 Africa has a lot of wind and a lot of sun. It also has a lot of hydropower, but it's dispersed around the continent. And in a way, this is good news in terms of establishing big, big grids. From what we saw today, wind power varies very substantially with just the amount of wind. And wind velocity moves around quite a lot. The same will happen with solar. Obviously, solar is less effective at night, but with cloud cover and so forth, solar power drops considerably. So this variability in output and you don't get supply necessarily when you want it. Actually, you just get supply whenever the wind blows and when the sun shines. Means that you have difficulties matching supply with demand. And there's a couple of ways to deal with this. The first is to simply expand the space over which you're capturing wind and solar. And if your space becomes large and you have lots of wind power sources and solar power sources contributing to a big grid, then there's a sort of portfolio effect that you get. And your total contribution to the grid becomes relatively much more stable. As a consequence, you can use, so across bigger grids, there's a greater ability to accommodate this variation that you have in renewable energy supplies and it's very significant. The other thing you can do is with hydropower, hydropower is a relatively inexpensive source of power. It turns environment and other items, hydropower does not have, it's not all advantages, it's disadvantages to hydropower as well. Nevertheless, there's very substantial hydropower resources located on the Nile, located in the Democratic Republic of Congo, located in Southern Africa on the Zambezi. One of the things that we've been able to show, and this has also been shown in Kenya, is that hydropower paired with renewables can make the two much more effective in terms of dispatchability because hydropower, especially if the dams are designed to do this, you can effectively use the dam as a free battery in a sense. So if you have a lot of wind and a lot of solar coming at a particular time, you simply turn off your turbines and you allow water to pile up behind the dams. If it's nighttime and not windy and lots of people's lights are on, then you have to turn on the turbines and the water flows through, so you get the power at the right time. And so this, when they're combined and combined properly, while respecting flow constraints, you can do this. The other big advantage to having a big grid is it's much, much easier to respect environmental constraints on river flow because you can turn off a turbine on the Zambezi, then you can turn off a turbine on the Congo, then you can turn one off on the Nile. And if you're working across a large number of dams, then you can manage these flows in principle much, much more simply. So that's one area where we're looking in the African energy futures. And the idea is basically to come up with, okay, what are the potential gains from a strategy rooted in hydropower and supplemented with renewables, largely for big power concentration users, big cities, Johannesburg, Lagos, these kinds of places. A different strategy is likely to be in place in rural areas. This is where, in more diffuse zones, you're not going to be able to link all of these to the grid. So microgrids, some kind of potentially solar power, other solutions are in play. And we're looking at that as well. Well, a lot of people worry about that. The cost of, for example, Grand Inga is around $80 billion. And people look at that and say, oh, where are we going to find $80 billion for this? But the fact of the matter is you're going to invest way more than $80 billion on power. The question is not, are we going to invest a lot of money in power production? We are. The question is, where do we invest these power systems? What's the most efficient way to do that? So I think that's correct. Now in terms of getting these big grids to function, that is obviously a political economy issue. But if we never know what the benefits of a Pan-African grid are, then obviously only the political conditions are going to apply. There is no economy to the, there's just sort of a notional benefit to having a big grid, but we don't know exactly what that might be. So yeah, that I think is our goal is really to sort of have a fairly stylized approach, just not grand detail. But what are the potential benefits to a large grid? The other, the fact of the matter is there aren't that many very, very large concentrations of hydropower. There's three. Nor there aren't that many very, very large concentrations of electricity demand. South Africa and Nigeria are the two biggest and there are others. So you actually, you don't need to coordinate across every African state. You only need to coordinate across a relatively few. Nobody's done this before. So far as I know, hydropower, prior to concerns about greenhouse gas emissions, is a very inexpensive. Once you've built it and you have the water behind, it's a very low marginal cost source of power. You don't have to burn anything. So the idea generally as utilities, hydropower has formed what's called base load. So hydropower, they more or less have been running it and providing to the grid because this is one of the cheap, if you own a hydropower plant, the marginal cost providing power via the hydropower system is very, very low. And so there aren't very many places that have tried to use these systems in order to improve what they call dispatchability and basically meeting supply with demand. So this is new. The Grand Inga is also new. This is a very, very large potential project. People have been talking about it for some time, but the scale is quite large. So thinking about that in the African context is very new. Grand Inga Provide has big challenges. The biggest challenge probably is in the transmission distribution and how you handle that and how you do it in a way that's not excessively vulnerable to sabotage or other political instabilities. MIT is a useful partner for this. We're working with the Joint Program for Global Change. We've done a lot of work together on the climate change side. So for example, one of the concerns under Energy Futures is, are these basins going to dry up? So would we invest a lot of resources into hydropower production and then we don't get the precipitation necessary to fill up the dams and we don't produce the power? So that's one thing we'll be able to look at. We have them working to pull together the big grids, study the full thing. There's the linkages between renewables and hydropower production, which will also go into this big grid approach. And then we're looking at some specific power pools, Southern Africa power pool being one. We'll be doing, I think, we've done some work on the Nile just in terms of what's going on in terms of hydropower, hydropower production. We'll be looking much more at the economics of the Nile over the next few months. And this is a very, very good UN kind of project because you have a very high level of tension between Egypt and Ethiopia with respect to the dams. But in principle, you also have the possibility of a considerable amount of benefits from collaboration. And once again, similar to looking at the whole big grid, the politicians can look at this and say, ah, we don't want to do that. But it's nice if there is a reasonable estimate of how much is being left on the table as a consequence of pursuing a narrower international interest as opposed to some kind of collaboration.