 A very good afternoon friends. I welcome you all to the Shankar Summary 2024. As you know, this is the second part of our geography compilation video which covers various important topics related to geography from the month of November 2023 to February 2024. Here are the list of articles which we are going to discuss today. So, let us get into discussion. Let us look at this question. Consider the following countries, Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, Burundi and Zimbabwe. How many of the above mentioned countries share a border with Lake Victoria? See, this kind of questions often appearing in the UPSC because it asks us to be aware of the major river basins, major lakes across the world. Okay. Now, coming back to this question, Lake Victoria is a very important map-based question because of the many significance like it is the Africa's largest lake by area. Moreover, it is the world's largest tropical lake and it is the world's second largest freshwater lake by surface area. Know that the first largest freshwater lake by surface area is the Lake Superior in North America. Okay. Now, coming back to question. See, it is bordered by only three countries. They are Tanzania with 51% of coverage, second one is Uganda with 43% and third one is Kenya with a mere 6% of the border. Okay. Now, let us be also aware of some of the uniqueness of this lake like it is generally referred as Darwin's Dream Point. This is because the lake is known for the high level of unique biodiversity which is residing in it. Okay. Finally, this Lake Victoria is a source of white Nile River which flows northward and eventually joins the blue Nile in Sudan to form the Great Nile River of Africa. Okay. So, as we have discussed now, it's bordered by only three countries. They are Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya. Okay. So, the correct option is option B. Now, look at this question. The term Brazzaville declaration heard in the news roughly corresponds to which of the following. See, option A says that declaration for ending the parasol island disputes between China and Japan. Second one aims for the preservation of three major river basins of the world. Okay. Third one to combat human trafficking and the fourth one is preserving the entire coastal area of Mediterranean Sea. See, Brazzaville declaration is a joint agreement between Democratic Republic of Congo, Republic of Congo and Indonesia. Know that it aims for the preservation of three major river basins of the world like Amazon Basin, Congo Basin, Mournier Mekong, Southeast Asia Basin. Okay. Now, let us see a brief about these three river basins in our discussion. Why this is important? As we know that in the last year, 2023 preliminary, we got a question regarding Congo Basin. Now, let us firstly see about Amazon River Basin. See, the Amazon Basin is a part of South America, which is drained by Amazon River and its tributaries. Geographically, it is bounded by Guiana Highlands to the north, Andes Mountains to the west, Brazilian Central Plateau to the south and Atlantic Ocean to the east. See, it covers the area of about 70,000,000 square kilometers or about 35.5% of the entire South American continent. Okay. Now, politically, let us see the countries where they are located. The major countries, which are in the basins of Amazon are Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guiana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela, as well as the territory of French Guiana. Now, let us continue our discussion. Most of this basin is covered by Amazon Rainforest, also known as Amazonia. With a 5.5 million square kilometer area of dense tropical forest, Amazon Rainforest is the largest rainforest in the world. Know that it comprises around 40% of the Brazil's total geographical area. Finally, let us be aware of the fact that this basin produces 20% of the world's flow of freshwater into the oceans. With this basic, secondly, let us see about Congo Basin. See, as we all know, like every other basin which are formed by a river, Congo River Basin is a sedimentary basin formed by the river Congo. See, geographically, it is located in Central Africa. Know that it is primarily characterized by Congo Rainforest, which is the second largest rainforest in the world. Now, let us see the countries which are situated in the Congo Basin. See, the Congo River Basin is primarily situated among six countries. They are Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. Finally, Congo Basin Climate Commission was established in 2016 under the leadership of African Union to balance the economic transformation of the Congo Basin with the aims to preserve the sustainable development. Thirdly, let us see about Borneo, Mekong, Southeast Asia Basin in a brief. Okay, see, it is the world's third largest carbon sink and composed of two subregions that is Borneo Island and Mekong River. Okay, now let us see the country through which this river passes through. See, geographically, it has six countries like China, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam. See, with this, we have seen about three major river basins of the world. Okay, now coming back to question, as we just now saw that this Brazzaville declaration deals with the preservation of the three major river basins of the world. So, the correct option is option B. Let us look at this question. Consider the following statements about the cultivation of coffee. See, we shall always see a question