 तो वहांपे क्या तामने का देर is a possibility of economic development. और हम उसको कैतें के labor with marginal product is zero or that contributes less than the subsistence way. तो हम उसको कैतें that is disguised unemployment. और जब हम disguised unemployment लेंप्रेट करते है, तो यहांपे usually there are three interpretations of the disguised unemployment. तो वहांपे क्या तामने का देर is disguised unemployment is in fact defined as the gap between the number of workers available for the work and the amount of employment at which marginal product of labor is equal to subsistence wage, तो वहांपे क्या होगा the gap between the workers available for the work and the employment and the amount of employment at which marginal product of labor is zero और थीसुच्छीन क्या है के again it is the gap between the number of workers available and the amount of employment at which marginal product of labor is again zero, बाई because of change because of some technical technological improvement same level of output can be produced with the workers. अब इं तीरी आप कहले जो अंट्र्प्रटेश्यन से दिसगाईज़ अनप्लोयमें की उसको हम लेब्रेट करने के लिए इस डायाग्राम में हमने नमबर अव वरकर्स होरिजन्तल ऐक्सिस पे लिए और मार्जन प्रट्ट अप लेबर वर्टिकल ऐक्सिस पे अब अगर हमारी अजम्शन ये हो, के ई आ एज तोटल नमबर वरकर्स देट आर वेलेबल एन दम्मार्केग. और सबसिस्टन्स वेज अगर हो मेरे पास व, और ये जो हूरिजन्तल लाईन आए, ये दिनोर्स देट सबसिस्टन्स वेज. अगर हमारी अजम्शन वेज, अगर हमारी आजम्शन वेज, अगर हमारी अजम्शन वेज. और ये जो हूरिजन्तल डाएन आए, ये दिनोर्स दो सबसिस्टन्स वेज. और जहाम टोटल ने� center level of employment, अगर हम आज्यूम करे के लेवल अप पूँईग वेर मार्व्ड़र्फ प्रोईब येज्उग दिएगेद. तो तेन एज्ँ number of workers will be used to carry out production. और येज्उग दिट्रिंईस है भिछ नम्प्रोउँगर्स लेबड़, आज्ँ number of workers employed. नम्बार of workers, where marginal product of labor is equal to subsistence wage, तो न 용 लिसको क्यंगे, this is disguised unemployment. अगर, that difference between A and S is called as disguised unemployment. अगर, अगर, हम इसीखो दिफारे, काँ जी, this is disguised unemployment. आप, this is disguised unemployment. अगर, अगर, अगर, अगर, पर हमार, औगर, औगर, आप, आप, आप, for a large number of labourers is equal for the difference between the number of workers available minus the number of workers employed at a point where the marginal product is equal to zero. For this we have to look this diagram, a D denotes the number of workers where the marginal product of labour is equal to zero. . Or, the difference between A and D is called static surplus again this is disguised unemployment like basically which we also often damaging terminology. will be a static surplus or the difference between A and D, slowly this will get the same level of output can be produced by using lesser quantity of the workers. Again, if I talk about subsistence wage reference, then upto S is the labour, is the quantity of labour where marginal product of labour along MP1 curve is equal to subsistence wage. We defined the difference between number of workers available and the number of workers at which marginal product of labour is equal to 0 under new methods of production. And what is here? U is the point, is the level of employment where marginal product of labour is equal to 0 along new marginal product curve. And what is the difference between A and U? This is disguised unemployment. But for this we sometimes use terminology, dynamic surplus. Now whatever we defined here, these three I have disguised unemployment. In A we defined disguised unemployment with reference to employ labour force upto the point where marginal product of labour is equal to subsistence wage. And in other two we defined with reference to difference between the total number of workers available and the point where marginal product is equal to 0. And when you have because of technical change, there is some change in marginal product, in that reference we defined that technical change usually requires a certain time period. So we used dynamic surplus for this. And when we defined in reference to original marginal product, we used static surplus for this. Now here basically there are three ways to find out the existence of surplus in that traditional sector in the sense that labour's marginal product is equal to 0. That you have an undisguised unemployment in that traditional sector. That now here we can measure it, we can find out it by finding out the effect of withdrawal labour on output. So whatever you have in the traditional sector, which is your agricultural sector, withdraw labour from that sector. And then see if the output of this withdrawal of labour has any impact. If there is any impact, you will say there is no disguised unemployment in the traditional sector. Now in 1918-1919, you would say agricultural labour in India has a significant portion of labour killed because of influenza. This 8% labour force, agricultural labour force is killed because of influenza. But because of the 8% labour force killed, due to that, what is your agricultural output? Some negative impact. And when this negative impact came, the shawls concluded that there is no surplus labour in the Indian agricultural sector. Then on this same pattern, we can measure it by finding out the difference between the labour available and the labour required to produce the same level of output. If there is any output produced by using certain quantity of labour, and if we can produce the same output by using some less quantity of labour, then what will indicate to me that there is some disguised unemployment in the production of that particular output. And now when we are talking about the output that is produced in the traditional sector, and we have the traditional sector here, agricultural sector. Then on this same pattern, we can measure the existence of disguised unemployment by estimating agricultural production function. And what is the production function? We have talked that the output is a function of factors of production. Now what I have here is a factor of production. We will explicitly take labour as a factor of production. After estimation of the production function, we will compute elasticity of output with respect to labour. If computed value of elasticity is significantly different from zero, then what will indicate to me that there is no surplus labour. There is no disguised unemployment in the traditional sector. The disguised unemployment you have here, this is basically that portion of the labour force that is not contributing in the, that is not have a positive contribution in output. If I withdraw that labour force from that production process, then there is no impact on the total output that is produced by that sector.