 Good evening friends, I welcome you all to the Hindu Newspaper Analysis brought to you by the Shankara IS Academy. Today's date is 31st October 2023. Before entering our discussion, I have two important announcements to make. The first announcement is regarding the Chakra Initiative. See, Shankara IS Academy is going to start the current phase classes as Chakra Initiative. Under this initiative, we will provide over 50 plus current phase sessions and 9 total tests and 5 rapid revision sessions. So, you can make use of this opportunity and boost your preparations. See, the brochure for this initiative is given in the description column. Kindly go through it. Now, coming to the second initiative, this is regarding the much awaited preliminary S series. See, the batch 3 of the Shankara IS Academy's pre-storming is about to begin. The orientation session of this batch 3 will be conducted on 16th November and the first test is on 16th November. It includes 48 tests including mock and CSAR tests. The test will be conducted in both online and offline mode. So, go and register the pre-storming test series and boost your problem score. See, displayed here are news articles which we are going to discuss today. So, without much delay, let us get into the discussion. Have a look at this news article. According to the article, the Securities Appliate Tribunal, or SAET, set aside the order of the Security Exchange Board of India, or SEBI, regarding the two eminent businessmen, Mr. Puneet Goenka and Mr. Subash Chandra. See, the whole episode concerning Mr. Goenka, Mr. Chandra and Zee Entertainment is not relevant for our examination. But we can expect a question regarding this important organization which is governing the security market of India, that is, Security Appliate Tribunal. So, in our discussion today, let us see about SAET. We can deduce this discussion into two parts. In the first part, we shall see the basics and structures of the SAET. In the second part, we shall see about the functions of this organization. Now, let us get into the discussion. See, the Security Appliate Tribunal is a statutory body. What does it mean? It means, this body gets established by an act. So, the SAET is established under the provisions of section 15K of the Securities Exchange Board of Act 1992. See, the SAET draws its jurisdiction, powers and authority from the SEBI Act. Know that it has the same power as vested in a civil court under the code of civil procedure. Moreover, we should know that the SAET has only one bench which sits at Mumbai. Having seen these basics, let us see the composition of the Tribunal. See, the Tribunal consists of a preceding officer and two other members. The preceding officer will be appointed by the central government. In consultation with the Chief Justice of India or his nominee, let us come to the qualification of the preceding officer. The preceding officer should be a sitting or retired judge of the Supreme Court or a sitting or retired Chief Justice of the High Court. Know that the preceding officer can also be a sitting or retired judge of the High Court provided he or she has served seven years of service as a high court judge. Now, let us see the tenure of these officers. See, both the members and the preceding officers have a five-year tenure. However, the maximum age of the preceding officer is 68 and the member, the maximum age is 62. Know that the members are eligible for reappointment. But note that the members of the Tribunal can be only removed through an order of the central government and they should be based on the grounds of proven misbehavior or incapacity. See, this is all about the structures of this body. With these basics, now let us look into the functions of the body. The first important function is the SAT hears and disposes the appeals against the orders which are passed by the SEBI as we saw in the beginning of the discussion. The second important function is the Tribunal hears and disposes the appeal against the order passed by adjudicating authority of the Act. The third important function is since 2014, the SAT also hears and disposes the appeals against the order which are passed by Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority or PFRDA and Insurance Regulatory Development Authority or IRDAI. Know this, this is under the PFRDA Act 2013. An important point is a person who is not satisfied with the order of the Tribunal can file the second appeal directly to the Supreme Court of India. But remember, they should be filed within 60 days from receiving the order of the SAT. These are all some of the functions of this Tribunal. So, this is all about the discussion. In this discussion, we saw about the basics of SAT. We saw about the composition of SAT. And finally, we saw about the functions of SAT. Revised often as it will be very important from a pranam's perspective. Now, with this learned point, let us complete the discussion and take up the next article. Take a look at this front page article. This article talks about the Surasena dispute which you might have studied in the newspaper. Yesterday, the Supreme Court gave a ruling on this matter. It asked the Maharashtra Assembly Speaker to decide upon the disqualification petition filed by Chief Minister Eknot Shinde Kamp by December 31, 2023. In this case, the