 Hi, NSD students! I'm so happy to be sharing with you the basics of drug education. I am Professor Francis Grace H. Dukapande from the UP College of Education, Health Education Area, and I'm also serving as a Director of the Ashan Training Center for Preventive Drug Education. For today, I'm going to share with you the basics or the essentials of drug education. But before we do that, I would like to do a feelings check. So as you can see from this slide, I have animal moods. So A stands for sadness. Okay, B is for happiness and C is for being grumpy. And I know that many of you can relate to it, this emotions. And well, the point of this slide is to make you realize that whatever you are feeling right now, we are in the midst of a pandemic, whatever you are feeling is exactly normal and valid. So I guess we're now ready to start. So we are going to cover four sub topics for this presentation. We're going to start with drug related terms and concepts. Next, we're going to move on to the effects of drug use, then the legal aspect of drug use. And lastly, which is the most important part of the presentation is the skills for a drug free lifestyle. So the objectives of this presentation include to discuss basic terms and concepts related to drug use. The second is to describe the general effects of drug use and its legal implications. And the third is to recommend ways to develop life skills for a healthy and drug free life. So first, we're going to review some important concepts. Let us differentiate drug from medicine. So a drug is any chemical agent that alters the biochemical or physiological processes of tissues of organisms. So it means that when you ingest drugs, it alters the function or the structure of any part of your body. If it's a psychoactive substance, it alters the function and structure of your brain. While medicine is actually a kind of drug with curative properties. So you need to remember that medicines are drugs, but not all drugs are medicines. So I hope you understand that clearly. So now let's proceed to the difference between medicine misuse and abuse. So when we say misuse, this is the use of a medicine for a purpose that is not consistent with medical guidelines. So you don't follow the doctor's prescription. So for instance, when you take too much of a medicine, when you take it for reasons other than the reason they were prescribed for, or when you stop a medication, or you accept a prescription medication from a friend, those are examples of medicine misuse. While for medicine abuse, you are using a particular medicine to feel high or because you'd like to experience the euphoric feeling. So you take those medicines because there is a compulsion for you to use it despite negative consequences. So when you do that, you're experiencing medical or medicine abuse. Now I'm going to introduce to you a general term and it's called substance use. It's actually the use of psychoactive substances that includes tobacco, alcohol, of course the illegal drugs of abuse like marijuana and shabu, inhalants, and other non-medical use of prescription medications. So you need to remember that in the global context now, substance use is the term being used to describe the use of tobacco, alcohol, illegal drugs of abuse, inhalants, and other non-medical use of prescription medications. What does substance use this order? Well, this is a chronic relapsing brain disease that is characterized by compulsive substance seeking and use despite harmful consequences. So now instead of using the term drug abuse or substance abuse, we use the term substance use this order. Well, we will now proceed to an activity called knowledge check. So I'm going to ask you to get a piece of paper and then write your answers to this statement, they are true or false. So you just need to write T for true and F for false. So number one is all drugs are bad. Is this a true or a false statement? Second, legal drugs are generally safe. Third, drug users are not morally weak. And lastly, majority of people are non-users. Okay, so I'm going to give you 10 seconds to write your answers. 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1. Time is up. Okay, so now let's check your answers. Is the first statement a true or a false statement? All drugs are bad. This is actually a false statement. You are correct because we said that medicines are actually drugs with curative properties. So this is a false statement. The second one, legal drugs are generally safe. This is another false statement because we all know that tobacco and alcohol are legal drugs, but they have dangerous effects on the body. So they are unsafe for use. Number three, drug users are not morally weak. Is this a true or a false statement? This is a true statement. They are not morally weak. We need to remember that behavior is a very complex thing. And explaining drug use is actually complicated because it is multifactorial. So we are going to talk about that later on. And then the last one, majority of people are non-users. This is definitely a true statement. So congratulations if you were able to get all four items correctly. So again, one and two are both false statements, the end for our true statement. So give yourself a pat on the back if you were able to get four out of four. Now I'm going to share with you a model and it's called the risk and protective factors for substance use or drug use. And this is going to be quite surprising for many of you because when I've learned about this, I was surprised myself. The first one is that by the way, before I start with this factors, I would like to make you realize that risk factors are factors that increase your susceptibility or vulnerability to drug use. So the first one is