynchronous orbit something like this earth is taking 24 hours and also the satellite is taking 24 hours now in this you have two sub classification first one is geosynchronous which means this condition is met but this is not generally placed on the equator in other words it is a little bit tilted away from the equator so it covers certain parts of the northern hemisphere and then it covers certain part of the southern hemisphere or in very simple terms if you take the equator to be like this it makes 8 shaped path or the area covered by geosynchronous orbit I repeat geosynchronous orbit GSO it will be like 8 shaped path wherein sections of area will be covered that is because the earth is rotating in a different angle and the satellite is orbiting in a different angle this is called as geosynchronous wherein geostationary earth orbit GEO it is basically a special case of GSO I repeat geostationary earth orbit it is a special case of geosynchronous orbit the only difference is it fulfills this condition but it is placed above the equator I repeat this is placed right above the equator that is called as a geostationary earth orbit satellite so what is the statement given here it says navigation system or in other words IRNSS Indian regional navigation satellite system it has satellites in geostationary earth orbit as well as geosynchronous orbit this is true that is because India has placed 4 satellites in geosynchronous orbit and 3 satellites in geostationary earth orbit so this has been asked in previous year the older UPSI prelims also that is because you have something like this 7 satellites wherein 4 satellites are in geosynchronous orbit which makes 8 shaped coverage and then 3 satellites are in geostationary earth orbit so that is why if you see here GEO 3 GEO and then 4 GSO so the second statement is true coming to the 3rd statement Navica SPS signal which means standard positioning signal or interoperable with other global navigation satellite system so here global navigation satellite system means it has a global coverage throughout the world you can use it starting from Arctic till Antarctic everywhere you go if a navigation signal is going to give you a coverage if it is going to provide you signal you call it as a GNSS global navigation satellite system we have 4 global navigation satellite systems one is GPS owned by USA and then you have GLONASS owned by Russia and then you have GALYLEO that is owned by European Union and then you have Baidu that is owned by China so these are global navigation satellite systems wherein if you take NAVIC or IRNSS these are regional navigation satellite systems RNSS now here it says NAVIC signals are interoperable with other global navigation satellite systems wherein recent times when they updated the ISROS webpage we understood this is true for GS students who are attending the session so I particularly told you that navigation systems are not interoperable which means if I have a GPS receiver that may not operate with GLONASS that is true but here NAVIC and GPS these two are interoperable because there are certain bands in C-band L-band that are interoperable which means if I have a GPS receiver it can receive signals from GPS which belongs to USA and also it can receive signals from IRNSS which belongs to India certain bands are interoperable so this statement is also correct this is update with respect to the data given in GS classes so make sure you update your notes 1,2,3 all the C statements are correct so answer is D all the statements are correct second question answer is D do you have any doubts in this can we go to the next question okay now Rainer has a question why H shape is formed for that you have to understand the earth is rotating from west to east wherein the satellite is rotating like this where the equator is here so what will happen when it is here this is going to cover this section of the land when it is there it is going to cover other section of the land but the earth would have rotated wherein you can search in google for GSO because it is very difficult to explain it here since I don't have animation just search for geosynchronous orbit and then go to the image search put a gif file you will understand wherein right now you have to imagine it coverage set up one more doubt from Karthik wherein he is asking for location tri-lateration for land survey you said no what is it okay so Karthik I said civil engineering graduates are present they will understand it is called as triangulation the method used in land survey that is called as triangulation technique wherein angles of a triangle is used to measure the sites that is triangulation but navigation uses tri-lateration okay and one more one so how many regional navigation system India has so Nithishar India has only one regional navigation system generally worldwide we call two regional navigation systems which are operational right now one is called as the IRNSS or NAVIC which is owned by India the other one is QZSS quasi zanite satellite system that is owned by Japan these two are the regional navigation systems so does the one like interoperable makes it GNSS since it looks very vague no no see here what we have given here is the signals are interoperable with other global navigation satellite systems where we have not specified it is interoperable with all global navigation systems or something like that we have given it is interoperable with other global navigation systems which could be anything clear okay kindly display tri-lateration screen shot or copy it here wherein i will be sending it to your youtube link so wherein in the description once the class is over we will be updating the pdf you can download it from there coming to the third question okay I mentioned four important satellite systems of India and I have mentioned the spectrum which is being observed by these satellites first one kartro sat it uses visible light this is often called as India's sky that's because it creates very clear images the spectral resolution of kartro sat it is speculated to be up to 25 centimeter extremely high zooming capabilities it is the sharpest civilian remote sensing satellites I am using the term sharpest that's because it's considered to be sharpest in the world the entire world because there was a satellite called in fact it is still operating there is a satellite called world view which is owned by USA by a company called maxar this had a resolution of 30 centimeter but right now the indian satellite that is kartro sat it has an imaging resolution of up to 25 centimeter which means if you take the civilian satellites that are available for imaging capabilities this is the sharpest image so the first one is properly matched second one hyperspectral imaging satellite hyces stands for hyperspectral imaging satellites wherein hyces it covers two regions one is the infrared one is the visible if you are unable to comprehend all these radio spectrums understand electromagnetic spectrum wherein it has 7 different waves it starts from radio it covers radio micro infrared visible uv x ray and gamma and here the general classification which I tell in the GS class as usually you draw a line here wherein these 4 are generally used for communication purposes that is radio is used for communication microwave infrared and visible you have had many questions related to vlc visible light communication and even infrared communication so these 4 can be used for communication generally we won't use uv x ray and gamma for communication that is because high energy ultraviolet rays x rays and gamma rays these are ionizing in nature which means they can knock out electrons from your atoms in your body which can lead to cancers or on a longer end can even lead to genetic damages so generally when we talk about communication we use these 4 for communication purposes similarly for imaging purpose also we can use all of these electromagnetic waves especially these 4 electromagnetic waves because when you imagine taking a photo you always imagine a lens that captures light that is a normal phone camera in fact right now our phone cameras are capable of capturing visible as well as infrared right now most of the advanced phone cameras it uses these 2 parts of the spectrum wherein for imaging purpose we can use all 4 of them especially in satellite system so here it is given hyces uses infrared plus visible light that is hyperspectral imaging satellite uses infrared plus visible light that's true second one is also properly matched because this can record thermal radiations which means if there is a forest fire or if some organisms are present under the canopy layer of the forest all these can be faced using hyces coming to the next satellite the satellite stands for radar imaging satellite very important that's because this is India's all weather satellite system this India's all weather satellite system all weather satellite system means day night cloudy weather rainy weather respective of the weather condition this can make clear images so how this particular satellite is capable of making clear images means it uses microwave basically it is not going to be a micro wave that is going to be reflected from the land and using that it creates a simulated image in fact the type of satellites are called as or the type of radar used here it is called as synthetic aperture radar sar you can link it with the recent project NISAR basically the NISAR also is going to perform the same function it's going to take complete picture of the earth periodically so similar to that here RASAT radar imaging satellite it's going to take clear pictures by sending microwaves and receiving them back from the land based on this this statement is also correct RASAT uses microwaves even though it's called as radar imaging satellite which generally symbolizes radio waves here it uses microwaves third one is correct fourth one is resource RASAT which is used for resource monitoring purpose this also uses infrared invisible or correctly matched answer is D all the pairs are correctly matched answer is D all the pairs are correctly matched do you have any doubts on this sir where can we get this info ok so generally I took it from the ISROS webpage itself so if you go to ISROS webpage it has option called satellites of India wherein they have divided into communication satellites the earth observations satellites and then students satellites small satellites special scientific missions where I have covered most of them in this particular session also so wherein these info are taken from ISROS webpage can you go to the next one sir what's mean by NISAR Karthik has a question sir so Karthik and NISAR means NASA ISROS synthetic aperture radar repeat NISAR means NASA ISROS synthetic aperture radar so NASA is building a payload particular bandwidth and ISROS building one more synthetic aperture radar so both these space agencies together they are going to put a satellite that will have two satellites which uses two different plans so using that they are going to capture complete image of the earth periodically so it is estimated to be around 14 days for every 14 days we are going to take a fresh radar image of the earth the project is to be launched yeah these satellites are only to the particular spectrum yes these satellites are only for a particular spectrum wherein generally a single satellite cannot observe the astrosat by India we will discuss about it wherein that uses X-ray, UBN visible but most of the times generally we build a satellite in such a way that it observes one or two part of the spectrum okay coming to the fourth question most of you have answered D few of you have answered C alright first one Gaganjan will be India's first manned flight program this is correct so far we have never sent astronauts to space Mr. Rakesh Sharma who was Indian Air Force pilot he travelled to the space station called Salu 7 so this space station was owned and operated by the former Soviet Republic which means Rakesh Sharma is the only Indian who has travelled to space but he did not travel through any of the launch vehicles of India wherein he travelled through the Russian launch vehicle because he travelled to the Russian space station so when we launch Gaganjan that will be the first manned flight program no doubt second one the orbital module of Gaganjan uses cryogenic engine for propulsion propulsion of service module as well as crew module this statement is wrong that's because for launching the Gaganjan that is the entire launch vehicle GSLV mark 3 is going to be used so right now ISRO has additional label it's called as human rated launch vehicle which means it's capable or it is fit enough to send humans to space which is just a modified version of GSLV mark 3 now GSLV mark 3 uses cryogenic engine no doubt so the cryogenic engine in GSLV mark 3 will be used for launching the orbital module wherein once the orbital module is launched it has two modules inside one is called as the service module that is the SM the other one is called as the crew module that is the CM we have mentioned it here that is the crew module and service module so here what you have to understand is crew module means this is the container where the astronauts will be present inside it's a pressurized container with thermal protection systems wherein service module means it contains additional engines and everything so that we can just elevate the module to different orbits because we are planning to send them up to 300 to 400 kilometer the altitudes are not at conform so the service module will contain liquid clusters I repeat liquid engines not cryogenic engines that will be used for elevating them so in short Gaganjan is going to be launched with help of cryogenic engine but the orbital module will not contain cryogenic engine the orbital module operates only based on liquid engines not cryogenic engines so the second statement is wrong coming to the third statement Vyamonaut safety is ensured by parachute deceleration systems which is developed by ISRO and DRDO this is true recently they have tested it that's because when the astronauts are dropped or when they are going to reenter into atmosphere they face a lot of friction so the crew module is safely encapsulated wherein it has to be decelerated because when it enters inside it will have somewhere around 250 meter per second in other words in 4 seconds it will drop down at least 1 kilometer but you have to reduce it up to 11 meter per second this is the target set by ISRO it has to be reduced up to 11 meter per second before it splashes into the ocean so how are you going to decelerate we are going to deploy parachutes for additional safety we have additional parachutes also if the main parachute is deployed and then if it fails there will be additional parachutes so that the astronauts will safely splash into the ocean so that we can collect the module and they will be returned safely third one is right first one is right, second one is wrong answer should be C can you go to the next one do you have any doubts in this coming to the next question fifth one related to deep space missionals the first statement it says no spacecraft has landed on Uranus and Neptune this is true that's because outermost planets that is in Neptune so far only one spacecraft has visited it which means it has not landed it has not orbited but it's a fly by spacecraft it's called as the Voyager 2 which was launched by NASA in 1977 it is active till now because it uses radioisos for acceleration wherein right now it's present outside the solar system now Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft that has visited all the four Jovian planets that is Jupiter Uranus and Neptune so only spacecraft to visit all the four Jovian planets Voyager 2 and also only spacecraft that had ever visited Uranus and Neptune it is Voyager 2 so no spacecraft has landed true no spacecraft has landed in these two gaseous planets first one is true second one NASA was the first space agency to deploy a rotor based spacecraft very simple terms a drone rotor based spacecraft on another planet this is true that's because in 2020 they sent a mission called Mars 2020 the name of the mission is Mars 2020 wherein it had a rover called Perseverance inside this Perseverance we had a rotor based there is NASA sent a rotor based spacecraft called Ingenuity wherein this is the first spacecraft that made a powered flight on another planet now the second statement is true the name of the mission the name of the mission is Mars 2020 by NASA and the name of the rover the largest and heaviest rover ever sent to Mars that is Perseverance and then it had a rotor based spacecraft that was called Ingenuity 