disqualification petitions were filed under the 10th schedule of the Constitution, that is under the Anti-Defection Law. Not only this, in recent times there are many issues in the states like Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Manipur etc. See, there are various controversies emerging in the recent times about the office of Speaker and this constitutional office is under constant controversies in recent times. So, in this news and article discussion, let us understand the role of Speaker in our parliamentary democracy using our usual main question-come-interactive approach. Now, first of all, let us see the question. In the light of various controversies, critically examine the role of Speaker in parliamentary democracy. This is the question which is asked for 15 markers and you should write answer within 250 words. See, this question can be asked in the GS paper 2 under the syllabus of Parliament and State Legislatures, Structure, Functioning and Conduct of Businesses and issues arising out of this. Now, see the question, here the key word is critically examine. When the term critically examine is given, you are expected to examine both the positive and negative sides of the issue and you have to give a balanced conclusion. See, with this understanding, let us approach the question. In the introduction part, you can mention about this role of Speaker in the parliamentary democracy. Like, we can write like this, Article 93 of the Indian Constitution mentions about this role of Speaker and Deputy Speaker. Know that, the Speaker of the House is not just the President Officer of the House. He acts as the Head of the Lok Sabha and its every representative. Moreover, she or he is the Guardian of Powers and Privileges of the House. Likewise, the Speaker being the Principal Spokesperson of the House, his decision is final in all parliamentary matters. In these capacities, he is vested with the vast varied and vital powers and responsibilities and usually, Speaker enjoys great honor, high dignity and supreme authority within the House. In this way, you can write the introduction. Guys, you could also give a lead to the body of the answer by writing like, recently due to the various issues, the office of Speaker is often criticized in the court, media, civil society, etc. Which we are going to discuss in our answer. Likewise, you can give a lead to your main part of the answer. Now, you can see the main body of the answer. Guys, you can split the body of the answer into two parts. Firstly, you can mention the role of Speaker. Here, you can highlight some of the positive aspects of the Speaker role. And in the second part, you can highlight some of the controversial issues and examine the negatives of the roles. This is how we are going to write the body of the answer. Now, we shall start with the first part of the body. Here, you can write like this. See, Speaker is a multifunctional authority with various roles, which includes, firstly, with respect to the order of the House. See, as per Article 95 of the Constitution, Speaker is the preceding officer of the House. In this capacity, he or she is vested with the powers to maintain order and decorum in the House. Moreover, he or she is the final interpreter of the provisions of Constitution, rule of procedures of the Lok Sabha and conduct of business of Lok Sabha under parliamentary proceedings. By doing all these things, Speaker ensures a smooth functioning of the House, thereby effective lawmaking process. Secondly, the most important role is with respect to the provisions of the bill. Know that the Speaker places central role in the lawmaking process. He or she can assign the bill to the various parliamentary committees. Speaker decides on the order in which the bills are to be considered by the House, and finally, he or she should certify the final text of the bill before they are presented to the President for his assent. The second function is, as per Article 110 of the Constitution, the Speaker decides whether a bill is a money bill or an ordinary bill, and his decision is final in this regard. Thirdly, under the representation of the people act 1951, see the Speaker decides the question of disqualification of the members of Lok Sabha, which is generally arising out of defections under the 10th schedule of the Constitution or under the Anti-Defection law. In this capacity, the Speaker playing a lead role in strengthening the democratic process, and he also ensures the stability of the government. The final important roles are, Speaker can adjoin the House or suspend the meeting in case there is an absence of quorum. Actually, the quorum is nothing but the one-tenth of the total members of the House. In doing this, he ensures the accountability of the legislatures and make the voice of people heard in the Lok Sabha. The next function, Speaker is the spokesperson of Lok Sabha. The Speaker is often called to represent the Lok Sabha and to speak behalf of it in various public or international events. Guys, you can write all these points mentioning the role of Speaker in ensuring the parliamentary democracy. In this way, you can write the first part of the body. And moving on to the second part of the body, as I already said, here you can write about the various controversial issues, like the Speaker is expected to