 So we're here at the Nanosys here in the Silicon Valley and who are you? I'm Jason Hartlow president and CEO of Nanosys So Nanosys is the quantum dot company, right? That's right We provide quantum dots to every consumer brand our product in the world. It's out there today We have close to a hundred percent market share all of the products that you're seeing with quantum dots QLED PQ vision all of these various different brandings that you see out there P series quantum from Vizio all of these products are using the materials that we developed in Manufacture right here at Nanosys. So right here in this building it right here in this building It's happening right here. There's a machine right now even as we speak. Yes Some pretty big machines some pretty good-sized machines. Yeah But that are that are designed in way to do mass production of nanotechnology, right? That's right So we're producing nanocrystals very very small Two nanometers to maybe five nanometers or eight nanometers in diameter each individual crystal And we produce these on a scale of hundreds of gallons of material is being produced at a time So it's really just a phenomenal thing It's beyond kind of our comprehension of how many particles there are within one of our reactors for example It's literally billions of billions of billions something like 10 to the 24th particles Are in one of our reactors at any given time And we're precisely controlling the atomic level growth of these crystals So that they're all growing to within a few atoms of each other in terms of their size So very very uniform across population and very very common in terms of the light that they give out They make use of an effect called the quantum confinement effect Which is where we basically have an exciton or an energy source coming into the to the crystal that's absorbed by the crystal and then the Exciton is split into a electron whole pair and after they recombine The amount of energy that the electron whole pair have is limited by the quantum confinement or the actual bore radius Physical size of the particle so as a result we can excite these crystals for example with a blue light And then we can down convert that energy to green light Perfect green light or perfect red light, etc And so in that way we're able to create the perfect spectrum of red green and blue light Just right for making great color displays perfect high-resolution Perfect for the high-resolution products and high definition Products that are out there today. So it's not just about doing more colors is about doing better colors Yeah, it's really about how do we improve the color purity? So of course the color accuracy is important So color accuracy refers to our ability to put the wavelength of color Exactly in the right place where the primary is located. So for every one of our video spaces For example DCI P3 is a common video standard There's an ideal primary location And so there's an ideal place where the green wavelength should be But in addition to having it properly located at that perfect primary We also want to have a very narrow green We don't want to have a big broad wide green because then it starts to look more yellowish to the eye It starts to pick up some more of the red and some more of the blue and this is just really You know distorts our perception of the purity of that color and so by having these perfect primaries The overall color fidelity of the system can really be improved So Is this the biggest mass production of nanotechnology in the world? So as far as we know, this is the biggest production now technology that's used for any kind of what I would call electronic application There are Large-scale nano materials, which are produced perhaps at larger scales that are used for things like Cosmetics and paints But these are not what we would call active materials our crystals our semiconductor materials are very active crystals They're light emitting they absorb energy from one wavelength and emit at a different wavelength This makes them very different than for example materials that are used in in cosmetics or in colorants Where you're basically making use of the size effect purely from a physical standpoint not from an electrical or optical standpoint So another technology is some of the most cutting-edge kind of science or technology out there, right? And so you're the forefront of that and it's the first that you know, that's you need so much of it There's so many TVs. Yeah, it's the first real large-scale deployment of nanotechnology nanocrystal technology in electronics, that's correct crystal in nano size, yes So there's crystal in LCD, but you're doing some different kind of crystals Yeah, so the liquid crystal material is actually not really a crystal. It's actually a molecule And so that's that's kind of a little bit of an architect or leftover of the the naming convention for LCD liquid crystal display so the Differences we're not making molecular arrangement. We're making a semiconductor particle And so this is done with very high-temperature processes Materials are brought together and annealed into these perfect little semiconductor cores, which we then surround with Offset type semiconductor for a shell to further confine the wave function of the particle So right here does a quantum TV. So how many? Billions or trillions are there on the screen, for example? Yeah, so that's a it's a really great question It's kind of hard to rationalize that so In this screen, we might have something like about half a gram of quantum dot material But the what each quantum dot is weighing so small amounts, right? I mean we're talking about nanograms or femtograms So there are again there are billions and billions and billions of particles in this Single sheet right here all of them very uniform all emitting this perfect red green blue spectrum of light Which results in a really beautiful? Color spectrum and color reproduction of this set when we look at this and we compare for example in this scene here This is what we call a McBeth chart the McBeth chart color accuracy is really one of the key things that people look at This is a standard test diagram or test pattern That has the various different color patches on there