from the economic geography part, that is the cultivation of crops, coffee, tea, cotton, etc. So, it is in our best interest to learn more about the coffee. Now, before answering this question, let us discuss about the basics of coffee to equip us to answer this question. Okay, see, coffee is the tropical plantation crop. Its seeds are roasted, grounded and used as a beverage. Now, let us see the geographical condition required for the cultivation of coffee. See, this includes firstly, climatic conditions of warm and wet climate. Secondly, a well-drained loamy soil, that is, the soil which is rich in humus and minerals like iron and calcium. Thirdly, the temperature range should be between 15 degrees Celsius and 28 degrees Celsius. Moreover, know that the rainfall range should be 150 to 250 centimeter. Fourthly, please note that the coffee is generally grown under shady trees. So, the conditions like frost, snowfall, temperature above 30 degrees Celsius and strong sunshine are not good for the cultivation of coffee. Moreover, coffee requires dry weather at the time of ripening of the berries. And lastly, coffee is grown on the hill slopes at the height of 600 to 1600 meter above the mean sea level. Having discussed the geographical conditions for the coffee, now let us move on to see about the two important varieties of coffee. They are Robusta and Arabica. See, for our understanding, I have differentiated this using a common future and we shall compare and contrast between the two varieties of coffee. Now, let us see the first common future called flavor profile. See, with respect to Robusta, it is known for strong and harsh taste, often described as the grain like one with distinct earthly or woody flavor. Note an important point that they have a high caffeine content and is more bitter than Arabica. See, secondly, with respect to Arabica, it is known for milder and more nuanced flavor profile with futures like sweetness, acidity and aromatic. See, it can offer a wide range of flavors from fruity, flowery to sugary and tangy notes. Let us see the second common future. It is conditions for cultivation. See, Robusta plants are hardy and can grown at lower altitudes. See, it is because of these futures, Robusta are more suitable for regions with warmer climates. And moreover, remember that this is more resistant to pests and diseases compared to Arabica. Now, with the Arabica variety, see, as we have seen just now, Arabicas are more sensitive to the environmental factors vis-a-vis Robusta. Know that it requires specific conditions to thrive like higher altitudes, cooler temperature and ample rainfall. To put it in a succinct way, remember that Robusta is robust. Thirdly, let us see with the caffeine content. See, Robusta beans typically contain around 2.2 to 2.7% caffeine which is almost double than the amount which is found in the Arabica. Lastly, with respect to production, please note that Robusta is primarily produced in the countries like Vietnam, Brazil and Indonesia which have more suitable low-altitude tropical climates. Whereas, Arabica is commonly cultivated in the countries like Latin America, Africa and Asia which is known for their high altitude and suitable climates. Now, with having this broad basics, now coming back to question. See the first statement, coffee require warm and wet climate with a temperature range of 15 to 25 degrees Celsius. See, this is correct as we have seen in our discussion. Second statement, see, the marketing of coffee in India is spearheaded by Coffee Board of India. See, the statement is actually wrong as the marketing of coffee is privatized after the LPG revamps of 1991. See the third statement, stagnant water is necessary for the enrichment of aroma of the crop. See, this statement is also wrong because stagnation often damages the crop. See, second and third statements are incorrect. So, the correct option is option A. So, with this base about coffee, let us move on to the next MCQ. See this MCQ, it is a statement based MCQ. Statement 1 says that rare earth elements or REE are a set of 17 elements in the periodic table which are very rare in the earth crust. Statement 2 says that the manufacturing of the permanent magnets is one of the important N use of this rare earth elements. Now we shall discuss the base of the statements. See the statement 1. Statement 1 is wrong because rare earth elements or REE are of course a set of 17 elements out of which 15 are lanthanites plus it also has scandium and yttrium. But an important point to be remembered is that they are not rare in the earth surface. In fact, they are present in abundance. So, where does this element called rare comes? This is because their extraction is very difficult as it requires high scale capital incentive and environmental issues. This is why they are called rare earth elements. Now, let us see the second statement. The manufacture of the permanent magnets is one of the most important N use of the rare earth elements. See, the statement is correct actually. So, statement 1 is incorrect and statement 2 alone is correct. So, the correct option is option D. But before going into next topic, let us be aware about some of the basics about rare earth elements. See, we have seen already about the basics of rare earth elements in this discussion. Now, let us continue with some of the other prelims related facts about rare earth elements. See, China has the largest reserve which is 37 percentage followed by Brazil