be neutral and unbiased in discharging his or her duties. But when the Speaker is accused of using his discretion in an arbitrary or biocidal manner, this can lead to the perception of unfairness or lack of transparency in the decision-making process. To stop this, in the Kehota Holohan v Sazilu and others case 1992, the Supreme Court held that the Speaker must act impartially and without bias while deciding on the disqualification of the member. In this judgment only, the Supreme Court said that the decision of the Speaker is open to judicial review. Okay, let's move on to the second point. Secondly, the Speaker is responsible for deciding on the cases of disqualification of the members. This we have already discussed in our analysis. But the problem is, there have been many instances where the Speaker has faced criticism for handling such cases. For example, in the Karnataka MLA Disqualification case in 2019, the Supreme Court recommended the Parliament to amend the Constitution and establish a quasi-judicial authority to deal with the disqualification practices. This decision was suggested by Speaker due to the inaction of the Speaker of the Karnataka Assembly. See, also in Kaisa Meghachandra case, versus the Honorable Speaker of Manipura Assembly, in 2020 case, the Supreme Court suggested to appoint an independent tribunal to substitute the office of Speaker in dealing with the disqualification cases. Okay. Thirdly, we have to see about the misuse of the discretionary powers. See, in many instances, there are cases. Thirdly, with respect to the misuse of discretionary powers, Lokshapa Speaker has the discretionary powers in the case of the declaration of a bill as a money bill. This discretionary power came under various criticism when the Adar bill was introduced in Lokshapa as a money bill. The Supreme Court under the Adar case ruled that the judiciary can exercise over the Speaker's determination in classifying the bill as a money bill. In simple words, the Speaker's assent or the Speaker's decision in the case of money bill is open to judicial review. Finally, in the Shivshena case itself, even the petition of disqualification has been filed in 2022, but still the Speaker of Assembly has not decided on the petition. This inaction of the Speaker and the inordinate delays also plaguing the success of the democracy. Guys, you can write all these points in the criticism. Finally, in the conclusion, you can end by saying that the effectiveness of the Speaker in upholding the principles of parliamentary democracy largely depends upon their commitment to the core values. These core values are impartiality, integrity, and the rule of law. See, striking a fine balance between the political affiliation and the impartial execution of duties remains a critical challenge in India's parliamentary system. So to ensure this, the impartiality of the office of Speaker is paramount in making a parliamentary democracy a grand success. In this way, you can complete the conclusion of this question. This is all about the question. See, in our analysis, we saw about the introduction, we saw about the body of the answer, in that we saw about the roles of Speaker and the various criticism involved in the office of Speaker, etc. In the conclusion part, you should always conclude by striking a fine balance between criticism and suggestions. With this learned points, let us move on to the next news article for discussion. Look at this news article. Yesterday, as you all know, there was a train accident happened in Arandar Pradesh. This accident occurred due to the collision between two passenger trains. See, the initial report saying that at least 14 people died and more than 50 injured in this horrific accident. In this context, know that in order to avoid such accidents, the indigenously developed Kavach system or train collision avoidance system has been developed in India. But sadly, this Kavach has not been installed in this stretch where this accident takes place. This is about the article. So, in this context, let us see some important points about the Kavach system for our privileged perspective. See, the Kavach system is an automatic train protection system, ATP system, which was developed in India. Now, the purpose of this system is to make the train travel safer. This indigenious system is developed by the Indian Railway through Research, Design and Standard Organization, or RDSO. Having seen the basics, let us see some important features of this system. See, the Kavach system is the state of art electronic system with the high safety standards to avoid the collision of trains. To put it simply, it is a set of electronic devices and radio frequency identification devices which are installed in three important stakeholders of railway safety. That is, they are installed in the trains or locomotives. They are installed in the signal system and they are installed in the railway tracks. Through this, they communicate with each other using high radio frequencies to control the brakes of the system if both the trains are happened to be on the same track. Meanwhile, it also alerts the drivers of the trains. No, all these will happen based on the logic which was already programmed into the system. Let us see this next important feature. Kavach continuously track the movement information of