 Everybody, I'm the media and telebiologists and my interest in genetically modified crops is because they are hot topic and people, generally speaking, are afraid of them. They, we understand this in your way, for instance. They think they are trapped for health and environment. For instance, they think they are toxic. And that is due probably because of adverse communication campaigns and also for lack of knowledge on what the genealogy is. If I don't need to give more, please. So the aim of my talk is to provide some basic knowledge on what the genealogy is, why we need them and who watches over the safety of these organs. First of all, we have to know what genetic material is basically the big set of information that is made of DNA and that is like a handbook on how to build and to run an organism. Every word of this handbook is called a gene and provides the information for officials of the organism that is called the trait. Of course, every organism has its own genetic material. For instance, we have genes that provide us the colors of our eyes or the color of our hair and different versions of these genes could provide different colors of eyes. Another thing you have to know is the legal definition of GMO. A genetic organism is like an organism in European history is an organism, not a human, but as its genetic material changes in a way that does not occur naturally. So, out of the core naturally, maybe it goes on mutation, a process that randomly changes the genetic material, providing new traits. For instance, carotforms were white and when some mutation happened, creating new colors. When new traits in mutation is advantageous for the organism, it will use more and spread the trait into population and it has part of species. We have this called the natural selection and we do also, it also, addition. For instance, here we have a ratio of plants of trees. If we want taller trees or trees that grow faster, we have to select the taller and let all event reproduce. So, the next generation will be taller, of course, with some variability. With this approach, we modify a lot the crops we use, like eggplants, during thousands of years. Also tomatoes and bananas are very different. I'll show you a specific example to this station, the name of this approach, with the corn. On the right you can see the model corn from the left, its ancestor, with the seed name. With the domestication, we make the model corn if it has a better, we can see here, that the fruit of the corn, as shown here, is very, very bigger than the fruit of the seed name, so if it has a better. It grows also faster than its ancestor because it does not branches, so as long as it stands, it grows. And for the same reason, it requires less space to be grown. You can grow more corn when the seed name is in the right. So, these trees that are branching, there's also branching, the lack of grain shuttering with the grain of the model corn on the ground and their size, the shape of the number, were selected by its documentation in only three kgs. But nowadays we want from selection and from investigation something more. We want that crops that increase and improve nutrients that require less water to be grown and that they have a longer shelf life. We don't like growing tomatoes. And we want them also to be resistant to diseases. But remind that this process of notification on the model corn took 10,000 years. So for these new crops, we have to wait a bit. So we need ways to speed up the process. By now, we use the breathing. Let's say that we want this corn on the right, the tester for them will feed the light variety to have a new trait like disease resistance from a new disease that comes from growth. With the breathing approach, we have to search between all the varieties of corn, or the word to find one that is resistant and then mate them together. We grow them together and in a windy day the mesh happens to be transported from a main flower to a plant to the main flower of the other. And so some offspring will grow. Of course, where to be related to the species? The same species or related species? The problem is that the offspring will not have the same characteristics as the parents they will have over the and this is no reference species. Like here, you can see that here the model corn may be here or the seeded and the here of the offspring is not the same. And we can't even choose which characteristic will pass to the offspring. So the problems are free. The offspring may have or may have not wear resistance to the disease. And for sure, they will be not so performing like we are writing. So we have to mate them again and again and again to reach our goal. And there is also a possibility to have some unwanted traits. And that will be in other plants like to mate the potatoes. Our presence is the presence of glycohuteroids that are substances that provide and resistance in the sex and diseases, but are also toxic for humans. So that is the problem. We need an approach that is more precise. That is the genetic modification technology. With this approach for reaching the same goal to give a variety of resistance, we have only to find the gene for the resistance in another drop and darken it into a light form. We do it in a lamp. So this process is very fast. It requires only one generation. It's very precise. It would only vet genes, so vet traits, and you have another one that's characteristic. And there is no need for native. So you don't have to need native species. You can also use trans genes from other different varieties. And now I'm going to show you a specific example, specific application of the technology that is the VG form. These Hedifami, father, mother, and children are most European corn