and Vietnam which are having 18 percentage each and Russia is having 15 percentage of the rare earth element reserves. Now, moving on to our discussion, let us analyze about some of the REE and their distribution in India. Firstly, let us see about graphite. See, deposits of graphites are located in Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha and Tamil Nadu. Know that Arunachal Pradesh accounts for 36 percentage of the total resources which is followed by Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh etc. But with respect to reserves, Tamil Nadu has the largest share about 36 percentage followed by Jharkhand and Odisha. Moreover, with respect to mining, see the mining of graphite are carried out in the states of Jharkhand, Odisha and Bihar. Note that Odisha is the largest producing state contributing to 42 percentage of the total output of graphite. This is followed by Tamil Nadu. Now, let us see about the second rare earth element which is called chromium. Now, let us see the distribution in India. See, Odisha has more than 93 percentage of the resources which are abundantly available in Sukinda valley in Katta Kand, Jajapur. Moreover, other states like Manipur, Nagalan, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Tamil Nadu and the Pradesh having the minor deposits of chromium. See, with respect to production, Odisha is the sole producer of chromite ore which is contributing around 99 percentage and know that more than 85 percentage of the ore is of high quality. With respect to production, the second place goes to Karnataka. See, this is all about the discussion. In this discussion, we saw about rare earth elements from the Prillin's perspective. See, revise this often because this can be directly asked in the examination purposes. With this, let us move on to the next MCQ. Look at this MCQ. Here, a list of the recently erupted volcanoes are given and the right side, the corresponding locations are given and we have been asked to match it. See, as we all know from our previous question discussion or analysis, volcanoes, the recently erupted volcanoes are the favorites of UPC. It will be often coming in the questions. Okay. Now, before answering, let us talk about in a brief about the concept of Pacific Ring of Fire which is very related to volcanoes. See, it is also called as Circum-Pacific Belt or Pacific Ring of Fire. It comprises of a long, harsh shoe-shaped, seismically active belt of earthquake epicenters, volcanoes and tectonic plate boundaries that fringes the Pacific basin. See, for much of its 40,000-kilometer length, this belt follows a chain of island arcs such as Tonga, New Hebrides, Indonesian Archipelago, Philippines, Japan and Kurile Islands. Moreover, it also has other arc-shaped geomorphic futures such as the western coast of North America and Andes Mountain. See, volcanoes are associated with this belt throughout its length. For this specific reason, it is called Ring of Fire. Know that most of the world's earthquake, the overwhelming majority of the world's strongest earthquake and approximately 75% of the world's volcanoes occur along and within the Pacific Ring of Fire. I am posting this image. See this image for the better understanding. Okay. With its basics, now let us answer the question. See, all of them are correctly matched as I gave this question only for study purpose. Okay. I will also give a list of other volcanoes which have erupted in the recent past. Note and reverse it often. See, Vakari Island or White Islands, it is in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. Mount Vesuvius, Naples, Italy. Mount Stromboli, Sicily, Italy. Aranil, Kostadika. Mount Batur, Bali, Indonesia. Nissrius, in Greece. And lastly, P10D, foreign islands. It is in Reunion Island, Indonesia. See, I have given a list of the recently erupted volcanoes. Please reverse it often so it will be coming in the question. Okay. With its basic understanding, let us move on to the next question. Look at this question. Recently, deposits of the rare element of tantalum was found in which one of the following basins? Out of four basins, we ought to find where it has been discovered. Now, let us start answering the question. See, a team from the Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, has found the presence of tantalum, a rare metal in the subtlest rivers and in Punjab. Okay. Here, the correct option is option A. Now, let us see a brief on tantalum from the preliminary perspective. See, tantalum is a rare metal with an atomic number of 73. Know that it is a part of refractory metal grooves which are widely used as a component strong high melting point alloys. Now, let us see the characteristics of tantalum. See, an important property of the metal is that it is completely immune to the chemical attacks at temperature below 150 degrees Celsius. And know that it can be attacked only by hydrofluoric acids. Moreover, tantalum also has a high melting point exceeded by one leak tungsten and rhenium. Now, let us see the uses of tantalum. See, they are mostly used in the electronic sector as the capacitor made from tantalum are capable of storing more electricity even in the smaller sizes we service other type of capacitors. Secondly, due to its high melting point, tantalum is used as a substitute for platinum. Thirdly, it is used to make components for the chemical plants, nuclear plants, aeroplanes and missiles etc. So, in our discussion, we saw about the various characteristics