2021 it reached there in 2021 now the third one no space agency has landed on a comet due to high velocity and eccentricity of the object this is wrong that's because Rosetta mission by European space agency it has landed on a comet only one successful landing there is one more mission called Vega only soft landing on comet it was made by the Rosetta mission by European space agency mostly we send missions to asteroids that's because they may be rich in metals or carbon or any other hydrocarbons wherein European space agency it landed once on a comet so when we talk about the planet should we include moon and not the planet Ronukh sir no when you talk about planets we are talking only about the planets but when you talk about planetary system you can include moons or when you talk about solar system you can include the moons so one is correct two is correct third one is wrong answer is one and two one fifth one answer is A do you have any doubts on this can you go to the next one and if you are wondering what exactly it means by eccentricity eccentricity means how much focus is offset from ellipse let's say if this is ellipse and then the focus is present at the center then this is like mildly eccentric but if you take a comet this has orbit like this it reaches very close to the sun so we call it as highly eccentric so since it reaches very close to the sun what happens the temperature increases and when the temperature increases basically the hydrocarbons or ice anything present in the comet it burns and that gives the characteristic tail the gas tail formed by the comet so comets have highly eccentric orbit when if you take asteroid it has elliptical orbit if you take asteroid it may have orbit something like this it will not approach very close to the earth so generally asteroids are present in the asteroid belt or sometimes they may form progen asteroids which we will discuss later wherein comets are formed in a place called uth cloud which is present in the outer belt of the solar system so outside the khyper belt we have a place called uth cloud this is where the comet forms so the path of the comet will be somewhat like this it reaches very close to the sun and then again it reaches the uth cloud the third one is wrong that is because one landing so far answer is one and two coming to the next question you know initially most of you have answered A very good answer is A mangalyan so the reason we took this question is mangalyan when was it launched it was launched in the year 2013 it reached in the year 2014 it reached mars in the year 2014 wherein they estimated the mangalyan will survey for 6 months it is considered to be a technology demonstration mission which means it is said to demonstrate a technology that is all we expected it to operate for only 6 months but it operated till 2022 only during eclipse we lost connectivity with the mangalyan mission the last year they declared it to be completed so these are the accolades that mangalyan holds a very rare phenomenon where China referred it as pride of Asia that is because India was the first Asian country to successfully send a mission to mars keep this in mind India was the first Asian country to successfully send a mission to mars second one is true it got US based national space society award that is because till date it is also one of the most economic mission sent to mars because it used a method called as Hormon transfer orbit which means the first phase is geocentric phase that is the mangalyan mission started orbiting around the earth the first phase it was based on the earth the second phase after it gained enough acceleration it was sent towards the mars wherein this trajectory was based on sun so the second phase was called as heliocentric phase first it orbited around the earth second one it made a trajectory based on sun and finally reaches mars wherein it was captured by gravity of the mars the third phase is called as aerocentric phase mangalyan went through very less number of tests so the overall budget of the mission it was captured to somewhere around 450 crore which is very less compared to other mars missions since it was a very innovative method and also very cost effective method to send it to mars it was given such awards and also india was the first country to attain success in its maiden attempt be very careful when you read this statement because 2016 ups equation it says india is the only country that has attained success in its maiden attempt wherein that was true till 2020 india was the only asian country or throughout the world india was the only country that has attained success in the mars mission in its maiden attempt wherein 2021 this record was broken by or right now we can say the record is shared by a mission called as al amal mission al amal mission or sometimes called as hope mars mission the importance of this mission is this mission was built by united arab Emirates wherein this was launched by Japanese aerospace exploration agency so the record that was exclusively held by india right now it's a shared between india and united arab Emirates when you revise your old upc questions make sure that you understand right now india is not the only country that has succeeded in maiden attempt all the three statements are related to mangalyan mission answer is one can you go to the next option i mean the next question do you have any doubts on this next question is related to sun okay most of you have answered yay first one sun spots versus coronal holds two different phenomena that we have to discuss first we'll talk about coronal holds the concept of coronal holds first thing you have to keep in mind is the picture that you see here you see certain missing portions or like darker portions in the sun this is called as a coronal hold but if you use a solar telescope and then if you're going to look at the sun this won't look like this or in other words coronal holds will not be visible because coronal holds are visible only in ultraviolet spectrum or sometimes in x-ray spectrum it is not visible in normal light or visible spectrum this is the first thing you have to keep in mind but when we talk about sun spots so sun spots these are regions where the plasmas or the plasma flow is very less these sun spots they form in photo sphere of the sun the light layer of the sun and this can be seen in visible spectrum this is the first difference you have to learn second thing is generally coronal holds these are the places where solar storms will emerge from so first you can write coronal holds are generally associated with solar storms they're associated with solar storms second thing is these are formed generally when sun is having lesser activity or minimum solar activity lesser solar activity all these are related to coronal holds wherein when we talk about sun spots it can be seen in visible spectrum it is seen in the photo sphere layer and very important more sun spots are formed when sun is in solar maxima and these sun spots they are mainly associated with particle even such as coronal mass ejections where stream of hot ironized particles will be emitted magnetized particles will be emitted from sun the last year we had a question related to the particle even from the sun they have given like 7 statements and they have asked what are the effects that could happen when solar storm is reaching here solar storm means it is generally created because of the coronal holds or wherever the coronal holds are present wherein coronal mass ejections are created when sun is in maximum solar activity where more sunspots will be formed and one more thing to understand here is sunspots they are not permanent generally they are formed near the poles wherein sunspots can exist for few days or sometimes for weeks or even for months they are like a short time event more and more sunspots will be created there are times where sun will create more than 50 or 60 sunspots and then it disappears so this is occurringly happens wherein coronal holds will sustain for a longer time compared to the sunspots these are the differences based on that first statement sunspots are dark and cooler areas on the visible surface of the sun caused by magnetic activity first statement is correct coronal holds are cooler and less denser regions in the sun's outer atmosphere where solar wind can flow this is also correct coronal holds with solar winds and sunspots with coronal mass ejections third one coronal holds do not emit radiation coronal holds emit ultraviolet and x-ray wherein sunspots emit x-rays sunspots are regions these are like swapped sunspots are regions where you will not have radiation wherein coronal holds are regions where you will have x-ray and ultraviolet radiation third one is wrong first and second are correct answer should be A answer for this question is A do you have any doubts on this online people this may be a bit tricky to understand but make sure you do a retrospective research search in current affairs, search in the Hindu newspaper Indian Express and also go through the NASA websites you will understand updated classrooms when it will be circulated okay the updated material you will find it in the youtube channel itself wherein if you are a GS student we will send you through the telegram channels like how we have been circulating all the academic materials through the telegram channel if you are a GS student you will receive it in the telegram channel by today please explain third point here I told you coronal holds are regions where solar storms will be emitted and so the coronal holds will emit UV and x-ray radiation wherein if you take sunspots so these are regions with a very strong magnetic pressure where plasma will not flow or in other words very reduced plasma flow or absence of radiation can be called as a sunspot which means here the statement should have been coronal holds emit x-ray and ultraviolet radiation while sunspots do not emit radiation that should be the ideal statement but here the statements are swapped so the third one is wrong any other doubts will the recording be uploaded yes it will be available in YouTube and also we will send it through the telegram channel Karthika Murugan you have a question related to sunspots see here sunspots are regions where the magnetic pressure is more and because of that the temperature also will be lesser let's say this is the photosphere and chromosphere region let's say this is having somewhere around 6000 kelvin for example if you take the sunspots these will have temperature of around 4700 kelvin or somewhere around 4200 degree Celsius 6000 degree Celsius lesser compared to other regions of the sun that's because there is a strong magnetic pressure here imagine something is flowing out from here and then I put a pressure here what will happen plasma flow will be obstructed and because of that the temperature will be lesser and also the plasma concentration will be lesser that's called as a sunspot is it clear causes for coronal holds that's one mystery that the scientists are studying right now it's a very lengthy topic wherein we have something called as solar dynamomechanism or magnetohydrodynamic dynamomechanism there are different mechanisms alpha effect, beta effect, butterfly effect there are different effects that explains this that's a very lengthy topic let's not go into that right now coming to the next one I think in previous years UPS was giving questions related to the ELISA mission or sometimes they give you a random term or description of a mission and then they ask you what that mission is related to generally related to some international missions here the key words that you have to pick here the spacecraft will get boost from earth gravity to complete 12 year old, 12 year journey which means it's a very lengthy journey second key term here is asteroids the third one key term here is Trojans, these are the three terms so of all the missions, all these missions here they are related to asteroids, no doubt if you take Hayabusa, the answer is D by the way but anyway I'll tell you what are the other options related to like Hayabusa 2 it is a mission that was sent by Japanese aerospace exploration agency and this was sent to a single asteroid it was sent to an asteroid called as Rayugu to collect samples and return when it has returned during the Covid somewhere in 2021 it returned samples when right now it's on an extended mission where it is travelling to a different asteroid right now so this travelled to one asteroid, collected sample to other asteroid, so it is not travelling to 7 Trojans, no doubt eliminate the first one, Osirisrex this was a mission that was launched by NASA where this was sent to asteroid called as Bennu a carbon rich asteroid called as Bennu it has collected samples and it started its return journey in 2021 which means mostly by this year, mid of this year samples from Bennu will be returned and it will be collected by NASA through the Osirisrex mission but it is not related to the Trojan asteroids because it has travelled to only one asteroid eliminate this one, Dart mission, often seen in the news this is again not related to Trojans this was sent to a nearest asteroid Dart mission was sent by NASA again wherein this was sent to an asteroid called as Dirimos we sent it to a binary asteroid wherein we crashed the spacecraft, in other words we made an impact using the spacecraft on the asteroid that is in future if any spacecraft is going to or if any asteroid is going to approach the Earth we try to divert it, that mission is called as Dart so you can easily eliminate these three options if you have been following the newspaper the importance of Lucy mission first one, it is the first ever mission that is sent to Trojan asteroids first of all we have to understand what are Trojan asteroids so Trojan asteroids means they share orbit with the planet Trojan asteroids they share orbit with the planet asteroids that share orbit with the planet we call them as Trojan asteroids when in this case if you take Jupiter there are two points that is Lagrangian point 4 and Lagrangian point 5, L4 and L5 in these two places the asteroids will accumulate and they will not collide with the planet that is because the planet is orbiting the Lagrangian points are also shifting which means they will share orbit with the planet but they won't generally collide with the planet most of the planets have Trojans including Earth we have found that Earth contains two Trojans now we want to study about the Trojans of Jupiter for that NASA sent a mission called as Lucy now Lucy is going to visit both Lagrangian point 4 and Lagrangian point 5, L4 and L5 through a complex manual it will take at least 12 years to complete even though when they launched it they said it is 7 asteroids or 7 Trojans but right now it is increased because certain asteroids are binary asteroids two asteroids are binary so they are saying it is going to visit 9 Trojans so the numbers are not important but remember it is going to visit multiple Trojans in L4 and L5 answer is D can you go to the next one coming to the ninth question alright we will check the answers online to understand this first there are these many elementary particles wherein we are going to simply classify them into two types first you can write D A so first broadly we are going to divide them into fermions and bosons first you can write it is broadly divided into fermions and bosons so inside fermions again we are going to subdivide it into particles based on and leptons particles based on quarks and leptons wherein these elementary bosons they can be further subdivided into gauge bosons and scalar bosons now if you see this picture here first of all we will talk about quarks so quarks are like building blocks of present elementary particles that is if you take protons and neutrons for example repeat protons neutrons all these are made up of quarks that is because at least three quarks combine together to form particles like protons and neutrons in other words headrons headrons means heavier particles headrons such as protons and neutrons they are made up of quarks there are six different types of quarks we have up down charm strange top bottom we don't have to dwell into the details right now wherein if you take leptons lighter particles fall under leptons if you take electron for example they are not made up of quarks but they fall under fermions so electrons are the opposite to it what we call as positron e plus one zero or anti-electron all these fall under leptons now coming to these that is the gauge bosons then if you see here all these are gauge bosons blueons photons z bosons and w bosons these fall under gauge bosons wherein