 If I turn, do you see my screen? There should be an icon. I click on sharing the screen. OK, now it comes. OK, thank you very much. Thank you very much. OK, yes. Well, this talk really, first of all, is shared the presentation by me, but it is shared with Dr. Daniel Sid, a colleague from the Catholic University, the Pontifical Catholic University in Santo Domingo. An outline of what I'm going to say is, I've talked, first of all, about the development goals and then about symptoms and the specific matter of this workshop. And then what is our proposal of a new symptom? Well, the climate, the culture, and food, first of all, two arguments, three arguments which are interrelated between them, with each other. I don't have reason to give details of all that. I will just mention that if one looks at the sustainable development goals, many of them have to do with climate retortions and food. Here, I list the seven which are clearly related, but perhaps one could also find others. A colleague of us in Australia, Victor Del Rio, considers that 13 or the 17 goals could actually be related to these topics. What is a synchrotron? Well, a synchrotron is something which is obtained as a consequence of electromagnetic law. If one has an electric charge which are accelerated, they emit radiation in a direction which is perpendicular to the acceleration. This can be made, for example, in big tubes which are circular tools in order to make the electrons circulate along the circumference, one must have an acceleration directed toward the center. And this has two consequences, two important consequences. The first one is that the electrons lose energy. And since they lose energy, if we want that they don't spiralize and remain going along the same circumference, one must give back the lost energy. But this is a technical issue which can be solved with electric field and so on, but I'm not going to disturb this point. But the main point which is relevant for us is that because of this acceleration toward the center of the circumference, radiation is emitted perpendicular to that and therefore tangentially to the path. This is the synchrotron light. But the synchrotron light has another characteristics. It depends. This characteristic depends very much on the velocity of the electron within the ring. When this velocity approaches the light velocity, then the synchrotron light is a beam of photons which is increasingly collimated. What are the main features of the synchrotron light? Well, basically four main features, the brilliance, which essentially means the number of emitted photons. And this is related to the size of the area from which the light is emitted and has a characteristic of very small divergence around the beam. Then it is highly collimated. One can tune very much its wavelength, which means that one can study different wavelengths. In practice, this means, for example, in the area which is of interest for us, that one can have x-rays which are very specific wavelengths. And also, it comes by pulses. And it has a very short pulse duration. The very short pulse duration, which may be in the order of nanoseconds, means that one can, in practice, can take picture of a molecule or a protein or so with the interval of time of the order of nanosecond. And therefore, one can study the evolution of it with this type of times. Of course, these pictures have been reached through a certain process technical process. And this corresponds to the different generation of synchrotrons. Currently, we are in the fourth generation. And the fourth generation started a few years ago. And currently, there are only three synchrotrons in the world, which are four-generation synchrotrons. One is in Brazil. One is in France, but it is a European collaboration. And one is in Sweden. Nevertheless, this is the current trend in synchrotrons. And therefore, many others are being upgraded, like, for example, the Berkeley all stem for the synchrotrons in the US. The interest of the synchrotrons comes for their applications. It comes from the fact that their applications have a very big amount of versatility. You see here a list of them. They cover art, science, teaching, industrial development, medical imaging, governance. But they put in blue, and also in those sorts of science. You see here anthropology. Well, in fact, with synchrotrons, one can study the teeth of Neanderthal men. Our ancestor, the Neanderthal. And they put in blue those which are of more interest for the purpose of what I'm going to talk about. They have important applications in biology, in geophysics, in the study of water, in the study of environment, and about climate. So going specifically to the three topics I want to talk to discuss, namely climate, agriculture, and food. Let's start by climate. In the climate, there is a panel, which is IPCC, which has three main working groups. And these correspond to the three main subjects of climate, basic sciences, and adaptation and mitigation. Adaptation means how one can perform actions which can reduce the problems which come out from the climate, which are produced by climate change. Mitigation is a way of trying to reduce the impact of the climate change. And this basically, for example, the main line of interest is to reduce the concentration of gene and how it does. And synthetons with climate have many applications. I just give you just some example of applications or use of synthetons which have to do with climate. I want to study the impact of moisture and metals on soil carbon. And this is relevant for the reduction of greenhouse. They are dusts. I want to study new materials at the level of nano level. And this also has implication for chemical studies. For example, referring to polar climatic seeding periods. One can work for energy production in order to make energy less dependent on fossil fuels. And this is a consequence of an improvement of climatic situation. But going to agriculture, I will say X-ray, which are the main, the aspect of synthetons on which I put attention, were already used in agriculture before. It was since about 100 years ago. They were used basically for the quality of the products. To produce biological change in the products. And the main difference with the new opportunities provided by the synthetons is that since they are a bright source of monochromatic X-ray, one can make use of them to make a non-destructive analysis of agricultural products. But not only agricultural products, but also of the soil structure and of water characteristics. And for example, one must say that what I just mentioned, soils and water is not only interesting in agriculture, but for example, it's very important for fisheries when one studies, for example, deep water behaviors. What is the advantage of these things? An advantage I would like to underscore is that one can have a very good image contrast. This is interesting not only for food and agriculture, also in medicine, clearly. And this makes possible to overcome the problem which comes when one wants to study some problems, something. And what we want to study is very similar to the background of the image. So the big contrast makes possible to spot what really one looks at distinguishing from the background. Most of my comments will be about food. About food, the applications of synthetons are really many, many applications. Here, for example, one can use them to optimize the nutritional value of the food. How? Just looking, for example, how certain nutrients do in certain specific vegetable species, like cereal grains. And this makes possible to make a selection of among different grains which