the train. So, by doing this, it is able to send out triggers when the locomotives did not adhere to the signal or the locomotives jumped the signal. No, this is the grave railway offense with respect to the safety of the train and jumping of signal often leads to the accidents like collision of trains. In railway parlance, this is technically called signal pass that danger SPLD. Now, I can give real-time example to understand this better. Let us say you are driving a toy train and you accidentally drive it too fast towards another toy train which is happened to be on the same track. See, if the kavach is installed in both the trains, it will automatically apply brakes on both trains and it will avoid the collision driven the two trains. Okay, let us come back to discussion. The third important feature of kavach is in addition to the preventing collision, the kavach system also sends emergency messages during the crucial situations. So, it helps the railway authorities to know when there is an emergency. They will take necessary steps accordingly to keep everyone safe. Let us see fourth important feature. The kavach system is also helpful during the foggy conditions when the visibility is usually low. In this situation, it will activate some hooter or a loud horn like device. This will alert the driver when this will alert the train driver when they are approaching at the level crossings. So, it will help the driver to know where there is a crossing ahead if they cannot see it clearly during the four conditions. In addition to this, the kavach system will help address the glitches and vulnerabilities related to various situations. This includes vehicles crossing close in level crossings, stray kattles or bordlers on the tracks, railway communication issues in the tunnels etc. These are some of the important features of the system. Now, let us see how this system works. See, the kavach works through a system called Traffic Collision Avoidance System or TCAS. The system uses equipment on the train and the transmission towers at stations with the radio frequency tags. This allows the two-way communication between station master and the locomotive to convey the emergency between them. The system helps the train drivers to know about the signals and permissible speeds in advance through the instrument panel inside the cabin. If a train jumps a red signal and the two trains sense up at the same track, the kavach systems take over and apply sudden brakes to avoid the collision. This is all about the working of this kavach system. Now, finally, let us talk about the areas where this kavach has been implemented. See, the kavach system is implemented in a focused manner. The first priority is to install at the high density routes where the trains often run closer to each other. The second priority is given to the highly user networks, which means the routes that are frequently used with the trains. The third priority is given to other passenger high density routes. And finally, the aim is to cover all the routes. Overall, the kavach system is an important step towards making the train travel safer. It helps to prevent the accident by stopping the trains at red signals and avoiding the collisions. See, it is being implemented on various routes to ensure the safety of passengers and reduce the chances of accidents. See, this is all about the discussion about kavach. Let us have a recap about what we saw. In this discussion, we saw about the basics of kavach system, the futures of kavach systems and we also saw about the working of this system. And finally, we saw about the implementation levels of this system. So, with this learned point, let us take up the next article for discussion. Look at this news article. The news is about the recent decision of US government to bring a regulation for artificial intelligence. The article also states that the United States will engage with a number of countries like India, EU, UK, Japan, Australia before framing such regulation. This is about the article. In this context, let us see some points about the artificial intelligence. See, in 2021, the AI market in India accounted for over $7.8 billion. In the coming days, this number is only going to increase. And moreover, AI plays a crucial role in the fourth industrial revolution. So, it is naturally this variation to have a sound knowledge about artificial intelligence. Okay, let us get into discussion. First of all, what do you mean by AI? See, AI or artificial intelligence refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines. To put it simply, artificial intelligence involves making machines think and act like humans. See, we are encountering AI everywhere in our daily activities. For example, from bots in online games to complex algorithms that helps us to monitor and predict the weather patterns. This is about the definition of AI. With this understanding, let us see the types of AI. First, we have narrow AI. Narrow AI refers to the AI systems that are trained for a narrow set of tasks. These systems are not self aware. They cannot go beyond the specific tasks other than what they are programmed for. For example, chatbots, image recognition softwares, etc. Secondly, we have general AI. General AI has the ability to understand, learn and apply knowledge across various domains. Actually, they