what is the use of this do you remember when we discussed about four fundamental forces first is gravitational force other one is strong nuclear force and then you have weak nuclear force and then electromagnetism where in gluons are related to strong nuclear force in other words strong nuclear force is mediated by exchange of gluons wherein these two that is z bosons and w bosons these two are related to weak nuclear force or weak interaction which means this is responsible for nuclear decay and also for nuclear fission and fusion wherein photons they are responsible for electromagnetism all electrostatic force electromagnetic force they fall they are mediated by photons wherein out of four fundamental forces I have given you only three there is strong nuclear force weak nuclear force and electromagnetism what is missing here gravitational force is missing here because there is a theoretical particle called as graviton it is not a detector it is only hypothetical and there are gauge bosons now coming to the Higgs bosons very important since noble price was given for discovery of this one Higgs boson you can write they are providing mass to the particles repeat they provide mass to the particles which means there is an invisible field in the universe called as Higgs field any particle that is interacting more it is going to gain mass or any particle that is interacting less it is going to gain lesser mass so quarks will make protons neutrons and heavier particles wherein leptons makes lighter particles such as electrons and then anti electrons such things where in gluons are related to strong nuclear force photons are related to electromagnetism bosons are related to weak interaction and then Higgs bosons are related to mass based on this if you read this one now protons and neutrons are bosons here protons and neutrons are bosons no wrong wherein photons are fermions it is basically swapped that is because protons and neutrons are fermions wherein photons fall under bosons which means the first statement is wrong it is swapped protons and neutrons are fermions while photons are bosons second one Higgs bosons is responsible for giving mass to the particle this is true Higgs particle and Higgs field is responsible for providing mass the universe has equal amounts of matter and antimatter this is wrong that is because when initially when the universe formed every particle had an opposite particle if there is a proton there used to be an anti proton with opposite charge for electron there was an anti electron or otherwise called as positron even for neutron there was an anti neutron every particle had equal or opposite particle there was an anti by one number wherein at some point of time in the universe slowly matter took over wherein the entire antimatter is destroyed so right now we don't have antimatter at least for a stable amount of time so antimatter is only created in the labs right now labs like CERN they have antimatter and very small amount in few milligrams wherein generally in universe 99.99% is filled only with matter where an antimatter even if it is formed in the universe it's not reasonably stable for longer amount of time so this one is wrong and by the way the reason why antimatter disappeared and why matter formed it's a very lengthy topic wherein it's called as barogenesis or otherwise this is called as the charge parity violation the event is called as CP violation there was a violation that happened in the universe that slowly led to the complete destruction of antimatter and matter took over the universe so third is wrong first is wrong correct answer is B only compared to all the previous questions this is bit tougher I understand but because we have finished space science followed by astrophysics and then we have to step into other topics so generally the end of each topic will be a bit tougher question coming to the tenth question about stars many answers for question is this particular question is deep most of you have given the answer first one sun is the main sequence star this is true and it's composed of 91% hydrogen in 8.9% helium by number not by mass first one is wrong because if you take sun see here we'll talk about hydrogen and helium there are two things that you have to consider first is based on number the second one is based on mass so if you take in terms of number hydrogen will be 91% and then helium will be 8.9% the figures are correct but it's based on number that is if you are going to take particles and if you are going to count them 91% of the particle will be hydrogen and 8.9% of the particle will be helium that is correct but if you take it in terms of mass hydrogen is H11 it has only one proton and one electron but helium contains two protons two neutrons and two electrons much heavier so in terms of number they may be lesser but in terms of mass they are higher so this contributes to somewhere around 70.6% when this contributes to somewhere around 27.4% both of them together will contribute around 98% wherein other elements will form rest of the particle in this case first one is wrong till the last word you have to read when it's not based on number they have given it's based on mass so the first one is wrong second one sun can neither undergo supernova explosion nor form a black hole this is true that's because only massive stars can undergo supernova explosion and then it can result in black hole to understand this first you have to see this picture wherein left hand side of the picture taken from NASA this is related to average star wherein right hand side of the picture that is related to massive stars left hand side average star right hand side massive star now if you take average star the top portion of the chart initially the star starts from a region called as basically the collection of gases and dust particles and then it will form structure called proto star a form before the star followed by that every star that is average star or even a supermassive star first it will form main sequence star I think in the previous statement you would have read sun is the main sequence star sun is in this phase right now and then on undergoing further fusion reaction average star like sun repeat average star like sun and followed by that it will undergo implosion process called as planetary nebula and finally it will form white dwarf the end product of sun will be white dwarf right now it is in main sequence phase and then it will progress into red giant followed by planetary nebula it is going to form only white dwarf wherein if you take a massive star we are going to talk about a massive star massive star means mass that may be up to 5 times the mass of sun m0 stands for solar mass by the way m0 approximate value of m0 or estimated value is 2 into 10 power 30 kilogram now if some star has mass more than 5 times the mass of sun then you call it as a massive star now if a star is massive then it will undergo a process called as supernova explosion and after supernova explosion happens in the star that is towards the end cycle there are two possibilities it can form a neutron star second possibility is it can form a black hole now supernova explosion happens when something like this will happen that is starting from the outer layer hydrogen all the way till iron fe 2656 will be formed in the star you see here outer layer is hydrogen fusing shell for the people online I will just zoom this see here outer layer is hydrogen fusing shell where in the center most layer is iron core when iron is formed the further fusion cannot happen and because of this the star will implode followed by that there will be highly energetic explosion so this explosion is called as supernova explosion I repeat this explosion is called as supernova explosion so after supernova explosion happens there are two possibilities the star can either become a neutron star or it can form a black hole if it is massive enough it will form black hole or it can form a neutron star now this may be very vague especially for non-gear students who are attending online but when you go through the image you will understand first we are talking about average star like sun starts from nebula it becomes proto star then it becomes main sequence star then it becomes a red giant undergoes implosion it forms white dwarf so any average star like sun it will form only white dwarf it will never form a neutron star it will never form a black hole massive star this will undergo supernova explosion and it can form either a neutron star or a black hole based on this read this statement sun can neither undergoes supernova explosion true because sun can neither undergoes supernova explosion nor form a black hole not possible only if a star is like 5 times more than sun it can undergoes supernova explosion and it can form a neutron star or a black hole so this statement is correct second statement is correct heavier than iron can be formed in core of the star before supernova explosion true the maximum element that the star can fuse and form it is iron and after that all the heavier elements that is starting from atomic number 26 all the heavier elements will be formed only by supernova explosion 2 and 3 are correct first one is wrong answer is B answer for this question is B astrophysics will be like one least touched topic by the aspirins but at least there will be 1-2 questions regularly question about the area of relativity question about collision of black holes and then questions about experiments like LIGO these are repeatedly seen so make sure you understand about the star system can we go to the next one which one undergoes supernova explosion Dhanapriya M M generally supernova explosion happens in massive stars massive stars undergoes supernova explosion average stars undergo only planetary nebula followed by white bar online people do you have any doubts the next one okay coming to the next question alright most of you have answered B few of you have answered A so first let's understand what exactly is gravitational wave please understand gravitational wave is different the force of gravity is different because gravitational waves are more like a shock wave that is if you are going to clap your hands what happens it just vibrates the air molecules so similar to that when astronomical objects are spiraling on each other and then if they are going to collide with each other so this collision will create a shock wave so these shock waves are called as gravitational waves so even though I am using the term shock wave ideally it should not be called as a shock wave because a shock wave can happen only when there is a medium I understand but only for comprehending purpose imagine it like a shock wave that is created when two objects are colliding with each other now the first one gravitational waves are created by binary star systems colliding with each other the one you saw in the animation first one is true they are asking which is incorrect statement second one gravitational waves travel at the velocity of light interestingly this is true most of you have answered B but understand gravitational waves these are created when there is a highly cataclysmic event or a high energy event and it travels with velocity of light currently the only type of gravitational wave that have been detected are compact binary inspirals this is also true so which one should be wrong D is wrong answer for this one is D before that I will explain the third statement generally gravitational waves are divided into two types first one is continuous gravitational waves which are created by a single object let say fast spinning neutron star or any single object if it creates a shock wave or a gravitational wave you call it as a continuous gravitational wave the second type is transient gravitational wave where in GS students you would have written it as compact binary inspirals compact binary inspirals, stochastic ring gravitational wave all of them fall under the roof called as transient transient means even that happens for a short time and that creates a ripple so all the GS nodes we have written is valid but still they fall under a general category called as transient gravitational wave now the compact binary inspirals it is a type of transient gravitational wave because compact binary means two so this is an example for compact binary two stars orbiting it is a binary system and then they get compacted and then they collide with each other so this is called as compact binary inspirals which is a type of transient gravitational wave and till date we have detected only the transient ones the LIGO which is seen in news often 2016, 18, 21 they repeatedly detected the gravitational waves but these are from collision of neutron stars or collision of black holes which means generally binary systems are involved so the third one is also correct but the fourth one is wrong because gravitational waves are predicted by Mr. Albert Einstein by the general theory of relativity but in what I have given here modified Newtonian dynamics this is a theory that gives an alternative explanation for source of the gravitational waves but till date till now the most widely accepted one is the general theory of relativity given by Mr. Albert Einstein in 2018 UPS equation goes through it they would have asked which of the following are predictions of general theory of relativity answer here is D is wrong because gravitational waves are predicted by general theory of relativity for the first time by Mr. Albert Einstein can you go to the next one sir but black holes gravity can easily stop light so see here when something is entering into black hole it is going to be stopped but when two black holes collide they will create a shock or they will create gravitational wave which will travel so you will understand about it when we go through the next question take a look at this one first one black holes have infinite volume and infinite density we have fallen for the term infinite but this is wrong black holes have infinite density that's true but they don't have infinite volume that's because volume is expressed in meter cube see here SA unit of length is meter SA unit of area is meter square and SA unit of volume is meter cube which means only when something is three dimensional you can calculate volume when if you take black holes how we predict black holes is everything that is every matter and radiation all of them they get compressed and they are stored in a single point so black holes are generally said to be a point mass to say the term point it means a single dot it's a single dimension where every mass is compressed inside so black holes have zero volume but infinite density it may look like a misnomer or very contradictory but this is the general characteristic black holes do not have volume if you have been imagining black hole like a spear understand the field of influence of black hole can be a spear it is just a dot so the first statement is wrong the probability of finding a supermassive black hole at center of a supermassive galaxy is high too the reason discovery is almost all the supermassive galaxies have a supermassive black hole present at the center best example is milky way if you take the milky way which is a spiral galaxy for example but I am generally drawing it as ellipse only for understanding purpose the center of the milky way it has a black hole called as Sagittarius A star often seen in news because noble prize for physics for the year 2020 it was given for discovery of this one so most of the supermassive galaxies will have a supermassive black hole especially at the center third one black holes are formed when stars reach chandrashegar limit no if you remember the previous question related to the stars see here we discussed about a star system called as white dwarfs chandrashegar limit is related to white dwarf chandrashegar limit was predicted by indian born astrophysicist mr subramaniam chandrashegar it is only related to white dwarf keep in mind it is nowhere related to a neutron star or a black hole now what is chandrashegar limit is let's say white dwarf starts gaining mass from the surrounding particles wherein mr subramaniam chandrashegar he predicted the maximum the maximum mass of a stable white dwarf that is how much a white dwarf can hold the mass the maximum amount of mass that is predicted to be 1.4 times the mass of sun I have already given you the mass of sun 2 into 10 for 30 kg so this 1.4 into m0 this is called as chandrashegar limit so if there is a white dwarf and if it is going to take matter from the surrounding areas including stars and then if it breaches this limit this will again explode that is a different type of explosion so chandrashegar limit