 The topic which we are going to discuss is accidents and their effects. Estimating the cost of accidents is the most important primarily functions in the form of occupational safety and health in organizations. Accidents are expensive. Why these are expensive? These are expensive in the form of finances, in the form of time, in the form of cost, in the form of health. So accidents are expensive. However, to be successful, safety and health professional must be able to show that accidents are more expensive than prevention. We have seen that after the accident, when preventive measures are developed, the cost is much more incurred than that which I have just told you in terms of time, in the form of resources, in the form of finance, and in the form of life and death. Now, what should be done here is that if any accident probability is existing somewhere, then its protective mechanism should be developed first. We call this estimating the cost of accidents. We have the cost estimation methods, which are the methods. There is one doubt, Professor Simons. He recommends that costs associated with an accident be divided into two things. Number one, insured. Number two, uninsured cost. If these two things are added, then the cost of accidents can be removed. What does insured cost and uninsured cost mean? Life insurance, fire insurance, marine insurance, health insurance, automohical insurance. It is seen that the insurance you get in the organizations is insured cost. Sometimes, some parts of the products are uninsured. If both the costs are added, then we call this cost estimation method. In the cost estimation method, it is further checked that determining the insured cost of accidents is a simple matter of examining the accounting record. We calculate the insured cost with the accounting record. For example, in accounting, material, labor, and factory overhead are collected, then any product's cost or production can be removed. Similarly, by using the accounting method, we can calculate the cost. The next step involves calculating the uninsured cost. Simons recommends that accidents be divided into four classes. We will discuss those four classes one by one. Class 1. All the classes are related to accidents. Class 1 is an accident. Class 2 is related to accidents. But what are the parts of accidents? Number 1. Last workdays. If an accident occurs, then you may not be able to do it later. Due to mental disturbance. Due to mental disturbance, you cannot perform your work. So, your last workdays will exist. There can be permanent or partial disabilities. If an accident occurs in an organization, then what will happen? If it is possible that there may be injury in your leg, or a part of it may be damaged, then we call it permanent or partial disability. And temporary, total disability. Of course, there may be a disability for the short term period. There may be a problem in the nail. Temporary disability is recovered after one month or two weeks. This is seen. Class 2 accidents. Treatment by a physician outside the company's facilities. Sometime, organizations facilities are not enough. Then what will happen? If it is not enough, you have to get a service from some person who is working outside the organization. So, there you will work on your employer's health care related work. The employer will write a prescription from there. The employer will check up outside the organization and do the treatment. This is called Class 2 accidents. In Class 1, there are important things. Permanent or partial disability. In Class 2, the important point is that within organizations, the treatment of the employer is not possible. You have to go outside the organization. In Class 3, locally provided first aid. In organizations, first aid box is often seen. The first aid box that these students have, you can do your work with the help of it. We call this Class 3 accidents. In this, it is also seen that if a person has property damage of less than $100 or loss of less than 8 hours of work time, we call this Class 3 accidents. There are two conditions for Class 3 accidents. The first condition is that if a person has loss of less than $100 or 8 hours of work time or more than $100, it will be treated as Class 3 accident. Class 4 accidents. Injuries that are so minor that they don't require the attention of the physician. Results in property damage of $100 or more or cause 8 or more or work to the last. There are two aspects in this too. But one good thing is that the last is in the form of time and cost. But this is not permanent disability. You don't need to consult a physician. You don't need the help of the first aid provided by the organization. So what you have to do, there is minor injury which will be recovered automatically. After a few moments, it may be after one day or two days, it may be fully recovered. This is known as Class 4 accidents. Other cost estimation methods. Low work hours. Medical costs. Insurance premium and administration. Properly remaining toward property damage. For losses and lost indirect cost. Direct cost, dear students, is the material which has labor factory overhead. Indirect cost is the one whose value is minor compared to direct cost. For example, if you make a table, the wood is used in the table. The wood is the direct cost. It is the direct material. But the nail used in it, the keel used in it, without which it cannot be made, is the indirect material. Similarly, in other cost estimation methods, we can calculate the cost of accidents in all the concepts in the organization. For example, I want to give you an example. It is seen that after an accident in the organization, the morale of the employees is down comparatively. And the low work hours start. The employee who was working efficiently, there is a shortage of efficiency. When there is a shortage of efficiency, we call it the last work hours. Estimating hidden cost. Some cost, dear students, are like this, which are hidden, which are not visible in front. Safety, profession, often use the iceberg. The term of the iceberg is taken here because some parts are below the ground and some parts are above the ground. That is why the term of the iceberg is taken here. For example, there are some glaciers on the side of Naran Kagan. Some parts of the glacier are below and some are above the ground like an iceberg. In the case of an accident, the larger part of the actual cost is also hidden beneath the surface. For example, if someone will be injured, if a person gets injured, what will happen? You may not be able to walk on your feet for the whole life because you do not feel the pain of the injury. This is known as hidden cost, which is impossible to deal with the cost. Global impact of accidents and injuries. According to the International Labour Organization of the United Nations, approximately 2.2 million people die every year of work-related injuries. This data is of ILO. 2.2 million people die every year of work-related injuries or of occupational diseases. Actually, due to poor record-keeping and reporting in under-dwelled countries, it is estimated that this figure is low. This does not mean that under-dwelled countries there are no such activities. In fact, there are high-personalities here. This percentage will be more than 2.2 million people die. But because they do not have any report, that is why the data is mentioned here. Global impact of accidents and injuries. The last aspect of this is rapid developments and the pressure of global companies or global competitions are resulting in increased workforce facilities in China and the Pacific Rim countries. Due to global impact of accidents and injuries, under-dwelled countries, developed countries and developing countries have the pressure of rapid development. How can we compete at the international level? So that we can make our products competitive in the international market. This is the reason that when technology is bringing advancement into innovation or you want to move in innovation a lot, chances of accidents are more there.