 Hello everyone, I'm Bai Jing from Australia National University, and my study is about the responses of urban forests to climate change, and I did the case study in Canberra. As many speakers have identified, urban forests are beneficial for the urban dwellers because of their cooling effects as well as other ecosystem services. But if what if the urban forests themselves are sensitive to climate change, so in my study I firstly identified the relationships between climate change, urban trees, and their ecosystem services. We'll try to figure out that if drought events, warming temperature, elevated CO2 concentrations will affect the tree growth and the vitality, if they can lead to some mechanical mechanisms like the carbon starvation or hydraulic failure, and how about the characteristics of urban trees that can affect the capacity of their ecosystem services delivery. So in my study, we did the road survey in Canberra and we firstly selected 24 species and categorized them into the top species and the bottom species based on their suitability for the future climate conditions. For the top species means they are assumed to be more suitable for the future while the bottom species are those vulnerable species, and then we compared the measurements with tree growth model named Bismarck at the right hand, we can see the diagram, it is an example of the tree growth curve for certain species. But this model was established in the early 2000s, so the climate data in this model was based on that in the 1990s and we assumed in the last 20 years climate change have affected the tree growth in Canberra to some extent. For the road survey, we measured the tree size and choose tree height and the current diameter as the parameters, and we also identified the vitality of urban trees, we use the indicators such as dead branches, current dieback, it comes growth, hollows and fungi fruitings. And we find some interesting outcomes in the data analysis, we categorized the samples into different groups for comparison and for the first comparison is the top species versus the bottom species, we can find that the top species have a higher likelihood to be larger than prediction while the bottom species are often overestimated in their tree size. And in another comparison between different species, we can find that the jaw tolerance species are more likely to be bigger and have a larger kind of cover than projection while the avoidance species have a higher likelihood to shrink themselves to cope with the water limitation or the warming temperature. In the comparison between evergreen and the deciduous species, we can find that except for two evergreen species, most of the others have a bigger kind of cover or taller tree height, while for the deciduous species it's half to half. And we also analyzed the difference between old and young trees, the results show that young trees are often underestimated for their growth rates while there is an overestimation for the tree size for all trees. And for the tree metanity, we try to establish the relationship between the metanity and the tree size. At the right hand we can see the diagrams. For eucalypts, the species with dead branches are often under their growth curve, that means they have a smaller size than prediction, but such relationship is not so evident for the quakers, so that means there's a species difference. Yeah, and for the current dieback, we can also find the negative relationship between tree size and the tree's incidence. That means current dieback can affect the capacity of ecosystem services significantly, but it is not true for the economic growth. We can find that in quakers, the economic growth can restrict the tree growth for quakers, but cannot affect that for pro-nurs. So we identify that economic growth, even it has been assumed as a stress signal, but it does not affect the capacity of ecosystem services delivery so significantly. And at last, we use the system thinking to get some implications for future urban forestry. So the first one is appropriate species selection is quite important for future urban forest management because as we have shown that some species can even benefit from climate change with warmer temperature, they can grow faster, but others are more vulnerable to the changing conditions. And climate change is better for newly planted trees because they can grow faster at their young age and provide considerable ecosystem services at an earlier stage, but we need also to consider the higher frequencies for maintenance. We may need a higher frequency for watering and maintaining their health conditions. And last, we identified a hostage life circle for urban trees. As tree grows up, the value of ecosystem services and the cost of maintenance will increase accordingly, but after a certain age, the value for ecosystem services will keep stable, but the cost will continue increasing. That means after that certain age, we need to replace the tree for the cities, but climate change will shorten the period of year, we need to replace them. So a hostage life circle will be expected. That's my start is thanks for listening. Thank you, everyone.