and you can measure using a meter exactly how accurate This set is in terms of reproducing those colors and you find that it's it's very very accurate compared to Any other stuff that's out there on the market so only half a gram that means you spray it out very There's not like thinner than the butter and bread is like absolutely very thin very very thin And then there's billions and each of these particles exactly the same exactly the same How do you make something that's everywhere? Everything is so small and exactly the same. That's the miracle of our Development work that we've done here is really what we call a chemical self assembly and so You know, we have obviously people who work here in the in the facility People in the manufacturing area who run the reactions But really at the end of the day what's happening is each one of the atoms is going into each one of these crystals is Being self assembled into these little tiny crystals by other molecules that we've designed in the reaction And so this chemical self assembly process is what allows us to basically put these little crystals together So perfectly and control how uniform they are across such a wide such a huge like incomprehensibly large number of particles that are being synthesized at any given time It sounds like you saying the small little atoms are like little workers that are making sure they put they go in the right place The molecules are little workers that are depositing the atoms in the right place. That's right That's a good analogy for it molecules of what? So for example, there are different types of salts and acids and other types of molecules that we use that help To put the donor atom. So for example a metal ion for example an indium ion They'll put that in just the right place together with a phosphorus ion and that'll come together Inform an indium phosphide cluster and then we'll start to see Additional little molecules come along and deposit their indium and their phosphorus together with that little cluster That's already formed and we start to grow an indium phosphide little crystal and that's basically progresses and a large You know many people maybe did crystal growth when they were kids, you know in with the sugar water or other types of Crystal growth. It's a similar kind of concept to that. You basically have a saturated Solution and you have these crystals that want to form as a result of the way you put the overall system together And I would guess there's some parts that you kind of scrap to scrub out But you have to take it all out. You know that if otherwise it's not going to be good Yeah So what we do is after we synthesize the the crystal those little worker molecules that we've got those are by Products so we have to clean those those are not going to be light emitting. They're not going to help in any way The quality of the end product that we're making so we have a cleaning process a washing process where we remove We separate those again very very small two nanometer size Particles from these very small little molecules that we use to help facilitate the reaction and then we have the clean You know cores As we call them and then we're going to take those and we're going to do another process operation on them We're going to wrap them in each each individual core is going to be wrapped with an epitax So they matched semiconductor shell So now we've got a little binary system with a core material and a shell material around it And that's going to provide us with this very high efficiency little light engine That we've got that's going to emit those perfect colors So how clean does it get because are there still some of these? Not so good molecules at the end of the thing or they're all gone. They're all gone They're just all gone even though it's so tiny. You just know that they go Yeah, I mean we we know by means of all of our chemical analysis all of our various different optical analysis we can look for Trace presence of any impurities and all of that stuff and so these are truly electronic grade materials That that do not have any of those byproducts left in them So is nanotechnology is just it's kind of like chemistry nanotechnology in terms of the synthesis process Is really about cutting-edge chemistry That the interesting thing about nanotechnology is it's kind of it's cross disciplinary And so a lot of the things that i'm telling you about are have to do with solid state physics and electrical engineering As well as you know the synthetic elements, which are coming from chemistry So really in our company we have people from all different backgrounds working across these different disciplines To design the right materials to come up with the ideas for how to Choose the right band gaps of materials people working on how we can actually do Synthesis using those materials and then ultimately how those materials integrate into devices Like the quantum dot film that you see here in these uh commercial televisions So um in two or three years is going to be a 20 year anniversary right the company But this this was invented a little bit before and uh, but to get all this to work It's not so easy, right? So that's why you're the world leader. Nobody else can get to do this. It's been it's been a very very Uh rigorous Development process to get to a point where these materials could not only emit the light that was necessary with the high efficiency But also have the stability so one thing about nanomaterials is that There's just many many forces in nature Which generally tend to oppose the nano effects And so it's difficult to get the nanoscale effect To still be present when you have a large ensemble of these materials For example, people have tried for a long time To do something that's called the gecko adhesive effect and this is where geckos little lizards Have these little tiny hairs on their feet and they're actually able Because of a very high surface area effect They're actually able to grip on to the side of a wall and climb up The problem is when we try and replicate that with nanofibers because they are nanoscale fibers on the gecko's feet The problem is that those fibers will get fouled by things in the environment dust dirt oil Whatever and