is not related to black hole it is related to white dwarf fourth one two neutron stars can merge to form a black hole that is possible I told you when a star explodes it can form neutron stars the animation that you see here this can lead to formation of a black hole or this can lead to formation of a larger neutron star both can happen so two neutron stars can combine to form larger neutron star or two neutron stars can even combine to form a single black hole and again two black holes can merge to form again larger black holes all these are astronomical events now this is true first is wrong, second is true third is wrong, fourth is true which means two statements are correct third is B do you have any doubts in the 12th one okay can we go to the next one yeah coming to the and by the way someone was asking related to the black hole who was it? Karthik sir present on line C here if you take a black hole this is the point which we are discussing about the centermost part of the black hole it is called as a singularity point wherein if some light or if some particle is travelling near the black hole there is a maximum limit so if it is going to enter inside for example if it is going to enter this limit it gets trapped inside but if it is passing near the limit of the black hole it will bend but it will not be trapped inside so this outermost border is called as event horizon so I repeat centre part is black hole the outermost field of influence is called as event horizon distance between the black hole and the event horizon is called as square shield radius because he is the scientist who predicted radius of the black hole so three terms you have to remember first one the actual part of the black hole is called as singularity and then outermost field of influence of the black hole that is called as event horizon imagine it like a border imagine a cricket ground and then at the centre of the pitch you are going to place a piece of grain for example so that grain will be black hole the grain has influence throughout the stadium so the outermost border of the stadium you call it as the event horizon the distance between centre of the sand and the outer part of the stadium you call it as square shield radius three important things you have to learn for this problems coming to the next question 13th one so we have completed phase and astrophysics next we are going to nuclear science ABD hall mixed answers we will start with the first statement phase nuclear program will use fissile isotopes of uranium and plutonium as fuel this is true if you have been wondering why thorium has been eliminated we will talk about it because thorium is not directly used as a fuel thorium will be converted into uranium and then it will be used as fuel so three stages first is stage one next you have stage two next is stage three it is a very lengthy topic I will give you all the three key terms go through it in internet or you can go through the website of department of atomic energy stage one india uses pressurized heavy water reactor phwr stage two india uses fast breeder reactors and in stage three india is planning to use advanced heavy water reactors ahwr now the fuel that we are going to use in stage one will be we are already in stage one stage two 235 fissile isotope of uranium is used as fuel when in stage two we will be using plutonium 94 239 as fuel and then in stage three again we will be using plutonium 94 239 as fuel so while the stage three is running the thorium which is abundantly present in india the last year UPSE question wherein thorium is present throughout the eastern coast and then in malabar coast not in the entire east indian coast it is present only in the present in entire east indian coast and then only in malabar coast and if you are wondering where it is present it is present in the beach sands what we call as the monazite sands and then the highest amount of thorium is present in andhra pradesh by volume or by mass volume is present in andhra pradesh followed by that it is present in tamil nadu followed by that odisha followed by that kerala followed by that west bangal followed by that jarkan and other states so this is the general concentration about 30% is present in andhra pradesh andhra, tamil nadu, odisha, kerala, west bangal in decreasing order now we will be extracting thorium from the monazite sands somewhere around 30% of the monazite sands will be thorium and after extracting thorium you will be using in stage three not as a fuel but as neutron observer so this thorium 90 232 this will be bombarded by neutron we will be creating arrangement for this wherein this will transmuted into uranium 92 233 repeated forms uranium 92 233 not to be confused with 235 now this uranium 233 will be again used as fuel in stage three after removing plutonium after few years we will be changing the fuel to uranium 233 so with respect to the first statement india's three-stage nuclear program uses fissile isotopes of uranium and plutonium as fuel it is true stage one uses u235 stage two uses plutonium 239 stage three uses plutonium 239 and then followed by that it is also going to use uranium 233 generally different isotopes of uranium and plutonium is used second one india can indigenously build nuclear reactors required for three-stage nuclear program initially we had dependence on canada the first reactors can do reactors but right now of all the reactor technologies available in india india can indigenously produce these two types of reactor pressurized heavy water reactor used in stage one and then fast breeder reactor used in stage two and advanced heavy water reactor we have just a test reactor we will be building larger reactor at the latest stage so all the reactors required for three-stage nuclear program can be indigenously produced in india and this is very important for the upcoming problems that's because india's largest pressurized heavy water reactor this is located in khakrapa khakrapa unit number three this has 700 megawatt energy capacity and right now it's functioning even a prime minister posted a congratulatory tweet for this because it's a shining example for making india a campaign so india is capable of producing these two and if you have marked it to be a wrong statement thinking about dependence on russia or thinking about dependence on canada understand for pressurized water reactor PWR we depend on russia the reactors located in kudankulam for example those are pressurized water reactors but mostly india has PHWR which can be produced indigenously FBR which is present in IGKAR indragandhi center for atomic research kalpakam which can be produced indigenously so which means the second statement it becomes correct third one the prototype fast beater reactor will advance nation in two second stage of three-stage nuclear program not third stage the answer is one and two only A is the answer do you have any doubts in this can we go to the next one online people would you please repeat those names ashrin sir don't worry all these names are present here when you receive the slides you can go through it any other doubts here coming to the next question 14th question many of you have answered A few of you have answered B very few of you have answered B okay the main reason people would have chosen A you would have wanted to eliminate the term violet because quantum computers will it violate certain properties where in this case first one is correct quantum computers they violate bell inequalities for the year 2022 it's given related to inequalities second one entanglement property so before you understand this first let's talk about the bell inequalities so the concept of bell inequalities was given by a scientist called bell in late 1960s based on a concept called as local realism so the local realism says that is if there are two particles that are separated by a distance these will be independent on other words you cannot predetermine state of one particle based on the other particle on other words particle exist independently this is called as a bell inequality it's a very lengthy concept but I'm just summarizing it in a very crisp manner or in a very short manner for understanding purpose so you have two particle one particle's state will not be dependent on the other particle this is bell inequality when you talk about quantum computers quantum computers mainly work based on two principles first one is called as entanglement in fact first you can write superposition for or follow the entanglement sorry you can write superposition followed by that entanglement so first when we talk about superposition the idea is generally if you take a binary bit there can be only two states that is either it will have one or it will have zero any one at a time but it's not possible to have one and zero simultaneously this is possible in a binary computer that uses a transistor but this is not possible but when you take a quantum computer the bits can have simultaneous states that is it can be in a form of one and zero simultaneously this property is called a superposition the property by which two particles can coexist simultaneously in a single state that's called as superposition now this superposition is achieved using something called as entanglement so entanglement means something that is very connected so how we can achieve entanglement two different possibilities first one there are many possibilities but I will tell you an example let's say you are generating two electrons using some method you are generating two electrons electron number one and then you have electron number two now the electron number one plus half electron number two it has a spin quantum number of minus half when they are created one is having positive half the other one is having negative half and after creation I am going to separate them this is going to be separated somewhere or this is going to be kept somewhere so I have electron number two and electron number one that are separated from each other now the state of electron number two if it is in spin negative half I can automatically say the other electron that is electron number one should be in plus half so I am predetermining if I know the state of this electron I know the state of other electron this property is called as entanglement even if you are going to physically separate materials or particles state of one can determine the state of other this is called as entanglement there are many possibilities even you can even use a light polarization that is given in the noble price citation here let's say one light is polarized by 45 degree it is polarized by 90 degree from a single source now if you know that this light is in 45 degree the other light should be in 90 degree so the state of one light is determining the state of other light so polarization of light or photons that make the light or electrons any such particles or wave can be used for creating entanglement now based on this first one it is true because one state is predetermining the state of other one which is violating the belline equality first one is true second one entanglement of photons or electrons can be used to create quantum computers true you have quantum computers created by IBM Google few of them use light few of them use electrons possible third one quantum computers cannot be built without superconductors this is wrong generally superconductors are used because if you have a superconductor wherein there is a string of fossil charge like this negative charge will move in pairs inside entangled pair of electrons will move inside which means one will have positive half the other one will have negative half generally superconductors are used to build quantum computers but there are many other technologies we have something like ion trap technology there are many other technologies where quantum computers can be developed without superconductors also so which means this one is wrong one and two are correct answer is be one and two only fully confused with quantum computers mostly if at all they want to ask they won't dwell into the technical details because it will look like a pure science paper three things that you have to remember whenever you learn about quantum if you see the last year they simply ask what's mean by qubit which is a quantum bit the one that I described here this is a binary bit wherein this is a quantum bit wherein two can exist simultaneously so the application of quantum computer is you are going to quadruple or you are just going to multiply the computational power of a computer whereas bits can exist simultaneously in two different states which means very complex algorithms and everything can be calculated by quantum computers now when you learn about quantum computers three things one is quantum bits which can use a electron or it can use a light in this context please read about quantum key distribution tested by where in India exchange to quantum keys so first you have to understand binary bit is different from quantum bits that's the first thing second thing how the process or the phenomenon by which two different particles can exist in similar state that property is called a superposition when you subject light to interference or something it can have similar state so the state is called a superposition superposition is achieved using entanglement so entanglement means particles attached to each other or one particle influencing other particle to create superposition which is used for calculation this is the only thing you have to remember or otherwise you don't have to confuse much about it when the advantages first it's very powerful second thing it's very secure because if you are going to use quantum key distribution for example if you are using light if someone try to intercept it you can easily detect it so advantages it's very secure very complex problems can be solved these are the advantages when it comes to disadvantages it's quite expensive and then if you want to maintain a superconductor for example again it's going to be expensive and energy intensive process and the technology is very primitive not accessible for a common man these are the disadvantages this is sufficient can you go to the next one take a look at this since you asked about bellinequalities first read the novel by citation then I'll tell you the next based on this it's violating bellinequalities because bellinequalities based on local realism local realism says physical states are predetermined and the measurement of properties of one should not depend on distance between them wherein here it depends because if one electron is having positive half spin another one is having negative half spin wherein there is one more question here what is India's quantum computer development program it's called as QUIC that is quantum it's located in raman research institute it's called as QUIC quantum information and computing lab the name of the lab is QUIC is it clear we'll go to the next one okay coming to the next okay looking at the answers you have given taken from NCIT most of you have answered ABC all mixed okay the answer for this one is A taken from your carbon compounds NCIT the last year we had a question from hydrogen compounds related to water being a dipolar solvent wherein here it is related to carbon so diamond and graphite both consist of carbon atoms no doubt carbon has a valence of 4 it can form 4 bonds and why do they exhibit distinctive physical characteristics despite having identical chemical properties first one so diamond it forms a 3D structure which means every carbon will form single bond that is the carbon forms single bond with surrounding atoms and it forms a 3 dimensional lattice wherein if you take graphite carbon will have double bond like seen here carbon will have double bond and very important it forms hexagonal array the earlier one is 3D array and the graphite forms hexagonal array so only because of this the overall physical structure changes while the chemical properties are similar wherein how you have to eliminate this particular option is first one graphite and diamond are made up of different isotopes of carbon no both of them are made up of pure carbon C612 no doubt graphite contains additional impurities while diamond is made of carbon no both carbon and graphite generally they are considered to be pure forms of carbon only the physical characteristic will change now this could be a bit confusing varying temperature for formation of graphite and diamond here varying temperature is required for formation of graphite and diamond there is no doubt in that but that does not account to different physical properties because graphite will be formed sooner wherein diamond requires