are similar, of those which are better to retain the nutrients we want there to retain. There is a recent review I quoted here, which is made by a group of the Canadian light source. In this talk, I will refer to many examples taken by some sources specifically. The Canadian, the Australian, the one in Spain, Alba, and the one in Barcelona, which is in Barcelona, that of the novel, because they are specialized in this type of problem. And another possibility is that one can use its techniques to enhance the understanding of structure of the foods in order to increase food safety and security. Here, I can give you four or five examples of uses of synthetron for food. For example, chocolate is produced in six different polymers, crystallizations. They have very different characteristics for what concerns their taste. And using synthetron, it has been possible to lower the temperature at which one produces the best food. And to lower the temperature is not just a curiosity. It's something which implies a tremendous saving of money because it means that one must use much less energy. But in Spain, I can tell you, in Spain, the ham is very famous. And they are very different qualities. And their difference depends to the alimentation given to pigs. Now, in order to avoid that one sells as a good, as an expensive ham produced by pigs, from pigs which are fed through a low quality alimentation, one can then use the synthetron, which would reveal which kind of alimentation was used for those pigs. One time, another possibility is the preparation of a coffee ready to drink, which can last for several months without losing its quality. One time, in rich in iron rice, but in the case of red wines, one can study the presence of tannins in red wine. In fact, for red wines, the presence of tannins makes a lot of difference in their taste. Very interesting application concerns packaging. For packaging, it is possible. Basically, what one usually often does is to study the materials of the packaging. And this is the object of understanding the interaction between food and packaging, the way in which the persistence of the food in the package may degrade the material. And also, a very recent, this is a few days ago, the study of the fiber nanostructure in materials of packaging. This was relative to certain aspects of the packaging. And it has been an object of a big project between Tetra Pak, the Swedish company, which was one of the first, it was the first in packaging. And the Max Four, which is the symptom in Sweden, in London. I was mentioning it before. But then again, about remaining about food, an interesting aspect that concerns the GMO. On GMO, we listen already to talks which gave much importance to GMO. And the GMO really, in many countries, is mainly a political problem. In Italy, we just heard there are groups which are against GMO for philosophical reasons. But for example, in Mexico, and this is relevant for the agreement, Mexico has NAFTA with Canada and the United States. One week ago, the government decided to veto the use of transgenic mice for human consumption. So this also presents the interest, for example, of selecting through synthetrons particular species of some material or some food, which have advantages which would be given by the GMO. For example, in the case of mice, one of the problems is the resistance to climate change. And mice has 1,300 species, 1,300 species in Mexico. So one can study which ones are more resistant to climate change, to climate change. The same could happen also for coffee. The importance of when in Brazil, there is a freezing is tremendous. But for coffee, one can also try to identify species which are coffee resistance. And this is very important in the economic context of Latin America, because in Latin America, basically, there's protection of natural resources and agriculture. Sorry, Professor Villolini. We have maximum five or more minutes to come to the presentation. In fact, this is now what I'm going to conclude in five minutes. The agriculture and the natural resources are very important. And this makes it important, for example, the development of precision agriculture. However, if one looks at the synthetrons in the world, one finds that only one synthetron exists in Latin America and no synthetron in Africa. Nevertheless, in Latin America, there is some important big infrastructure. But it is mainly in astronomy and in astrophysics. In state, for instance, the synthetron, the one I was mentioning is the one of Campinas. And a few success, little success, has been obtained by certain proposals which have been discussed in Colombia, in Mexico, in Cuba, and Puerto Rico. So perhaps this was due to the fact that there are national problems. And in fact, our proposal is different from the previous ones in Latin America, because it is a regional proposal. Here is the reference to it. What is the cost of a synthetron of the sort we have in mind? It's between $300 and $500 million. Its operation is about $30 million. First of all, I want to say, estimate of the return of this investment can give up to 300% of the investment. But apart this, it is compatible with the economic capacity of the region and possible sites where it might be could be in several counties, such as Mexico, Colombia, have the scientific capacity of a real synthetron. Additionally, there could be the possibility of a linkage with an anonymous project which since five years, seven years, is discussed in Africa. Why is it, this can be done in different ways, can be done, this linkage may come for the training, from the linkage with international organization for the role of support from advanced counties. And to conclude, what we have done until now? Well, we have a working group working on that since about one year and a half, where we made several presentation of the project, both in seminars or talks like this, or in workshops, symposium, conference, and we have strong connections with other synthetrons around the world. But for the future, what we have in mind is, first of all, to promote a foundation of association to create it in order to promote the project. We are doing to organize a multi-vendor symposium in June between five counties potentially interested to the project. We have to perform technical details articles, diffuse the project, and make the training for people to use it. This is important because often synthetrons are considered just a physics tool. Actually, they are based on physics, but their main applications are in biology, are in agriculture, are in many other things which have nothing to do with physics. We already gave a name to our project. We told a little amistad, an amistad in Spanish means friendship. And the reason is that we truly looked for a world of Spanish interpretation, but with a meaning in English. And I would like to thank a number, first of all, the colleagues of our group, the amistad, to whom belongs also Daniel Cid, who is actually watching this talk. And she's linked to us since several hours. And a number of colleagues who have been discussing without the project and also commenting specifically this presentation. Thank you. Thanks a lot, Professor Violini, for your very interesting presentation. I think we don't have time for questions because we are really short on time for lunch. So thanks a lot again. We'll have time for more questions in the afternoon though. So for those who have questions left from the morning talks, stay online and we'll get back to those in the afternoon. So now we go for lunch and I kindly ask you to be quick on lunch because we need to be here at two o'clock.