try to mimic the human intelligence. The main difference between narrow AI and general AI is that the narrow AI is not capable of any reasoning or understanding. But general AI can understand the context behind the particular task. For example, chat GPT is the early stage general AI. Currently, lot of research is currently taking place to create a complete general AI. Next, we can also see one important thing called super intelligent AI. See, this kind of AI could potentially outperform the humans in every cognitive tasks. Actually, they might possess abilities beyond human comprehension. Now, this kind of AI is not in practice, but they are mostly portrayed in science fiction movies. For example, 2001, a space ODC movie is a good example. Here, HIL-9000 is an example of super intelligent AI. See, these are the main types of AI. But AI can also be classified into traditional AI and generative AI. Traditional AI refers to the system designed to respond to a particular set of inputs, which means these systems have the capacity to learn from the data and make decisions or prediction based on such data only. Actually, I can put it in a simple way. Imagine you are playing a computer chess game. The computer knows all the rules. It can even predict your moves and make its own strategy based on the predefined knowledge. Actually, here it's not inventing anything new, but selecting from the strategy it was programmed with. That is a traditional AI. Now, coming to generative AI, it is a form of AI that can create something new. Actually, it uses algorithms and models to generate new data based on the patterns that it has learned from the existing data. To put it simply, generative AI learn from the existing data, then uses that data to create yet distinctively new type of data. Okay, I can give you a good example so that you can understand it better. Imagine you're having a big collection of the pictures of dogs. Generative AI would analyze the pictures of dogs in a better way and learn what dog generally looks like, the characteristics of dogs like colors, shapes, textures, etc. It would identify common futures that make dog a dog. Once the AI has learned all these patterns, it can start generating new type of dog images. It does this combining different futures it has learned from the existing pictures. It might create a picture of dog with a body of one dog, the fur pattern of other dog and the eye of yet another big dog. The AI is essentially creating something new that resembles your dog based on what it has learned. In this way, generative AI can create new text, images, music, even videos. This is how generative AI functions. Actually, some of the examples of generative AI includes chat GPT, which can generate realistic and engaging chat conversations. D.I.L.E. Dolly, which can create realistic images from the text descriptions. Adobe Firefly can create videos from the text descriptions. See, these are all various examples of generative AI, which are in the developing stages. See, this is all about our discussion. In this discussion, we have covered about the basics of AI, the various types of AI. We saw the differences between traditional AI and generative AI. And we also saw some of the examples of generative AI. So, with these learned points, let us take up the next article for discussion. Look at this news article. The science page article talks about the synthesis of new form of carbon structure called carbon nanofluorates. Know that these particles is called blacker than black particle. See, the uniqueness of this particle, they can observe three frequencies of sunlight and convert it to heat energy with a maximum efficiency of 87%. It means there can be coated on the surfaces to heat homes and sterilize the surfaces in hospitals. Let us see who developed this particle. This particle has been developed with researchers at IIT Bombay. Currently, they have applied for patent for this particle. See, this is the crux of the news article given here. In this discussion, let us quickly go through some of the important points mentioned in the article. Firstly, let us see how they produced the carbon nanofluorates. See, the researchers heated a special form of silicon dust called dendritic fiber nanosilica in a furnace. After heating the furnace, acetylene gas was introduced into the chamber. This makes the ivory white silica powder to turn into black color. What does it symbolize? It symbolizes that there is a sign that carbon had been deposited on the DNFs powder. Then, the black DNFs powder is collected and treated with strong chemicals. In this process, it will dissolve the DNFs away, leaving the carbon particles behind. Further treatment removes the silica particles leaving behind spherical nanostructure composed of carbon cones. See, these spherical nanostructures composed of carbon cones are called carbon nanofluorates. This is all about the basics of these carbon nanofluorates. Let us see the properties of it. Remember, the high efficiency of the carbon nanofluorates come from these properties. The first properties is that the nanofluorates observe three frequencies of sunlight, which I have told in the introduction. They are infrared, visible light and ultraviolet rays. See, more than half of the energy of sunlight arrives to earth in the form of infrared