more pressure and more temperature so no doubt varying temperature is required for formation of graphite and diamond but this statement even though this may be true this does not explain this question wherein the optimum answer should be A there are many questions in UPSE where you will get options like this two options may look like a very correct statement but you have to link it with the question A is the correct answer D is wrong even the individually this statement is correct for this question answer is A finally explain the third one graphite contains additional impurities while diamond is pure so for the question Arun Kumar sir both diamond and graphite they are pure both are made up of only carbon atoms it is not about purity it is only about the physical structure Ashwin is it clear Arun Kumar coming to the next question next we are going to the ICT information and communication tech related to NFTs all mixed mostly B and D options were given by people online now here first unlike cryptocurrencies each NFT there is a non fungible token is unique this is the keyword yes it is unique and cannot be exchanged for another NFT of equal value this is also correct both may have equal value but still we cannot exchange exchanging means let's say person A and person B if person A has a image and person B has a image you are going to transfer like this this is exchange or more like a swapping this can never happen now how the transactional happen is if A wants to buy an image from B wants to buy an image from A first the money will be settled generally in form of bitcoin or any cryptocurrency and after that it can be transferred so transferring is different from exchanging transferring means you are not getting equivalent amount of some other object but here you are getting money and then you are transferring it so the first statement unlike cryptocurrencies each NFT is equal value this is true if it is of equal value you can transfer it after getting a cryptocurrency that is possible but it's not exchangeable on other words if you take a currency currencies are considered to be fungible which means if you have 100 rupees I have 100 rupees if you are going to swap the money that's not going to cause a change both of them looks alike so exchanging them does not change the legal tender that is called as a fungible one the currencies are fungible but when you take NFT these are not fungible if I have an image that's cryptographically coded and it is stored in a blockchain so this cannot be exchanged but it can be transferred after getting a cryptocurrency first one is true the ownership and transfer of NFT are recorded on blockchain network true making them transparent and immutable so most of you have chosen the transparent understand that transactions are transparent but the users are anonymous which means every transaction is recorded on a distributed network or distributed block which is a public register basically everyone knows that a transaction happened but no one will know the details about the transaction so transactions are transparently recorded and also it's immutable which means it cannot be edited it is a permanent record once it is done it cannot be edited maybe you can initiate a first transaction but you cannot basically edit it this is the characteristic of the blockchain itself it is transparent that is the transactions are transparent and then the records are immutable and then the users are anonymous second one is true it's possible to create NFT using both tangible and intangible items true it includes everything so if you see this one it's a tangible one but they took a photograph of this and this was sold for somewhere around for Valentine's Day because NFTs are very costly and more than this this was sold for more than 1 million it's just a graphic art so any tangible and intangible which can include art or a graphic art or a photograph or even music video anything that is tangible can be cryptographically coded into NFTs including a land record for example if you physically own apartment you can take picture of the apartment and then you can make it as a NFT it is possible so both tangible and intangible can be made into NFT answer is D all the above many questions that may arise from this particular one how tangible one if I have a physical object let's say I have a physical object like this so I am going to convert it into a image and then if I am going to cryptographically encode it I can call it as a NFT I exclusively own image of this particular present wherein one more person cannot create a replica that should be a minimum difference let's say it can have additional buttons or a different color which means exact replica of NFT cannot be created any doubts for this one can we go to the next one coming to the 17th question simple question taken from NCRT many of you have answered D as answer first one coming to the first statement radio wave has the highest energy in the electromagnetic spectrum no in the entire electromagnetic spectrum energy repeat the energy it increases from left to right radio has the least energy wherein gamma has the highest energy on other words energy increases from left to right compared to radio micro has more energy compared to micro infrared has more energy compared to infrared visible has more energy so we can simply write first one energy is lower here when on the right hand side the energy increases next when we discuss about this red light carries more energy than blue light it's wrong that's because visible the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be seen by you it's called as visible now you have to write it this way near infrared you get red near ultraviolet you get violet which means the VR goes like this now violet is closer to ultraviolet which means it's more energetic red is closer to infrared which means it is less energetic we generally think red is very energetic but understand red has longer wavelength so that it can travel for very long distance without undergoing scattering but that doesn't mean they are very energetic compared to all these violet indigo blue are more energetic wherein wavelength will be lesser so this one is wrong or if you will be confused you can write this one you would have been very clear in this topic but anyway for other people attending online you can write in the entire web jar if you take violet energy will be higher wavelength denoted by lambda will be lower and then frequency how frequently the wave will repeat this will be higher wherein if you take red if you take red energy will be lesser wherein wavelength will be higher and then frequency will be lower if you want to visually represent this you can write something like this violet will be like this red will be like this the wavelength is longer but the frequency is lesser and also the energy is lesser which means second statement is wrong coming to the third one all the electromagnetic waves are ionizing radiation no only certain electromagnetic radiations are ionizing in nature if you take gamma rays this can lead to genetic damage in cancers x-rays high energy ultraviolet rays not all ultraviolet rays are not ionizing in nature but only high energy ultraviolet rays are ionizing in nature which means the third statement is also wrong answer is D all the statements are wrong is it clear can we go to the next one all right coming to the 18th question we are coming to the biotech path now the D option says 3 only sorry it is hidden here online people what are your answers most of you have answered D few of you have answered D so first let us understand what exactly is mean by passive immunity immunity in human body can be broadly divided into two one is called as active immunity the other one is called as passive immunity so active immunity means in situ production of antibody or in other words your body is going to produce antibodies that will oppose the antigen so if it is produced at the site or if it is produced inside an organism passive immunity means generally in situ production of antibody in other words we can say ready made antibodies those are called as passive immunity now based on this active is produced in the body passive is produced outside the body first one antibodies produced by D lymphocyte this is active immunity because D lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell that produces antibody in your blood which means it is an active immunity second one mother's milk or colostrum this is a passive immunity because initial time the babies may not be able to produce a lot of immunity so the mother's milk it contains a lot of immunoglobulins immunoglobulins or otherwise called as antibodies which means mother's milk is an example for passive immunity vaccines many of you would have chosen vaccines as passive immunity but understand vaccines as active immunity which means vaccines are taken from an external source but they trigger antibody production in your body which means vaccines even though they are external sources they are active immunity more like vaccine is a tool to induce your B and T lymphocytes so that is a passive immunity, CAR T cell therapy recently seen in news chimery, cantigen receptor T cell therapy that is because the first CAR T cell therapy was conducted in Tata Memorial Hospital in Mumbai what happens here is cancer is affected by cancer now you are going to extract T cells from them that is the T lymphocytes are extracted and then you are going to insert a gene more like it is a somatic gene editing in the white blood cell you are going to cause a genetic change you are going to encode certain information so that it can fight the cancer cells and after inserting the gene you are going to produce more and more of these cells and then it is infused into the same person repeat the person from whom the T cell was initially taken the T cell is modified more T cell is produced and then it is infused into the same person this is called as chimery cantigen receptor T cell therapy it can target the cancer cells it will bind to the cancer cells and it will kill them wherein GS students pay attention I would have told you CAR T cell therapy is a type of passive immunity but please change your GS notes CAR T cell therapy is treated as a active immunity even though it involves a heavy gene editing and everything while few papers have written it as passive immunity that is why I told it in class apologies for the error please change it anyway I will be posting telegrams also CAR T cell therapy even though it involves external sources it is treated as active immunity because the T cell is initially taken from one human and then that is modified and then it is infused into the same human which means the base for the immunity that is a T cell is produced in the body for that reason the medical community considers CAR T cell as active immunity so the answer for this one is 2-1 leak GS students make sure or ensure that you change biotech topics we would have written it as passive immunity write it as active immunity answer is 2-1 leak can you go to the next question coming to the 19th question so let me check the answers Sandeep sir your answers skip many of you have answered mostly have answered few of you have answered C first statement 5G will use radio as well as microwave this is true that is because you would have familiarly studied that 5G uses 3 different spectrums it uses low band, mid band and high band on other words it uses sub 6 gigahertz that is a low band and then followed by mid band followed by millimetre wave or otherwise called as high band this millimetre wave it basically falls under the microwave part of electromagnetic spectrum so even though it is generally called as radio spectrum auctioning for the government convenience understand 5G it uses higher band width or millimetre wave which falls under microwave 4G does not use millimetre wave 5G uses millimetre wave which is a part of electromagnetic spectrum which is to be labelled as microwave now first statement is correct coming to the second statement 5G internet will have lower latency latency or other words called as ping which means if you have a device and then you are sending information or you are sending a query to the server the time taken to fetch the data back that is called as a ping or a latency wherein the second statement is wrong because any day fibre optic internet will have very lower latency for example if you are very closer to the server the latency can be up to 1 millisecond you will send a query and then you will get the result that is fetched from the nearby server so any day the only advantage of 5G here is comparatively lesser latency compared to the 4G it has very lesser latency and very important thing is it is wireless that is advantage wherein any day a LAN cable connected to your computer is going to be much faster latency is going to be much lesser second one is wrong third one the range of millimetre wave used by the 5G is limited to smaller space this is true that is because if you imagine this to be a room for example let say I am sending the low band mid band and millimetre wave so low band will have the least wavelength which means it can easily penetrate through the walls mid band comparatively lower wavelength and higher energy this can also penetrate through the walls but if you take the millimetre wave which is a microwave it has very short wavelength means the throughput or in other words data transfer rate the data transfer rate is going to be much higher but the penetration is going to be again much lesser so higher the data speed lesser the penetration wherein lesser the data speed greater is the penetration because the wavelength is longer it can pass through opaque surfaces like a wall or a building but if the wavelength is lesser and energy is high only for a short space you can use it on other words if you look at this one it says frequency increases penetration decreases so millimetre wave the frequency is higher like I have given here the frequency is higher but penetration is lesser when if you take a low band the frequency is lesser but the penetration is much higher which means the third statement is right coming to the fourth one this is wrong so fibrillation means how much mobile phone towers are connected by optical fiber there is an internet cable the optical fiber you use how much is connected wherein for optimum functioning of a 5G you need 60% wherein right now the major challenge for India is only 30% of the towers are fibrized you compare it with other countries in fact to be more precise it's around 33% if you want to write the exact data as per the government estimate somewhere 33% of the towers are fibrized in India which means it is not using the coaxial cable or copper cable but instead it's using optical fiber cable but if you see other countries let's take South Korea for example let us somewhere around 70% fibrillation and if you take countries like USA 85 to 90% which means 90% of their towers are using optical fiber network wherein this is the major challenge ahead for India coming to the next one which means one is correct second is wrong third is correct fourth is wrong two statements are correct answer is B is it clear people attending online do you have any doubts on this explain second statement second statement 5G will have lower latency see a latency means let's say I am sending a query that is www.google.com now from my phone this has to travel to the server and then from server it has to fetch a result let's say in Google I am searching at the enter button you have a short lag so after lag you are getting the data back so similar to that then you send www.shankarai.in you are sending it it's like the uplink and then it goes to the server and then it fetches the data back this is called as the downlink so what is the time required for uplink and downlink together that is called as latency that is the gap between sending and receiving a data it is lower for 5G compared to 4G it is lower but it is not as low as the optical fiber internet is it clear Sandeep and Dharni Priyaman coming to the next question 20th question many of you have answered C few of you have answered B right now more answers pouring in for option A okay alright the first one we are planning to achieve 20% ethanol blending in petrol that is true but not 10% ethanol blending in diesel we are not planning to blend ethanol in diesel we are only planning to mix biodiesel in diesel and that too somewhere around 5% 5% biodiesel according to the revised national policy on biofuel we are going to mix 5% biofuel in the normal diesel and that to the target is 2030 for diesel we are again blending biodiesel we are not blending