 So I'm Paul Schacht and I'm the Director of the Center for Digital Learning at the State University of New York at Geneseo. We live in a world where collaboration is increasingly important and increasingly valued. So tools for social learning, including tools for social annotation, gives students the opportunity to practice those collaboration skills and to prepare themselves to participate in a world where collaboration is, again, increasingly important and valued. That's a main benefit to students. There are lots of, I think, pedagogical benefits to instructors, again, particularly when it comes to tools for social annotation. In addition to living in a world where collaboration is so important, we live in a world where content is increasingly locked up in walled gardens, whether we're talking about a particular platform for engaging with educational content or a platform for reading books or for consuming other kinds of content like audio or video. And those platforms are a barrier to collaboration. If collaboration is important, we need to be able to practice it in the world and in the classroom when we're working inside walled gardens whose forms of data storage and whose algorithms are different from one another, that are following different standards, collaboration becomes extremely hard. So open standards for a tool like annotation can help us take down some of those walls. I think the key principle here is interoperability. So Corey Doctorow illustrates the principle of interoperability by pointing out that any manufacturer can make a light bulb that fits in any light socket. Not every bulb fits in every socket, but the standard for making a bulb to fit in a particular socket is an open standard. So again, anyone has the ability to make a bulb to fit it. Even having our students in the Geneseo Center for Digital Learning, our student affiliates read about interoperability and some of its history in computing. For example, in the development of standards for web content, standards that make it possible to access content from any browser in any operating system. So as I said a moment ago, walled gardens that store data in different ways, that have locked gates. Those gates that can only be opened if you pay for the key, those walled gardens promote inequity by making privilege a condition of access. Implementing interoperable social learning tools that are developed with accessibility in mind, again, that removes barriers and it also helps institutions do a better job of living into their values of diversity, equity and inclusion. Every colleague that I've spoken to who's tried using social annotation as part of their pedagogy has been impressed by the power of annotation to create great focused conversations about texts. These conversations tend to be much more evidence based than the ones that are generated by broad discussion forum questions. And they also reduce the tendency of students to echo one another. Lots of different students answering the same question once they get in to answer. They see what other students have said are likely to echo what they have already seen written there. But if you give every student the opportunity to pick a passage in a text, pick their own passage, say what they have to say about it, you're much more likely to get individualized and authentic responses from students. Secondly, if you're classroom, if you want your classroom to be a space where students are not just engaging with the topic of the course, but they're acquiring and sharpening important interpersonal skills, the skill of collaboration that I talked about before, or digital skills, you want them to have an understanding, for example, of the principle of interoperability. If you want them to understand why accessibility matters in digital spaces, this is another reason why using these tools and ensuring that the tools are interoperable across platforms, that this is another reason why it's an important and worthwhile effort. And participating in the initiative then is a great way to be part of a broad effort best exemplified by some of the other partners, some of the major partners in the initiative, like HathiTrust and the Internet Archive, there is a widespread and really important effort going on right now to make both learning and the web itself more interoperable, more equitable, more accessible. Joining the initiative is a way to be part of that movement.