radiation, so the nanofluorates can observe much more energy from the sun. When we compare it with the other materials, which are generally used for solar thermal conversion, like PV materials, photovoltaic materials, which is often used in the solar panels, the PV materials observe only visible and UV light of the spectrum, whereas the CNF observes three frequencies of sunlight, thus providing higher efficiency. Let us see the other properties, which are responsible for the high light to heat conversion efficiency of CNF. Know that these are mainly due to the shape of the material. See, when the light falls on the material, the carbon cones ensure that very little is reflected back. Instead, more light is reflected internally. Moreover, a material that is capable of converting sunlight into heat often runs the risk of losing the heat to the surroundings. This is the general law of thermodynamics. But the unique design of the CNF does not allow the heat waves to travel long distances. This lowers the amount of heat which is dissipated to the surroundings. So, in essence, carbon nanofluorates efficiently observe sunlight and convert it into remarkable degree of heat. For example, one square meter coating of CNF can vaporize five liters of water in just a hour, showing that at least it is five times better than the commercial solar stills. Now, talking about their application, as I have already told in the discussion that they can be used for heating homes in regions of low temperatures, sterilizing the surfaces of hospitals, even they can be used in commercial solar stills for water evaporation. That is all about the applications of CNF. In this news article discussion, we saw about the basics of CNFs who developed that the process by which the CNF is created, we also saw about the properties of CNF and finally, we saw about the applications of carbon nanofluorates. So, with this learned points, let us move on to the next article for discussion. Look at this news article. This article is taken from the text and context page of the Hindu. This article is talking about the floods in India. Recently, a study was conducted by World Bank on floods in India and the results of the study got published in the journal Nature. The study says that the urban areas of India have been facing floods more and more often. This is destroying several thousands of life and livelihoods in urban India. The study also highlighted that since 1985, human settlements in the flood prone areas of India have more than doubled. The study also found that the middle income countries like India have more urban settlements in the flood prone zone than both low and high income countries. By highlighting this World Bank study, the experts are saying that unsustainable urbanization is the main reasons for flood in urban areas of India, such as some of the measures like scientific mapping of the flood prone area, flood resilient housing and sustainable planning etc. See, this is the crux of the article. Here, why I have discussed in detail means you can take this point and write it in your answer by just quoting the study of the World Bank. This will enrich the credibility of your answer. Let's back to discussion. In this discussion, let us understand some points about flood. Then we shall also see about flood prone zones of India. And finally, we can see about steps taken by India to mitigate the floods. Let's start with the floods. Flood is simply defined as the overflow of large amount of water over dry lands. Some of the main causes of flood include heavy rainfall, rapid melting of snow, coastal storms, overflow of rivers, dam failures etc. The flood can cause various negative effects to the environment. They include loss of human life, damage to the property, infrastructure, crop destruction and livelihood loss, displacement of houses and other economic impacts. Now, what does the term urban flooding mean? Since this is the new challenge of India, in the wake of rapid differentiation, we have to see the definition of urban flooding. Urban flooding is defined as the overflow of water in more densely populated or developed areas. As we know, in urban areas, the properties are closely packed. So, the excess water during rainfall does not find the drainage to drain. This in turn causes the flood in urban areas. This is all about urban flooding. Now, let us see the flood prone zones of India. In India, the main reason for the flood is the overflow of river during excessive rains. Apart from this, glacial lake outburst in lakes, dam failures are also other causes of floods. Now, look at the map here. This map highlights the flood prone zones of India. See here, the states falling within the flood prone zones are West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat etc. The flood prone zones are closely related to the basin on which they are situated. States like UP, Bihar, West Bengal are falling within the Ganga basin. So, during monsoon, these states are prone to flooding. Similarly, Assam experiences of flooding due to the overflow of Brahmabutra. States like Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan are receiving floods due to the rivers from rivers Sattlaj and Ravi. Gujarat experiences flood due to the over flooding of Narmada, Sabarmathi and Tappi river. Similarly, Odisha faces