ethanol here petrol does not require anti-nocking properties and all inherently it has no anti-nocking properties and also the compression ratio is higher because of that first one is wrong if the statement was like this India is planning to achieve 20% ethanol blending in petrol by 2025 then it would have been correct here 10% ethanol blending in diesel first one is wrong second one low research octane number is preferred for powerful engines with high compression ratio this is wrong research octane number or in other words whenever you go to the fuel pumps you have normal petrol and then premium petrol if you go to indian oil there is something called as X95 which means the research octane number is 95 when you go to BP they have something called as speed petrol or superpower petrol something like that there are more additives and then it reduces knocking so higher the research octane number better it is for the engine now especially for super cars or super bikes for example they always prefer or they advise generally to put a fuel with higher octane number this one is wrong third one ethanol blended petrol has higher research octane number than normal petrol this is true while there are many concerns related to ethanol blending wherein when you add more ethanol inside the research octane number increases which means the anti-nocking property anti-nocking property of the petrol also increases to understand what exactly is anti-nocking so if you understand the general working of engine when the piston is moving up in this one you leave this part now see only the normal combustion the first phase is air and fuel mixture goes inside after the air and fuel mixture goes inside the piston moves up what happens both the air and fuel mixture gets compressed and then the spark plug generally the spark plug it gives the spark compressed air and fuel mixture will burn first step is air and fuel goes inside valves close the engine gets compressed and then the spark plug will ignite the air and fuel mixture this is a normal combustion but if you have a high compression ratio what could happen is the air and fuel comes inside but before the spark plug ignites because of the higher compression and because of the high speed engines this can undergo automatic compression because petrol have auto ignition temperatures so which means if you are going to quickly compress it before the spark plug gives the spark the engine can undergo combustion or the fuel can undergo combustion now what is the problem related to this first one unnecessary vibration will be there and then longevity of the engine is reduced because ideally only when the fuel is completely compressed spark plug functions as the igniter wherein if it is automatically going to ignite it can lead to reduction in longevity of the engine it can lead to engine damages also so this is applicable especially for high powered engines let's say you have a car which exceeds say a sedan car that is more than 2000 cc or around 2000 cc or a SUV that is around 3000 or 4000 cc then this is required now if you add ethanol or if you have higher research octane number this phenomenon will be reduced basically your super fuels or your power patrols or x95 patrols it has higher research octane number and it reduces not clear so this and this is wrong this is correct answer is 3 answer is C 20th question answer is C do you have any doubts till this people are running online ok we have completed 20 questions we have 10 more questions from different fields can we go to the next one alright 21st question from biology ok answer is between B and D ok first one statement number 1 I am sorry this option is not visible it is 1, 2 and 3 basically all the above the option says all the above first one trans fats or type of saturated fatty acid this is wrong trans fats are type of unsaturated fatty acids so to understand this first let's classify fatty acids the components of fats remember fats are broken down into fatty acids or other words you can say fatty acid forms fat now fatty acids are broadly classified into two types first one is saturated fatty acid the other one is unsaturated fatty acid so here saturation means it talks about the bond formed in carbon so carbon has a valence of 4 which means in saturated fatty acid this is carbon hydrogen will be here where it forms single bond or in other simple words you can write every carbon in saturated fatty acid will be binded to two hydrogen atoms repeat every carbon in saturated fatty acid will be binded to two hydrogen atom where an unsaturated means if there is a carbon and if it has a double bond what will happen it will be binded only to single hydrogen atom this is called as unsaturated in other words if carbon has double bond or if some of the carbon is attached to single hydrogen you call it as unsaturated wherein this is better for health because this will react with your body and saturated is not good for health you can write it is a bad fatty acid wherein unsaturated is good so depending on how many carbon double bonds are there you can further subdivide it into two types one is called as monounsaturated fatty acid that contains one carbon double bond and then you have polyunsaturated fatty acid it contains more than one carbon double bond it can be two carbon double bond or C carbon double bond or multiple carbons can have double bond wherein this is the most preferred fatty acid polyunsaturated fatty acid is very good for health compared to the monounsaturated fatty acid is good for health compare to the saturated fat acids are bad for health this is not preferred wherein this is preferred one now coming to the next one we have mentioned here trans fat so trans fat is a type of as yet. I repeat, trans fat is a type of unsaturated fatty acid wherein generally it's produced in industrial processes. So generally, there are two sources where you can find trans fat. Give me a minute. Powerpoint just crashed. Please wait a minute. I think whatever we wrote here, it is volatile. It disappeared. But anyway, you have written already. Now when we talk about trans fat There are two types. One is naturally occurring trans fat and then you have industrially produced trans fat. When you talk about naturally occurring trans fat, it's often found in red meats such as beef or mutton. Red meats like beef or mutton, they will have small amount of naturally occurring trans fat. wherein if you take, this may not be beneficial to health but at the same time it's not much injurious to health also because it is naturally found. When if you take industrially produced trans fat, first reason is hydrogenation. That is adding hydrogen to the cooking oil that's called as hydrogenation of oil. The main reason the industries do this is to increase the shelf life when you make a chips or any other food. And if you're going to hydrogenate it, it's going to have more shelf life. Now, when hydrogen is added to the unsaturated fatty acid, it turns into trans fat which is very bad for health because it will clog the arteries. Right now, we are trying to eliminate the trans fat. Please go through a program called as Replace by the World Health Organization. India is also having many initiatives to eliminate trans fat acid. Now, based on this, first statement is wrong because trans fat is not saturated. It's a type of unsaturated fatty acid. First one is wrong. Second one, adding dihydrogen to cooking oil increases the health benefits. No, just now we discussed hydrogenation of oil is bad for health because it turns normal fats into trans fats. This is wrong. The second half is true. It increases the shelf life. That's true, but there is no health benefit. In fact, it has counterproductive effect on the health. Second one is wrong. Third one, low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein are lipids that control blood cholesterol. These two are not lipids. Fat is a lipid, cholesterol is a lipid wherein low density lipoproteins, they are a combination of lipids and proteins. They do not fall under lipids. They are a special case or a special type of biomolecule that's a composite mix of both lipid and protein. Now, LDL and HDL are lipids that control blood cholesterol level. If you eliminate this word, LDL and HDL control blood cholesterol level, that's true. But this statement becomes wrong because it's not a type of lipid. It's a lipoprotein or lipoprotein. Answer here. They've asked which is incorrect. Answer is B. All the statements are incorrect. In case if you have missed the term incorrect here, generally UPSC will give the term incorrect and they'll put just an italic font for that. Most of the times we will miss it. So make sure you see if they're asking for a correct or incorrect statement. Here answer is D. When the function of LDL and HDL, first we'll talk about LDL, low density lipoprotein. Familiarly called as the bad cholesterol. That's because generally low density lipoprotein, it dissolves lipids from the liver and then it takes it through the artery. If you ask if LDL is not required, it is required because for cellular mechanisms or if the cell requires fat, then that is transported by LDL from liver to different parts of the body. But if it is elevated, if there's too much of LDL, more than what cell is required, you call it as a blood cholesterol. So when you take a lipid profile test and if your lipid profile test says there's more amount of LDL than required, it means it's a blood cholesterol. LDL is bad cholesterol. Wherein HDL means it performs just the opposite role. This is familiarly called as the good cholesterol. So what happens here is the blood cholesterol will be converted into cholesterol and it will be deposited on the liver so that the liver will excrete it. So two things to remember here. LDL, it takes cholesterol from liver to the body. Where in HDL, it deposits fat or cholesterol from the blood to the liver. Which means LDL and HDL control the blood cholesterol level but they are not lipids. The answer is D, 1, 2, 3 and all the three are incorrect. Can you go to the next one? Related to diabetes. Three statements are given here. First statement, type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder. This is true because the body cells start attacking the beta cells in pancreas and because of that, if a person is having type 1 diabetes which is familiarly called as the teen diabetes because it is lifestyle disorder and along with it, it is also genetic. Which means generally type 1 diabetes, the onset is at very early age. Sometimes for children itself, they may have type 1 diabetes. Wherein the body will not produce insulin at all. That is because insulin is created by beta cells or produced by beta cells which are present in pancreas. Now since insulin is not produced here, it is autoimmune disorder because a cell is destroyed, insulin is totally not available in the blood. Type 1 diabetes is autoimmune disorder. Wherein type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder which means the pancreas will be creating or the pancreas will be secreting insulin but the body becomes insensitive to insulin which means if someone is having high blood sugar level due to lifestyle let's say because of belly fat or because of sedentary lifestyle it doesn't mean the pancreas is not secreting insulin. It is secreting insulin but the body is not absorbing it or the body is not sensitive to insulin which means the first statement is correct. Type 1 is autoimmune, type 2 is metabolic disorder. Coming to the second one. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes have same management practices. This is wrong. That's because for the people affected by type 1 diabetes insulin is totally not present in their body system which means the management practice for type 1 diabetes is taking insulin from external source. It's called as insulin dependent diabetes. Type 1 diabetes it's called as insulin dependent diabetes. Wherein in case of type 2 they will generally prescribe medicines so that the body becomes more sensitive to insulin which means type 2 is called as insulin resistant diabetes. Type 1 is insulin dependent which means insulin has to be delivered from external source where in type 2 is insulin resistant diabetes. Insulin is present in the body but the body is not sensitive to it which means second statement is wrong. Third one. Type 1 diabetes is caused by deficiency of anti-diuretic hormone this is wrong. The third statement is wrong. That's because the type of diabetes caused by anti-diuretic hormone is called as diabetes insipidus. Diabetes insipidus should not be confused with diabetes meditus. So what happens here is the anti-diuretic hormone it is secreted by pituitary gland. This helps to maintain fluid balance in the body. Repeat anti-diuretic hormone it instructs the kidney and also it helps to maintain fluid balance in the body. Let's say anti-diuretic hormone is not secreted by pituitary which means there will be excessive urination leading to weight loss and everything. So the symptoms may be similar to diabetes but the treatment is totally different which means type 1 diabetes is not caused by deficiency it's caused by absence of insulin not caused by anti-diuretic hormone. So that is wrong. Well type 2 diabetes is caused by deficiency of insulin again that's also wrong because type 2 is caused by insulin resistance. So the third statement is wrong. Second statement is wrong. First one is correct. They're asking which is correct. Answer is B1 only. Generally people will be confused between insipidus and melitis. So keep in mind first one you want you can quickly write diabetes first we are talking about melitis which has two types first is type 1 other one is type 2 wherein you have insipidus there's only one type wherein the reason here insulin is absent it's autoimmune disorder here insulin is present but it is resistant in this case anti-diuretic hormone is deficient or absent so that's how you classify diabetes wherein this is autoimmune disorder this is lifestyle disease this is generally genetic disease. Is it clear? Ravi Averman like I told you anti-diuretic hormone is related to fluid balance which means the blood composition of different fluids in the blood and also the water composition in the body it's maintained by ADH please go through the endocrine system in your NCRT it's a very lengthy topic but anyway it helps to maintain fluid balance we can write fluid balance so pituitary is called as the master gland it's because there are many things secreted by pituitary one such hormone is anti-diuretic hormone keep in mind it maintains the water balance one such function of ADH is maintaining water balance answer is B do you have any doubts to this? online is it clear? Ravi Averman TK OK 23rd one World's first Plasmid DNA based vaccine for coronavirus was developed by India this is true the name of the vaccine is called ZycovD the world's first Plasmid DNA based vaccine was developed by India it's very important because it's part of mission covid structure developed by or developed in association with department of biotech first one is true DNA based vaccine for covid developed by India can be administered in humans including children and adults 12 years and above this is true that's the specialty of the vaccine for the first time India developed the Plasmid DNA vaccine because other vaccines for covid it uses a different approach wherein the first Plasmid DNA vaccine for coronavirus that's developed by India and that can be administered for even children who are above 12 years third one world's first intranasal vaccine for coronavirus was developed by India this is also correct recently seen in news the INCOVAC developed by the Bharat biotech the same company that manufactures Covaxin which means answer is all the statements are correct starting from 2018 continuously for 4-5 years they've asked about vaccine we are not sure if the same trend is going to be repeated again but since these are significant achievements made by India in last 2 years especially related to the covid management practice I've taken this question clear and by the way to understand this this is the general approach taken for vaccines either you can use an entire micro for creating immunity which you call it as a whole micro approach or you can use a certain part of the micro to trigger immunity that's called a subunit and then you can use genetic material to trigger immunity that's called as genetic approach under the whole micro approach you have 3 types inactivated, live-attinuated and viral vector wherein so when I put this particular slide in the YouTube channel and then in telegram I will put a link to the World Health Organization