and uses of the tantalum. As we have already seen, correct option for the question is option A. Now, with this basic understanding, let us move on to next MCQ. Look at this MCQ. In the recent years, Esquibo, Gaza, Cyprus and Catalonia have caught the international attention for which of the following reason is common to all of them. See, out of the four options, the correct option is option B, which is a region with long-standing disputes. Now, let us see all of the places which are given in the question in a brief. Firstly, Esquibo is a long-standing dispute between Venezuela and Guyana. Recently, both had pledged not to resort to force to settle the long-standing dispute over the oil-rich Esquibo region. Secondly, Gaza. As we all know, it is a dispute region between Israel and Palestine. Thirdly, Cyprus conflict is an ongoing dispute between Greek Cypriot community, which runs the Republic of Cyprus and the Turkish Cypriot community in the north of Ireland, where the troops of Turkey are deployed. To put it simply, it is a dispute between Greece and Turkey. Fourthly, Catalonia. Catalonia is an autonomous province in Spain, which is asking for the complete independence from Spain. So, to come again to the question, the correct option is option B. With these learned points, let us move on to the next MCQ. Which one of the following best describes the concept of Humboldt's Enigma? Now, before answering the question, let us see a brief about Humboldt's Enigma. Since we all know, world's tropical areas receive more energy from the sun because of the earth's angle of inclination. It makes them to have the greater primary productivity, ecological niches, and creating more complex ecosystems and greater biological diversity. This was the normal case. But the proponents of the Humboldt's Enigma have held that many areas outside the tropics are also highly biodiverse in nature. For example, mountain region. To put it simply, this Enigma tells that while we expect diversity to decrease from tropics, the mountains have been an important exception to this trend. Now, let us see why do mountains have high biodiversity? Firstly, the reason is with geology. See, the uplift of mountains result in new habitats where new species arise. So was the habitats are called cradles. See, different types of rocks, soils also influences the diversity of plant and adaptation. For example, Northern Andes in South America have diverse biomes and habitats supported by the rich variety of species across the entire elevation of Andes. Secondly, with respect to climatic conditions. See, species on some climatologically stable mountains persist there for a longer period of time. So, these parts access museums that accumulate many species over a period of time. For example, solar forests in western gods have a diverse species of rare birds. Thirdly, the reason is with evolutionary process. See, mountains with more geological diversity tend to have a more biological diversity. For example, eastern Himalayas have a group of birds which evolve to elsewhere and dispersed to Himalayas resulting in the highest diversity there. So, geologically, high geological heterogeneity often produces unique habitat patches and the mountains thereby promotes diversification. So, coming back to the question, out of four options, theory to explain the interrelationship between the mountains and the biodiversity is the correct explanation for the Humboldt's Enigma. So, the correct option is option B. With this learned points, let us move on to the next question. Look at this question. This is also a match the following question where a pair of islands are given and the correspondingly the ocean which they are situated is also given and we have been asked to find the incorrect match. See, out of four options, see this third option. It is given that Chagos is in North Pacific Ocean. See, this is wrong because Chagos Archipelago is in the Indian Ocean. Now, in our discussion, let us see a brief about some of the islands in the Indian Ocean. First of all, Chagos Archipelago. See, it is a cluster of seven atolls located in the Central Indian Ocean. Know that Diago Garcia is the biggest island on the Chagos Archipelago. Actually, it is a disputed territory between the United Kingdom and Mauritius. Secondly, Christmas Islands. See, it is located in the North Eastern part of the Indian Ocean to the south of Java. Actually, it is an Australian territory which is known for unique ecosystem including the annual red crab migration and other marine life. Thirdly, we are going to see about Cocos Island. See, it is located to the southwest of Indonesia. It is also a territory of Australia which is very known for its coral atolls, coconut palm lined beaches and diverse bird life. On continuing our discussion, we can see Cormoros Island. See, it is located between Madagascar and Mozambique. See, it is also an archipelago with a unique blend of African, Arab and French culture. Finally, we are going to see about Reunion Island. See, it is an overseas department and region of France. It is located approximately 950 km east of the island of Madagascar. And 175 km south of Mauritius. See, Reunion is an outermost region of the European Union and know that it is a part of Eurozone. Okay, with this basics coming back to the question, the correct option is option C, Chagos. With this learned points, now let us move on to the next MCQ. Look at this MCQ. This MCQ is about the statements regarding the