then pretty soon they just become a little clump and they no longer have that high surface area effect The gecko solves that problem because he's a biological organism. He's continually regenerating new little nanofibers on his feet But we can't do that. So we can make a material that's very sticky No adhesive, but it sticks perfectly Just like the gecko's feet But the minute that it comes in contact with any contamination or other things it starts to lose that adhesive ability So a key thing for quantum dots was how did how could we take these materials and put them into a form factor? Where they did not immediately lose their light emitting capability become quenched By environment by other materials that might be in the systems, etc So making them robust so that they could be used in commercial applications last for 50 000 hours in a television application, etc This was where a lot of time and energy was spent with these materials So that took like a decade to figure that out? It took about a decade to figure that out when I joined the company in 2008 What we had was basically this kind of a material So we had this is just a demo. This is a green quantum dots in In a solution And so you can see that these uh, you know, they don't look like much but when we put them over a blue light source We can get this very perfect pure green color that's emitted by them To go from that though, which is liquid in a bottle into a television is a big step And so what we had to do was come up with a way to integrate those materials into a television manufacturing process It was cost effective and maintained all of that lifetime and all those other characteristics that was necessary And ultimately what we came up with was a film concept And so this is the film that's actually used in that television that we're talking that we saw earlier This is a quantum dot enhancement film and what it is is it's a very very thin layer of that nanomaterial the quantum dots Um dispersed between two sheets of plastic with some resin to give it a little stability And this is a very robust implementation. This can last for you know, many many years in the tv application And uh, actually I'll last a lot of the other components. So that's what you call q def This is q def quantum dot enhancement film and this is uh, this is it it feels it's It's not it's not just a sheet of plastic. That's what I kind of thought but it's much more complicated Just a sheet of transparent plastic. So, um, this is an example what we have here A couple of little things that I'm going to show you This is a little handheld spectrometer And so what it allows us to do is actually measure the spectra of light that's emitted from any given source And so what I'm going to do with this guy is I'm going to show you Kind of what a normal white Backlight would look like in an lcd. So this is this is built using white leds. This is a conventional backlight panel And so behind that set there is this white light and then there's a modulator in front of it Which flickers each individual pixel on and off but ultimately The source of the light is coming from here So when we look at the spectra of that light source and we look specifically at it We see that we have a very very fraud peak Here which is containing green and yellow and orange and red So there isn't a distinct green and red peak As a result of that in order to make a red and green color channel at the television We have to filter out all of that yellow content get rid of it Basically terribly inefficient and as a result the resulting peaks that we get aren't very sharp They aren't very well defined On the other hand if we take our quantum dot film we use a blue backlight blue leds Which are basically the same leds as are used in the white Just without the so-called yag Phosphor material which converts the blue light into that yellow light We take that blue light source We put one of our quantum dot films into the backlight unit And now we've got this perfect Light for making perfect red green and blue again We take the spectral meter and we see that the peaks are very very sharply and well defined So now your green sub pixel is going to have a green color that looks like that Your red is going to have a red that looks like that and your blue is going to have a blue that looks like that Very sharp very perfect primaries and we can see that when we look at one of those sets So for example, if we come over here take a look at one of these white areas, which has all three colors Again, we can see that we've got that perfect red green blue In terms of color now if we look at an OLED set Which is using an alternative type of lighting technology We can see that again, we're back to having this very messy primary system And so the green and the red are not well defined as a result You don't get the ability to paint your color palette Perfectly if you have perfect primaries you can paint all of the colors in between perfectly With your color rendering But if you have messy primaries you're going to wind up with messy colors in between So why the OLED can't figure this out? Well, the the emission technology the light emitting technology used for the OLED is is quite broad in terms of The spectrum that they that they have to live with So it's a real fundamental limit of the OLED materials And then at the sid display week with together samsung you're showing the q-dark you call it right right So this is an enhancement to this quantum dot film Whereby instead of just having a sheet of film that goes into an integrated assembly It's one part of a multi-part assembly. We actually have the entire backlight Light guide plate we call it in one piece and so this one piece light guide plate has the quantum dot material Directly deposited on it So in in this assembly If we look inside of here, we've got a couple of plastic sheets On we've got this piece of plastic which is transmitting the light We've then got this and then we've got some other Optical films that are they're stuck on top of here in order to render the Perfect color and brightness coming out This eliminates all of those other Components and as a result can improve the overall thickness of the set tremendously The other thing