when it extensively discusses the different mechanisms for now first thing you have to understand is inactivated vaccine where the micro will be killed and then it will be introduced to trigger immunity co-vaccine developed by Bharat Biotech that's an example for inactivated vaccine now coming to the live-attinuated vaccine which means it will have live virus but it's in a very weak form that's called as live-attinuated vaccine right now we don't have live-attinuated vaccine that's active for coronavirus wherein coming to the viral vector vaccine when we talk about viral vector it works something like this wherein first you take a virus that does not affect humans in this case we take a adenovirus which is generally from chimpanzee and then on the adenovirus you are attaching the spike protein or in other words the adenovirus is going to act as a carrier for carrying the spike protein that belongs to coronavirus centra part adenovirus outer part spike protein of coronavirus more like it's a mix of two organisms genetically modified one this is called as a viral vector vaccine wherein we have two viral vector vaccines and use right now that is produced in India one is the Covishield even though it's produced with the help of Oxford and AstraZeneca here the brand name is called as Covishield Covishield produced by Serum Institute of India it's a type of viral vector vaccine wherein the INCOVAC the nasal vaccine that's also a type of viral vector vaccine so wherein in your pre-storming discussions I would have told you it's a type of live atinvated vaccine but understand even though the virus is atinvated again it uses adenovirus so in the fact sheet they are particularly given it's a type of viral vector vaccine so Covishield manufactured in India is a viral vector vaccine INCOVAC inter nasal vaccine introduced in the world for the first time manufactured by India is also a type of viral vector vaccine and then coming to subunit approach there is a vaccine called CorbiVax which is developed by a Hyderabad based company called Biological E that is India's indigenous subunit to vaccine for coronavirus and then followed by that for genetic approach we have the ZycovD and giving only the Indian initiatives here I'm not mentioning all the vaccines that are included here because Sputnik is a type of viral vector and then the Pfizer vaccine or the Moderna vaccine they fall under messenger RNA we are not talking about all the vaccines for coronavirus but we are talking only the vaccines where India is involved so Covaxin Bharat biotech inactivated Covishield serum institute of India viral vector INCOVAC Bharat biotech it's a viral vector and then CorbiVax by a Hyderabad based company that's a subunit approach and then genetic approach we have ZycovD and then the Moderna vaccine can you go to the next one do you have any doubts to this all right coming to the defense topic as expected most of you have answered saying one statement is correct related to third statement or the first statement wherein the answer here is none of the statements are correct all the three are wrong in different perspectives we will talk about it coming to the first one so both Prithviya defense system otherwise called as sometimes seen in news so Prithviya defense system is also called as the Prathimna system similar to that the advanced air defense system this is also called as Ashwin system Ashwin missile intercept our system so when you see the term Ashwin you should relate it with the AAD when you see the term Prathimna you should relate it with Prithviya defense system so when you take a ballistic missile let's say it is launched from the source it takes a trajectory like this and then it falls in a particular location when we try to intercept such ballistic missiles there are two approaches first thing is let's say this is the atmosphere I mean the Karman line that defines the atmosphere or the border of the atmosphere first approach is you can send a missile that can intercept it outside the atmosphere and destroy it that is exo-atmospheric that is outside the atmosphere second approach is after it re-interests in the terminal phase or in the mid phase and destroy it Prithviya air defense system is more advanced which means Prithviya air defense system is exo-atmospheric in nature it can go to altitude of up to 80 km even though the range is 80 km it is estimated to be somewhere around 120 to 150 km which means Prithviya air defense system can travel outside the atmosphere it can intercept a ballistic missile and destroy it when if you take Ashwin system or the advanced air defense system it is endothmospheric maximum altitude is up to 30 to 40 km which means it is inside the atmosphere where the interception will take place so the first statement is wrong second statement Brahmos is a ramjet based supersonic cruise missile till this portion it is true while Brahmos A will be hypersonic cruise missile no the upcoming hypersonic cruise missile which is jointly developed by India and Russia that is called as Brahmos 2 Brahmos 2 is going to be hypersonic missile where in Brahmos A A stands for air variant this can be loaded on Sukhai flight where in this can have a range up to 500 km and it is again a supersonic missile only thing is these are land land launched where in these can be launched from air so the second half of the statement is wrong Brahmos A is a standoff missile we call it as a standoff missile and it is again a supersonic missile third one is wrong because you would have heard the name called as INS Vikrant very familiarly in news but INS Vikrant R11 this was the first aircraft carrier of India not the first indigenous aircraft carrier because INS Vikrant or R11 it was acquired from UK where in the actual name of that INS Vikrant R11 is Hercules late 1960s itself we took it from UK right now it is decommission followed by that we had two other aircraft carriers and followed by that right now the INS Vikrant we are using it has the code IAC1 that is indigenous aircraft carrier 1 so INS Vikrant and bracket IAC1 that is India's first indigenous aircraft carrier wherein INS Vikrant R11 is India's first aircraft carrier but not indigenous it was acquired from UK so far we have got two aircraft carriers from UK and one from Russia Vikramathya was from Russia wherein the present one is INS Vikrant IAC1 repeat IAC1 is the indigenous one wherein R11 is from UK so which means all the three statements are wrong answer is D none of the above is it clear can you go to the next one coming to the 25th question D option says all the above hidden so most of you have answered A so the answer for this one interestingly is D all the above we will discuss one by one first one incandescent lamps that is the normal lamps which we use the ones with filament and then CFL and LED lamps all these can be used for visible light communication no doubt you can use a normal lamp you can use a LED lamp but when you talk about the data rate no doubt LED will have higher data rate compared to that CFL and incandescent lamps will have lesser data rate but still the light from any of these can be used to set up a visible light communication or VLC first one is true second one visible light communication has higher bandwidth but at the same time it has lesser coverage that is also true like I told you earlier if you take a millimeter wave it has a limited coverage wherein after millimeter wave there is micro wave you have infrared which means visible light is having very high energy high frequency and lower wavelength which means if you shine a torch light it's going to be very bright but if I shine it towards a wall it cannot penetrate through the wall that's because the wall will stop the visible light on other words visible light will be easily intercepted by a thick layer of wall or a thick layer of material or only on other words you can say it's a line of sight communication in fact the previous question related to it the wrong statement was it can be used for long distance transmission it cannot be used for long distance transmission it can be used only for line of sight communication which means the transmitter and receiver they should be in line of sight if any object is interfering let's say if it is a glass that's a different story but if you are having a cardboard or any other wall in the middle then visible light communication cannot happen it is considered to be more secure that's because it's restricted to a smaller geographical area or smaller space but at the same time the range is very lesser radio wave can penetrate through wall but visible light communication cannot penetrate through walls so the second one is correct third one most of the people why you have chosen this to be wrong is it says it excites them to ultraviolet light which is true if you take a CFL lamp in all your tube lights or CFL lamps you have a white colour coating that's a fluorescent coating what happens is first these electrons excite and they will emit ultraviolet light so these ultraviolet light they go and strike the layer the white colour layer it is going to be bombarded by the excited electrons so this will cause them to emit light the light emitted by it is visible light but initially the light will be ultraviolet so which means you have a CFL lamp CFL lamp produces ultraviolet ultraviolet strikes on the coating the coating gets excited because of high energy and these excited coating it's going to emit visible light wherein the statement that I have given here is in CFL lamp mercury atoms are excited to radiate ultraviolet light through the mercury present inside it is excited to emit ultraviolet wherein the ultraviolet in turn excites the coating that will limit visible light which means the light produced inside the CFL lamp is actually ultraviolet but what we are receiving is visible because of the white colour layer on the top all the three statements are true answer is D all the above people attending online is it clear coming to the 26th question coming to the first statement lithium ion batteries have high risk of exploding during the charging process than discharging process the statement is correct because generally the batteries will burst or they will undergo a thermal runaway whenever it is being charged we are generally advised not to use the mobile phone while charging or not to speak on the mobile phone while charging to understand this first you have to understand how a lithium ion battery works they have a positively charged diode which you positively charged cathode and then you have a negatively charged electrode called as anode which is used in lithium ion cells generally cathode will be can write lithium metal oxide given the general term but it could be lithium cobalt oxide lithium copper oxide, lithium ion oxide any metal oxide is used as cathode where an anode will be because of higher energy density it will be a graphite graphite is used as anode now let us talk about the charging process that is let us say connect your mobile phone to a charging socket what happens here is this lithium metal oxide will dissolve on other words electrons will be knocked out from the lithium metal oxide now these knocked out electrons they travel from here to here which means electrons travel from cathode to the anode during charging process and at the same time the lithium metal oxide which forms ions it will dissolve inside ions are dissolved inside now during the discharging process that is once you remove the charger from the socket the electrons that are present here it goes in this direction that is electrons travel from anode towards the cathode so when the cathode starts gaining the electrons the ions that are present here they will settle back here that is the lithium metal compounds will be formed it will deposit here in this case both oxidation and reduction happens here together it is called as redox reaction our simple words you can remember oxidation basically losing electrons which means when you are charging cathode is getting oxidized because it is losing electrons wherein reduction means gaining electrons so while charging this is getting oxidized this is getting reduced while discharging this is getting oxidized this is getting reduced this can happen now what happens here is when you are overcharging the lithium ion battery when you are overcharging it more and more ions will be created here now when more and more ions are created here when you overcharge it there is a separator here so that it blocks two different ion solution so this separator will be breached or will create small holes in the separator that is the first cause second cause is too much of ions here will release poisonous and fuming gases if the ion concentration increases beyond the limit it can release fuming gases so it can lead to increase in temperature of the battery leading to explosion so two things first ion concentration increases sometimes the separator may be breached second thing when ion concentration increases poisonous gases may be emitted which can lead to increase in temperature can lead to explosion so that is why your phone batteries they have a safety shutter which means after a certain limit if your phone heats up it will say thermal shutdown that is when the phone temperature exceeds or when the battery temperature exceeds a certain limit immediately your phone will shut down however you try to turn on turn on only when it drops below a temperature it will turn on so during the charging process you create more ions that is a greater possibility for producing poisonous fumes and also greater temperature so the first one is correct second one sodium ion batteries will never replace lithium ion batteries because the energy density on other words if you have this much of lithium ion and if you have the same amount of sodium same size of sodium ion battery the energy stored in this is going to be greater compared to the energy stored in this one only advantages it is less dangerous mostly it won't explode because of sodium ions so sodium ion batteries cannot replace lithium ion batteries wherein does it have improved energy density no lithium ion batteries have higher energy density and it has safety features yes sodium ion batteries have better safety feature but they have a lesser energy density which means if you want a small cell phone and then you put a battery inside you try to put maximum power inside 6000 mAh 5000 mAh which means any day lithium ion batteries will not be replaced by sodium ion maybe we can we might have a different technology but not sodium ion second one is wrong third one solid state batteries is generally preferred compared to lithium ion batteries for medical devices this is true because here I said cathode anode followed by a solution that is a electrolytic solution here but if you take a solid state battery you don't use a electrolytic solution but you use a chemical paste here which means cathode solid in state anode solid in state electrolyte it's not a solution again it's a chemical paste which is solid in state comparatively it is much safer but the disadvantage here is it is much costlier and that is why the medical devices that stays inside the body or sometimes the fitness trackers for example they will have solid state battery Samsung holds a greater amount of patent for solid state batteries right now so this is correct something is going to stay inside the body or if you want to prefer safety solid state batteries are preferred second is wrong third is correct answer is 1 and 3 only A is the answer 26th question answer is A do you have any doubts on this online people we will go to the next one coming to the 27th question we have 3 more questions this is a quite lengthy question I will give you 30 seconds extra you can just go through it again first I will tell you what does it mean by a grid computing imagine India has a super computer somewhere in NITCC for example we have something called as parampurul in NITCC so let us say one super computer is present in India there is one more super computer present in Australia one more super computer present in USA now all these 3 computers they are going to work on a task not on a single task but more like a single task is going to be executed by all the 3 computers let us say I want to perform a weather modeling India is going to perform or execute them and then it is going to perform weather modeling the same algorithm with different data it is going to be executed in Australia and it is going to create a data and then the same algorithm it is going to be executed by a computer present in USA but with a different data and again it is going to create a data this is called as grid computing which means