primary waves or P waves which are generated during the earthquake. See, before answering this question, which is a static question, we shall have a brief on the seismic wave from the exam perspective. See, seismic waves are waves of energy that travel through the earth layer as a result of various geophysical phenomenons like earthquake, volcanic eruption, landslides, enlarged man-made explosion. Know that earthquake generate two primary categories of the seismic waves called body waves and surface waves. Let us see them in a detail. So now, we shall see about body waves. See, body waves are generated due to the release of energy at the focus and move in all direction traveling through the body of the earth. Hence, they are called body waves. These are further divided into P waves and S waves. See, P waves are primary waves most faster and they are the first to arrive at the surface of the earth. Know that these P waves are similar to sound waves. Note an important point that P waves can travel through solid, liquid and gaseous materials. Secondly, let us see about S waves or secondary waves. See, they arrive at the surface after some time behind the P waves. Note that they can travel only through solid materials. This characteristic of the S waves helps us to understand the interior of the earth. Now, if we compare P and S waves, P waves vibrate parallel to the wave direction leading to the stretching and squeezing of the material whereas S waves vibrate perpendicular to the wave direction and they can create troughs and crest in the material. To be clear, P waves are longitudinal and S waves are transverse in nature. Okay, this is all about the body waves. The next wave is called surface waves. See, the body waves interact with the surface rocks and generate a new set of waves called surface waves. See, these waves move along the surface and travel similar like S waves, which means they are also transverse waves but have low frequency. Note an important point that surface waves are the slowest among the earthquake waves and recorded last on the seismograph. Note an important point that they are the most damaging waves of all. Okay, with the sound basic, now come back to the question. See, in the question, option 1 and 2 are correct as we have seen just now in our discussion, which means P waves are longitudinal waves and P waves can travel through solid, liquid and gaseous metals. But third one you see, P waves are not the most devastating waves because we just now saw that surface waves are the most damaging ones. So, eliminating option 3, here the correct option is option B. With these basic points, let us move on to the next MCQ. Look at this MCQ. Here, a list of lakes are given and in the right hand side, the cities in which the lakes are situated are given and we have been asked to match it. See the first lake. The lake is Lake Pichola. Guys know that Lake Pichola is situated in Udaipur, in the state of Rajasthan. It is an artificial freshwater lake created in 1362, named after the nearby Picholi village. Now, let us see the second lake. The second one is Lake Sukna. See, Lake Sukna is a beautiful and picturesque man-made lake, situated at the foothills of Shivallik range of Himalayas in the city of Chandigarh. So, it is also correctly matched. See the third one, Hussein Sagar Lake. See, as we all know, Hussein Sagar Lake is a hot-shaped lake in Hyderabad, built by Ibrahim Kuli Kutub Shah in 1563. See, this lake is fed by River Musi. So, this is also correctly matched. See, the fourth one, Dal Lake. See, Dal Lake is a picturesque lake in Srinagar, which is an urban lake and it is the second largest lake in the Jammu and Kashmir. Know that this lake is often called Lake of Flowers, or Jwell in the crown of Jammu and Kashmir. So, this is also correctly matched. So, the correct option is option D, which is all the lakes are correctly matched. So, these basic points, let us move on to the next MCQ. Look at this MCQ. Consider the following countries, which share borders with the Red Sea. Okay, we know that the major seas of the world and its associated neighbors are always a darling of UPC, which will be often asked in the preliminary. Before answering, let us see a brief about Red Sea. See, the Red Sea is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. Know that it is underlined by the Red Sea Rift, which is a part of Great Rift Valley. Now, let us see the countries, which are bordering the Red Sea. See this image. To the northwest of Red Sea, Egypt's eastern coastline borders the Red Sea, with the popular tourist destinations like Shamil Sheikh or Hurgada south of Egypt. Sudan has a relatively small coastline on the Red Sea. South of Sudan, Eritrea's coastline along the Red Sea is rugged and has several islands. See, located at the southern entrance of the Red Sea, Djibouti is a strategically important location for shipping. Okay, now let us see on the Asian side. Here, Saudi Arabia has a long coastline along the Red Sea, leading to the Gulf of Eqoba. Moreover, know that Jordan has a small coastline at the northern end of the Gulf of Eqoba. And moreover, here only, Israel's resort city of Iliad is also on the Red Sea at the northern tip of Gulf of Eqoba. At the southern end of the Red Sea, Yemen has a significant coastline that includes the strategic Bab El Mandab Strait. So, as we can see here, other than the first statement, all other countries, Egypt, Yemen, Eritrea, and Saudi Arabia, share the borders with