 Dear students, in this module, we are going to understand what is social change and particularly we are going to understand what is macro social change. Social change refers to any significant alteration over time in behavior patterns and cultural values and knobs. It's a concept in sociology that encompasses shifts in a society's structures and functions. In comparison to this, macro change is a larger, all-encompassing transformation that affects the whole of a society or even several societies. It may stem from the factors like technological innovation, economic shifts, demographic changes and environmental conditions as well as political developments. We see any kind of change in the society and it affects the society. And particularly because of that change, in the traditions of any society and the cultural values and norms, we can call it social change. In addition, when we talk about macro social change, it refers to a major change. A major change can be a complete society or different societies. As a result of different factors, it can be technological innovations, major social changes and especially in the environment or environment, it can also be a major change. In addition, the political situations in different countries, such as the war, can also be a macro social change. An example from Pakistan can be an endeavor to shift the country's economy from primarily agriculture to service and industry. A change catalyzed to technological advancements and globalization. If we see it from a sociological perspective, Karl Marx's conflict theory can be used to analyze this shift. He says that the societies evolve through a process of class struggle. And the shift to a service and industry-oriented economy may reflect the growing power and influence of a new capitalist class in Pakistani society. You know, old capitalist class could have been relying more on the reserve army of labor. However, the new capitalist class is using the technology or innovation to exploit the potential resources. Another theoretical perspective could be Durkheim's theory of social evolution, which emphasizes the transition from simple, which is called the mechanically integrated societies to more complex, which he refers to as organically integrated societies. So, the shift in Pakistan's economy can better reflect from mechanical to an organic shift. As more complex division of labor is the characteristic of an organically oriented society. And then we see the environmental changes which are caused by the climatic change and their impact on Pakistan's largely agriculture society is another instance of macro change. The increasing instance of war, flooding, heat waves have pushed many rural communities to migrate to urban areas, altering the demographic and social structure of Pakistani society. If we see it from the Weber's theory of rationalization, we can see that the society has become increasingly governed by rational legal norms and bureaucracies. The forced migration and ensuring urbanization represent an increased interaction with the rational legal structures, like the government, housing systems and different bureaucratic organizations. So, Weber's theory of rationalization basically reflects that different rational legal norms of the bureaucracy are important to understand the macro level changes. When a certain bureaucratic structure shifts or a certain society shifts from manual system to the bureaucratic hierarchical system, it is a major shift which can be considered macro change. Thus, the social change at macro level reflects the larger shift in societal structures and norms, whether driven by technological, economic, demographic, environmental or political factors. These changes are multifaceted and can be analyzed through various sociological theories reflecting the richness and complexity of social evolution.