they are independent computers first key point here is they are independent computers and they are connected to a virtual computing environment so which means generally complex calculations such as very complex mathematical problems or certain weather modeling applications they are performed through grid computing two key words to remember here is they are present at different locations second the entity may be totally independent of each other it is not necessary that a single company should own all these computers they may be owned by different companies or different organizations that is called as grid computing coming to the next one last a distributed computing so distributed computing means let us say I have one task to be executed the task has 10 steps now I have 3 computers with me what I am going to do is step 1 to 3 will be performed by this computer step 4 to 6 will be performed by this computer then step 7 to 10 will be performed by data computer which means they are executing it or a single task is broken into multiple smaller tasks and then independent computers are performing it and then I am going to assemble it at a single location this is called as distributed computing the key word here is subtasks are assigned to different computers here you are breaking one task into multiple subtasks and then the subtasks are given to different computers coming to the next one called cluster computing the cluster computing the key word here is it happens in a small area let us say it happens in a single office wherein I have 3 computers and then let us say this computer has 4 GB RAM this computer has 4 GB RAM and this computer has 4 GB RAM and then I am running algorithm or I am running a program that requires 6 GB of RAM so what will happen is this is the primary computer since these are connected these 2 resources will be utilized by the primary computer this is called as cluster computing here it is not does not span over a huge geographical area but it generally happens in a very small area that is called as cluster computing which means multiple computers or servers are interconnected here all of them sound very similar here it is within a company generally owned by a single entity wherein here distributed means it can be present in larger geographical area one task is divided into multiple subtasks that is for distributed computing different computers now see this here approach allows multiple computers to work together to perform complex tasks which means you can eliminate the concept of cluster computing here the resources such as computing power, storage and network bandwidth are shared across multiple locations and managed by a central entity which means here it should be related to cluster computing sorry not cluster computing it should be related to distributed computing or otherwise grid computing when it is useful for large scientific computing and data intensive applications so the most optimum answer here is grid computing or in other things you can eliminate because cluster computing is not over different areas this is eliminated edge computing is often seen in industry 4.0 or related to the 5G technology what happens is you have a machine the machine uses a particular cloud server and then you try to reduce the distance between the machine and data you bring an intermediate server here so instead of communicating to this cloud certain important data are stored here so that it can approach very soon this is called as edge computing reducing the distance between machine and the data that is called as edge computing because the data is present at the edge of the machine so this is not related to these characteristics and digital twins means you have a computer or you have a system when you are going to create an exact replica of the system and then you are going to run it in a virtual environment that is called as twin computing so in this case answer should be grid computing clear certain IT parks which method mostly IT parks include cluster computing if they are not using server if they are using it within them or if it is like intra office intra building then it is cluster computing can we go to the next one the last two questions I made it very simple 28th question give me a minute Swetha ma'am online you are asking for edge computing see here let's say I run a machine it could be a computer or any industrial establishment and then it is having all the data stored in the cloud I assume the size of the cloud is around 1TB 1TB wherein there is a 300MB data which is very frequently used by the machine what I do is I store the 300MB data somewhere in intermediate server so very frequent fetches it need not travel all the way till the cloud wherein it can fetch it from the nearby server wherein for certain data it can fetch from the cloud so I am trying to reduce the distance traveled by the data especially by the frequently used data that is called as edge computing is it clear Swetha ma'am online just like a cache memory exactly it is more or less a cache memory but it is not in a single device but you have one more device that is going to act like a cache memory coming to the 28th question most of you have answered the A few of you have answered B wherein here it is related to United Nations program on HIV or AIDS wherein first question is AIDS curable online people is AIDS curable acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is it curable some cases well few of you have answered curable wherein right now it is not curable keep in mind polio or AIDS all these they are preventable but they are not curable while you might have thought about the stem cell therapy stem cell therapy cannot be applied for a larger population right now it is still in developmental stage so far we have cleared only 3 people from HIV or AIDS condition which means right now HIV is not curable wherein generally HIV that is human immunovirus it belongs to a family of virus called as retro virus by the way AIDS is a much complicated condition which is created by HIV one thing to remember here is all AIDS patients are affected by HIV but all HIV patients are not AIDS patients I repeat draw something like this AIDS is a condition so all the AIDS patients are HIV positive but all HIV patients are not affected by AIDS because AIDS is much advanced or a progressive condition where multiple parts of immune system will fail so it is possible to manage HIV infection now HIV is caused by a virus called as retro virus wherein right now there is no cure for it wherein you can control it so controlling is using ART anti retro viral therapy ART or other words called as antiretroviral therapy now this ART it is not a treatment for curing it is a life sustaining therapy which means as long as the patient is taking antiretroviral therapy the condition of AIDS will be controlled they can serve it but if they stop taking the antiretroviral drugs or antiretroviral therapy drugs then again the AIDS condition will be spawning again in their body now what exactly is 95, 95, 95 earlier it was called as 90 90, 90 wherein first 90 stands for 90% of the people affected by HIV should know their present status that is 90% of the person living with HIV we call it as PL HIV person living with HIV or people living with HIV so first 90 stands for 90% people affected by the HIV should know their present status second 90% means 90% people should have access to the antiretroviral therapy that is through the government or through the private hospitals they should get access to the antiretroviral therapy but in third 90% means 90% of the people should have the viral load suppressed the viral load should be suppressed this was the target that was set for the year 2020 but the world including India failed mainly because of the covid pandemic because when the covid pandemic happened the first one people know their status but they were not given access to the antiretroviral therapy because most of the government hospitals were filled with the covid patients so the government was not able to give antiretroviral therapy second condition was failed which means automatically the third condition was failed so the UN program for AIDS they have a revised target called as 95, 95, 95 95% of the people affected by HIV should know their present status second 95 means 95% should have access to the antiretroviral therapy 95% of the people should have their viral load suppressed and the timeline is 2025 revised timeline revised timeline and revised target this clear based on this the answer should be United Nations program on 8 everything else can be eliminated coming to the 29th question the last one says 30 seconds you can quickly tell me the D option says 2, 4 and 5 first one global delay of observatories watching trans in trans in means even happening for a very short time this is present in India you would have heard about the Hanley dark sky reserve recently seen in news India's first night sanctuary so in that area we have something called as Indian astronomical observatory I repeat IAO Indian astronomical observatory that is located in Hanley in Ladakh adjacent to the Hanley dark sky reserve there are 4 important telescopes that are operated by India first one is it's called as growth India which means growth is an international program India is participating in it that's called as growth India which means the ultimate aim of the telescope is it watches any event that happens for a very short time it's called as growth or collision of black holes collision of neutron stars to create a supernova explosion all these are studied by growth telescope and it's a coordinated effort because multiple observatories which are part of growth program they will be observing the same target first one is present in India it is in Ladakh second one laser interferometer gravitational wave observatory related to observation of gravitational waves wherein there are 2 LIGOs it's called as LIGO India which is being built in Maharashtra it's in Maharashtra India is getting a LIGO right now the budget is allocated for LIGO because the construction process has started it is going to be initiated or completed somewhere in 2025 or 26 wherein even though we call it as LIGO India sometimes it's called as Indigo that is Indian initiatives in gravitational wave observation you can simply remember it as LIGO India or Indigo Indian initiatives in gravitational wave observation second one is present in India third one India is a member of event horizon telescope but we don't have an event horizon telescope this is like a set of 8 telescopes that are present in different continents there is one in South America it's present in North America Europe, Africa it's present everywhere but not in Asia especially in India we have seen in news because the first photograph of the black hole that was captured by this particular telescope it's a network of telescope that operates like a single unit so India is a member of ESD but we don't have ESD in India when the question I have specifically given which of the following scientific establishments are present in India so keep in mind India is a member but we don't have ESD third one is eliminated fourth one is also eliminated in Asia wherein it should not be confused with something called as Himalayan chandra telescope that is part of Indian astronomical observatory remaining things you can write Indian astronomical observatory four telescopes one is growth India other one is Himalayan chandra telescope this is different from chandra x-ray observatory because this is a infrared telescope repeat this is a infrared telescope Himalayan chandra telescope hargar high energy gamma ray telescope and then you have a telescope called mes major atmospheric Cherenkov experiment simple words you can write this is related to visible light this is related to infrared these two are related to gamma rays noted based on this chandra x-ray observatory is eliminated even horizon telescope is eliminated this is present one, two and five should be the option answer is C one, two and five coming to the last question do you have any doubts on this people are running online the last question I have given here related to liquid natural fuels not to be confused with liquid natural gas alright first one LPG is primarily composed of propane and butane this is correct where in the composition may vary depending on the countries in India generally it is propane and butane this is correct second one CNG compress natural gases primarily composed of methane approximately around 95% will be methane wherein other gases will form very minor composition first one is correct, second one is correct CNG is much safer than LPG definitely yes because the density goes like this LPG has higher density so what happens when there is a leakage it will settle very closer to the ground which means there is a greater hazard for fire accident LPG in terms of density repeat in terms of density LPG is denser followed by air followed by CNG which means compressed natural gases lesser density than air now if CNG is leaking even though it is kept in a pressurized container if CNG is leaking somewhere it is going to float up or in other words it is not going to stay closer to the ground it will dissipate into the atmosphere definitely CNG is a much safer fuel than LPG third one is correct fourth one both LPG and CNG are orderless and colorless gases this is also true that is because when you burn methane you literally cannot see the flame in fact there is a fire accident that involves an FN driver when you search on YouTube you will understand wherein all of a sudden the methane leaks from the car and then they catch fire so you could see them trying to put out the fire because they cannot see the flame totally wherein later on it took some time to realize that the fire is spread everywhere then they move to a different location and then they put out the fire so when you burn methane or when you burn LPG or CNG it does not create a flame it is a colorless and also it is an orderless gas this is also correct answer is D all the statements are correct but also keep in mind when there is a LPG leakage or when there is a CNG leakage you will have a smell met captain we add a small additive so that we know there is a leakage the characteristic smell the type of smell that you get from a leakage it is from a chemical called as met captain which is a sulphur compound so otherwise we will not know the leakage answer here should be all the statements are correct do you have any doubts to this I think we have a question from Ravi Maraman what is the function of MACE major atmospheric experiment both Hager and MACE it studies about cosmic rays that is when cosmic radiation enters the atmosphere cosmic rays later on you search this term called as cosmic rays so when cosmic ray enters the earth's atmosphere it just breaks into multiple low energy cosmic rays and in that process it will limit gamma radiation so those gamma radiations are being studied by these two telescopes they are very sensitive instruments that study about the gamma radiation is it clear so people are attending online please tell me if you have any other doubts from the topics that are listed here but a domestic gases order that is what I am telling domestic gas LPG gets its order from the met captain sulphur it is not the smell of the LPG itself so I hope you were satisfied with the session we have four more sessions we have the map based terms on 17th and then you have Indian economy followed by I.O. followed by environment I think Satya Krishnan sir has completed quality I have completed science and tech you have four other valuating sessions that will be streamed in the same way through the zoom ID and through the youtube make sure you attend it and all of this for your exams also any other questions sir please explain briefly grid and cluster computing see nithish sir imagine this way your cousin owns a computer he is in Delhi and then you are in Chennai now all the three computers are going to execute the same algorithm all these are standalone all these are execute the same algorithm then you call it as grid computing that is because it is a grid when all these are independent but at the same time let us say you want to process a word document or you want to run algorithm you are going to divide it between three of you you are not working independently but you are connected together then that is called as distributed computing is it clear three laptops are running in different locations but all of them are not performing different tasks but they are performing parts of a single task that is called as a distributed computing all right good meeting all of you all the best