 Okay, now we're going to look at the longwave component of the radiation budget, and we'll start at the surface. Now we know that 45 parts of that initial solar energy, the initial shortwave radiation, were absorbed at the surface, either from direct sunlight reaching the surface or diffuse radiation reaching the surface. So 45 were received by the surface. That means there are 45 parts of energy that need to leave the surface. And they do that in a number of different forms. Nineteen parts are released to the atmosphere through the transfer of latent heat, water evaporating from the surface, rising up in the atmosphere where it eventually condenses to form raindrops or cloud droplets that delivers 19 parts of energy up into the atmosphere. Four parts of energy are delivered up into the atmosphere through convective motions, through large-scale wind patterns, storms, atmospheric disturbances that transport heat up into the atmosphere. Now 110 parts leaves the surface as infrared radiation, as longwave radiation emitted from the surface, but doesn't make it out to space because it's actually absorbed by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Now of that 110, 96 are then emitted by those greenhouse gases back towards the surface, and 14 are emitted out to space. So that's a net gain, it's a loss of 110, a gain of 96, so a net loss of only 14 parts. Now eight parts make it all the way out to space in the form of longwave radiation emitted from Earth's surface. So we've got 14 plus 8, that's 22, plus 4, that's 26, plus 19, that's 45. That counts for all 45 parts. All right, well, let's see what happened up in the atmosphere, 19 parts of energy we said were delivered up into the atmosphere by latent heating, 4%, 4 parts by convective heat transfer from the surface and lower atmosphere, and a net gain of 14 parts of infrared radiation and, of course, eight parts were emitted all the way out to space. So we've got 14 parts of infrared radiation that have been absorbed by the atmosphere, 23 that were gained from a latent and convective heat transfer, and remember we had 21 parts that were initially absorbed by the atmosphere, 21 parts of the initial solar energy absorbed by the atmosphere, or by clouds, 18 plus 3 gave us 21, so we've now got 21 plus 23 plus 14, that gives us 66. So those 66 parts of energy that are absorbed by the atmosphere need to be emitted back out to space in the form of infrared radiation. And they are, add in the 3% that is emitted by ozone within the stratosphere, and that gives us 69, the original 69 parts of solar energy that we started with that weren't reflected out to space. And so that completes our discussion of the global energy and radiation budget.