forests. They are a problem because the larvae, both tendons in the corn plants, the stems are also in the ears. So there is a direct loss of yield and there is a problem of molds growing in the tunnels. These molds can produce toxic that give us human cancer. So it's a health problem. Usually when you have bugs in your plants, you spray some chemicals, so pesticide, like pyrofoil. But in this case, there is also this option for kind of farming, but it's basically made of a bacterium called a chelus fringesis, this guy. It kills specifically molds and butterflies, they also produce a toxin, these diamond-shaped things that you can see also under the microscope. That is very specific for mold and butterflies. But you don't need the whole bacterium, you need all the toxin, and brandy whole bacterium can cause problems like it can be washed out by the rain, and you can spray it from your field to the wild, so killing other molds and butterflies. And so the genetic multiplication approach is to take the gene for a big toxin in the distance from a chelus fringesis and put it into the core. So the core itself produces the toxin in its body. And when the larvae feed the core, redaric redaric, it's not a regular core hair compared to a big core hair untouched by the larvae. But you can see on your face some questions like is it safer for our health with toxin in our food? What about the environment who watches over our safety and so forth? No problem, there is someone that watches over the safety of gene crops. The main governmental agency in the world, in Europe we are a sub-European state authority that for each genetic multiplication event requires companies a significant sound safety assessment and many, many data on what happened to know it exactly. Coming back to the BT core of the safety assessment required to see if the toxin is toxic also for mammals, we are mammals. And so they fed mice with levels of the ketoxin from 1,000 per nanokine higher in comparison that depend on the heat in the hair and of course not much of that. Another test was on the genicity of this toxin so we put it on our team to see if there were allergic reactions and again no reaction. From the environmental side they wanted to know if the toxin stays longer in the environment if it stays long many organs can be in contact with it and it stays only one or two months so not so long and but on non-target organs other mouse and butterflies is also low because yes, more butterflies these are sensitive to the ketoxin but they do not live in color fields so we are not exposed to the ketoxin no exposition no risk. Here I have a reality for you is a comparison between a regular corn field treated with pyrofoil so the chemicals and a bt-corn field on the impact on spiders of course spider by satyr with bt-corn and this time it was around here in Bulgaria so bt-corn is able to protect itself effectively from some insects has a higher field that the regular corn production products prevent health risk for humans coming from non-toxins and is not toxic itself of course and is not a risk for other insects so I would say what else can genetically modify crops that is good for us for instance they can prevent some diseases due to lack of nutrients like the golden rice provide better raw materials for industry or also clean our hair from some pollutants like this so a genetically modified plant is not going to be a new trade due to the addition of a gene they are a good thing they solve the problem of food safety and other issues with the system and they are strictly monitoring by governmental agencies and thank you very much here so that's the list here I'll try to open it for the microphone thank you very much you mentioned trans genes what are those trans genes what is trans genes what does that mean it is a gene that comes from species that are not sexually related with other species we have modified I see that some person will be passionate about it how many percent of this genetically modified crops or particular corn is actually out in market in Europe not so much but for feed the cows most of the feed comes from South America I don't know the question please next question next question in case when you are described in PT Maze what will happen when the eventually the system there are some measures to be taken from prevent this case and they do it for regular chemicals that are used on crops so the solution is growing some regular corn here in the field of the key corn so there are retired moths that do not develop the resistance that breed in the Iowa and I think we have time for more questions next question if every brand is that included in the mine type of the original crops and the varieties across the world will not die off and there will only be one type of corn which is also not great because people have some problems and some defects on the whole planet or on the whole world I am asking that because a lot of people do not develop the wheat that a lot of the original wheat region in other regions have a destroyed base in terms of wheat that has this meaning you know I think that the problem is that we are only on the start of this technology so with this motivation we can provide personal resistance to proper development if we have many varieties of each we have some quality improvement like resistance disease and the way the breeding would lose the variety because we breed them and we obtain new varieties we don't save them so the gentlementification approach would save varieties and then nutrients and allowing us to grow them to grow them and not select other varieties Thank you Daniela so if you have any questions or way of asking because you can approach them on the break so thank you for the question