that's great about it is it's dimensionally very stable being glass This allows us to Drive this with very very very bright light and not have to worry about the plastic Becoming deformed as a result of the high temperatures that are associated with driving this with extremely bright light And as we move towards 8k The pixel aperture ratio in 8k goes down and you need brighter and brighter light sources in your backlight In order to maintain brightness at the front of the screen So we think that the qt on glass is going to be a really important technology for 8k And we're very excited to be working on that and that the ces is an amazing demo I think Sony was showing 10 000 nits Uh some crazy bright displays. It's also great even 4k to have crazy bright displays It makes you suddenly feel like you're outdoors. Yeah, this effect of Really having a lifelike brightness Can't be understated in terms of the the viewing experience It goes from being the difference really of Of looking at what you know is just kind of television To almost like you're looking out the window at an actual outdoor scene right the specular reflections off of Shiny surfaces the way the sunlight glints The way backlight happens all of this with high dynamic range with very high brightness Is extremely compelling in terms of visual experience and when you see skies when you see outdoor scenes It's just like wow It looks outdoors It doesn't look like a you know when you see the sun it sort of it looks like the sun It doesn't look like a little gray ball or orange ball Kind of you know that's dimmer than the the house lights that you have in your room So yeah brightness is very very compelling Obviously we want to do that in a very energy efficient way Also the the dynamic range or the contrast between those very very bright brights and dark darks is also very critical And and and then you also have something coming up. So you're doing a This one, which is yeah, so also compatible with the with the OLED Yeah, so this is a way in which OLED can improve its color rendering capability. So for example That you can make these are this blue light is generated by conventional blue LEDs Um, and then they go into a plastic panel and then the lights coming out this way However, you could also make a blue OLED Instead of a blue led source And so if you were to do that and then you were to put individual chips or individual little patterns of Quantum dot material on top of it then you would be able to basically come up with a rendering of Very perfect again red and green and so now You can imagine that these are the sub pixels in your set And so instead of having That spectrum that you had there, which was you know, as we could see from the OLED very wide Your blue sub pixel would look like this So very narrow your red sub pixel Would look very red and your green sub pixel Would look very green And so this is a way in which we can combinatorially Put together the red quantum dots green quantum dots with the blue OLED emission And make the so-called QT OLED hybrid device Which is very exciting in terms of color performance brightness performance And really bringing OLED to the next level So bringing OLED to the next level but also LCD to the next level Well, LCD definitely is is also already coming to the next level thanks to things like quantum dot enhancement film and QT on glass LCD and OLED each have some advantages And they each have you know some demerits as well. So as as you well know LCD is well established technology It's very low cost and the capacity and the ability to make large panels is very good Whereas OLED is just an emerging technology today and doesn't have those kind of benefits But it does have extremely good black levels Which is a which is a benefit. So you're definitely going to be partnering with the OLED industry We're partnering with the OLED industry LCD industry micro LEDs any kind of display technology that's out there That's developing or is already in the market We're partnering with how we can use and integrate quantum dots into their devices to help make More perfect colors more beautiful color palettes And more efficiency coming out of those systems. And then there's another thing that's coming up is the emitting one Yeah, so these are self emitting crystals. And so when we think about what I said earlier how quantum dots can be made to emit light by stimulating them with External photon like a blue photon and then they re-emit in their various different Colors based on their size we can also stimulate them electrically and so we can directly pump the quantum dot materials With electrons and holes and cause them to emit and so that's what's shown in this demo. This is electrically pumped red green and blue cadmium free quantum dots with very high efficiency And eventually those will be used and patterned as pixels down on Substrates to to form the display is it to get over the micro LED or something different That that would be completely self emitting so there wouldn't be any micro LED or OLED material in that system But that's some number of years away before that system will have the stability To be able to meet consumer requirements today These materials have relatively short lifetimes. And so they wouldn't be good for a consumer product And and how far is this one? this technology with the Color converter. I think is you know easily coming to market within 18 months perhaps less The quantum dot materials for this are ready and available today And so it's really a question of the integration scheme and how that happens at our customer site QB on glass has already been shown as you know at SID and so probably coming to market very soon and quantum dot enhancement film Is out there in millions of TVs today already And that's just continues to grow in terms of the number of sets that are sold annually with quantum dot film So potentially 2020 2021 you'll be in the majority of all new TVs that get sold or Certainly, we think the majority of all TVs at or above the sort of 500 to 800 price point So cool. All right. And thanks a lot. Thank you. And maybe in the future it'd be great to see your Giant machines, but maybe not today. Okay. Not today. Thanks a lot. Thank you