 Abstract layer double hydroxide, LDH, nanostructures have been widely studied due to their unique properties and potential applications in various fields. Recently, transition metal, TM, based LDHs have attracted much attention because they can be used as efficient electrocatalysts in renewable energy conversion systems. This review summarizes recent progress in the rational design of TM-LDHs with enhanced catalytic activity and explores their applications in oxygen-evolution reaction, hydrogen-evolution reaction, urea-oxidation reaction, nitrogen-reduction reaction, small molecule oxidations, and biomass derivatives upgrading. The fundamental design principles and reaction mechanisms are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the challenges in increasing the density of catalytically active sites and the future prospects of TM-LDHs are also discussed. This article was authored by Yuchen Wang, Man Zhang, Yao Yulu, and others.