floods due to the overflow of Mahanedi river. And moreover, Andhra faces floods from both Godavari and Krishna. Finally, Kerala experiences flood due to heavy rainfall in the wake of southwest monsoons. See, we have discussed elaborately about the major flood prone zones of India. Now finally, let us see the steps taken by Indian government to mitigate the flood. The first important step is setting up of Central Water Commission. The government of India has set up CWC in 1945. It has primarily set up to achieve the various goals like flood control, management of flood and conservation and utilization of water resources. See, the CWC performs various activities like planning, investigation, management, designing of water resources across the country. These steps help in addressing the floods throughout the country. See, the second important step is the constitution of Brahmabutra Board. See, the government of India had set up Brahmabutra Board in 1982 under Brahmabutra Board Act 1980. Under Brahmabutra Board Act 1980. See, now it is functioning under the ministry of Jalshakti. The jurisdiction of Brahmabutra covers all North Indian states that fall under Brahmabutra and Barak basin. See, the Brahmabutra Board carries various functions to mitigate floods in this region. Thirdly, the government constituted Ganga Flood Control Commission in 1972. This commission is involved in the preparation of comprehensive plan for controlling floods in the Ganga basin. It also monitors various flood management schemes in the Ganga basin states. And the final important step is the setting up of National Disaster Management Authority or NDMA. See, the government of India has constituted MDMA in 2005 under the chairmanship of Prime Minister of India. See, the NDMA is continuously working in the prevention and mitigation of disasters including flood disasters. It is also undertaking a holistic, coordinated and prompt response to any disaster in India which also includes floods. Apart from this, the government of India also undertook several structural measures to mitigate floods. These measures include construction of dams in the flood prone areas, channelization of rivers, improvement of river channels and drainages, diversion of floodwaters, etc. These measures also help to mitigate the flood across India. This is all about the discussion on floods, distribution of flood prone zones in India and the steps taken by the government. That's all about the news discussion. With this, let us move on to the next part of our discussion that is to discuss the preliminary practice questions. Today, we are having four questions which are relevant to our preliminary examination. Let us solve them one by one. See the first question. The securities appellate tribunal does not hear and dispose the appeals against the orders which are passed by which of the following authority? That means the question is asking that out of the four organizations whose order can't be appealed in Sad. Let us see the options. Securities and Exchange Board of India, Option B IRDAI, Third Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India and Fourth PFRDA. See, from our discussion, you can easily understand that the appeals from Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India does not fall into this equation. So, the correct option is Option C. See the second question. How many of the following statements about the Kavach system is correct? See the first statement. It was announced in the budget 2022-23. Second statement, it is an automatic train protection system. Third one, it is an indigenous system developed by Indian Railway through research, design and standards organization. See, all of the three statements regarding the Kavach system which are given here are correct. So, the correct option is Option C. See the third question. How many of the following pairs are correctly matched? On the left side, you are given generative AIs. On the right side, you are given the applications of fit. The first one is regarding Google bot. The application is Content Generation. It is correct. See the second one, Aiva. The application is regarding Video Generation. This is wrong. See the third one, Synthesia. The application here given is regarding the music generation. See from our discussion, we saw that Synthesia is a video generation AI. So, this is also wrong. See the fourth statement. It is Co-Pilot. The application is Code Generation. This is correct. See, first and fourth pair are correctly matched. So, the correct option is Option B. See the final question of the day. The question is Carbon Nano Fluorates, something seen in the news is usually refers to. See the four options. The keyword is here is Fluorates, which means something related to flowers right. So, by the common sensical knowledge, we can easily decipher that the option B, the nanoscale structures resembling the flowers which are made up of carbon is the correct answer. So, here the correct option is Option B. See, the main question based on today's discussion is listed here. Interested aspirants can write the answer and post it in the comment section. If you like today's video, like, comment and share it with your friends. For more updates regarding the UPC preparation, subscribe to Shankar IIS Academy. Thank you for listening to this video. Thank you.