the Red Sea. So, the correct option is option C. See, with these land points, let us move on to the next MCQ. Look at this MCQ. This is from the economic part of the geography. Consider the following statements related to the crop turmeric. See, we should ask ourselves, why a question about turmeric is appearing in the question. This is because PM announced the formation of National Turmeric Board to support the turmeric farmers addressing their long-standing demand. So, only this question was asked. Okay, now let us see about turmeric. See, turmeric is a perennial herbaceous plant of the ginger family. The plant's underground stems or rhizomes has been used as spice, dye, medicine and religious marker since the ancient time. Okay, now let us see the significance of turmeric. See, the color of the turmeric mainly comes from curcumin, a bright yellow phenolic compound that has been in the news for its ostensible purpose to fight cancer. As a result, the demand for turmeric with high curcumin content has risen. Thirdly, with respect to climate, it requires the temperature between 20 to 30 degrees Celsius and a considerable amount of rainfall to thrive. Now, note an important point that India is the largest producer and exporter of turmeric in the world. It occupies about six percentage of the total area and has spice and condiments in India. See, with these basic points, now let us go back to the question and see, all the three statements are absolutely correct as we have seen from our discussion. So, the correct option is option D, all the above. With this basic, let us move on to the next question of the day. Look at this question. This is a map-based question. In the left side, we have been given famous ports and we have been asked to match it with their corresponding countries. See, the first one, its Haifa port is perfectly correct as it is located in Israel. See, the second one, Ras al-Hair. It is also correct as it is the major port of Saudi Arabia. See, the third one, Messina. See, this is also correct. It is situated in Italy. See, you can ask me why these ports are appeared in the exam. This is because all these three ports are components of recently proposed India Middle East European Economic Corridor. So, only this question got appeared as we know that all the three are correctly matched. So, the correct option is option D. Now, moving on, look at this question. See, this question is a static question which comes from the area of physical geography. Okay, now consider the following statements with reference to cars to topography. See, let us have a brief about cars topography before answering this MCQ. See, limestone topography or cars topography is nothing but the landforms which are produced by the chemical weathering or chemical erosion of the carbonate rocks. See, when carbonate rocks like calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate are eroded by surface and subsurface water, it leads to the formation of this picturesque location called cars topography. Here, note that cars topography is named after the province of Yugoslavia and the Adriatic Sea where such formations are most notable. Now, moving on, let us see the essential conditions for the development of cars topography. See, the first and foremost condition should be the limestones must be massive, hard, well cemented and well joined. Know that the rocks should be non porous and thickly bedded. See, this is to aid the water to infiltrate through the joints resulting in the effective erosion of the limestones along the joints. Moreover, please know that the carbonate rocks should be very close to the ground surface so that the rainwater may easily and quickly infiltrate into the beds of limestones. On continuing our discussion, let us see about the erosional and depositional landforms of the cars topography. See, the erosional ones are sink hole, swallow hole, doline, oola and pole and the depositional landforms are stalaxite, stalamate and calcite pillars. Okay, now with this broad basics, now let us go back to the questions to solve them. Okay, see the first statement highly fractured or folded limestone beds is one of the primary requirement for the development of this topography. See, this is absolutely correct as we have just now seen in our discussion. Let us see the second statement. It is also called as badland topography. See, the statement is wrong because badland topography refers to the different types of landscape characteristics to be rugged, highly eroded hills or ridges with steep slopes. See, this kind of landscapes will be typically formed in the arid or semi-arid region with soft, easily eroded sedimentary rocks. For example, in Chambal basin in India. So, the statement is incorrect. See, the third statement, stalaxite and stalagmites are the erosional landforms of the cars topography. See, the statement is wrong because we have just now seen that stalaxite and stalagmites are not the erosional landforms but depositional landforms. See, in this kind of question, you cannot use any kind of elimination techniques because these are all will come from the basics of the subjects. Now, in this question, statement one alone is correct and statement two and three are incorrect. So, the correct option is option A. With this, we have come to the end of our video. If you like today's video, like, comment and share it with your friends. For more updates regarding UPSC preparation, subscribe to Shankara AIS Academy. Thank you.