genetic predisposition. So it's really a surprise that about 40 to 60 percent of substance, vulnerability to substance uses actually genetic, genetically predetermined. So there is a genetic predisposition. The second one is that there are certain personality traits that increase our vulnerability. So this includes risk-taking, sensation-sicking, and impulsive behavior. And the last one is that when you have overall health conditions. So if you have coexisting health issues, like if you have mental health issues, then that predisposes you to risk to substance use and other unhealthy behaviors. So in general, these are the risk factors. But if we're going to look at risk factors in the school setting, it includes school failures. So if you are academically having problems, okay, if you have low commitment to school, so you have very low motivation, especially now that we're going to do remote learning. So if you have difficulty committing to school work, then that is actually a risk factor. So for those who are social isolates or those who are being there's rejection by peers, there's association with deviant and substance using peers. In general, these are risk factors in the school setting. Now let's move on to the protecting factors. These are the factors that decrease your susceptibility or vulnerability to substance use. So the first one is very important. If you have self-control, if you have this behavior, behavior regulation, and you're academically competent. So I guess because you're in UP, you have this protective factors of congratulations. And then if you have school-based drug education in UP, it's we have actually courses that deals with drug education. So for instance, in the College of Education, you have EDH130, okay, for undergraduate students, it's consumer health education and drug education. We also have that in the graduate level. It's called EDH209, drug education. So and I'm so happy that the NSDP is integrating this and the curriculum, okay, because it's really very important for us to know the skills, the competencies that we need so that we'll be able to live a healthy and a drug-free lifestyle. Another protective factor is strong neighborhood attachments. And of course, parental influence, okay. If your parents are loving, you have a very supportive home environment, that's a very good protective factor. And then if you have in rich environments and at home and school, there is enforcement of limits and discipline, okay, with you, they monitor, okay, the adults monitor your activities. That is an important protective factor. Let's look at the global context of substance use or drug use. So currently, this is actually the latest data from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. This is the World Drug Report 2020, okay. They just released this last June 26. And it says that in 2018, there were actually 269 million drug users. And this is 5.3% of the global population. I'd like you to remember that 5.3%. Why? Because I'd like to emphasize that majority of people are non-users. Majority of young people like you are non-users. Why is this important? Because there is a notion that among young people that they tend to smoke or drink alcohol or worse use illegal drugs, because they have this misconception that most or majority are using substances, when in fact it's not true. Okay, so remember that majority are non-users. So according to the DSM-5, this is the Diagnostic and is the Tessical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th Edition. Okay, this was actually published by the American Psychiatric Association. We no longer use the term drug addiction or dependence, but rather it refers to problematic use of drugs as substance use disorder or as a substance induce disorder. So again, that will remind you that we are no longer using the term drug addiction. So please do not refer to a person who is using drugs or substances as a drug addict because that is actually demoralizing. Okay, it's stigmatizing. So instead we refer to a person with a problematic use of drugs as a person with substance use disorder. So how do we know? Okay, you also need to remember that the term being used is substance use and not substance abuse. So substance use is a neutral term because we need to look at substance use as a continuum. So from mild to severe. And so according to the DSM-5, there are 11 criteria that we need to watch out for so that we will be able to assess whether the person has mild, moderate, or severe case. So how do we know? So let's look at the 11 criteria for substance use disorder. Number one is hazardous use. The second is social or interpersonal problems related to you. Some meaning you have problems dealing with maybe your friends, your family members, and you are now neglecting your major roles. So you can no longer study if you're working. You tend to actually do things other than working. So you actually experience withdrawal. So withdrawal are the unpleasant symptoms that you feel whenever you stop using the drug or the psychoactive substance. You also experience tolerance. Tolerance is the need to increase the dosage of the drug so that you will be able to experience the same effect. Okay. Number six is use larger amounts for a longer duration. Seven. Repeated attempts to quit or control use and then there's much time spent using. The person experiences physical or psychological problems related to use and there are activities being given up to use the substance. And lastly, there is craving. So based on this 11 criteria, if the person exhibits two to three, then the person is considered a person with mild substance use disorder. If you have four to five criteria, then you are a moderate case. Six or more than you are a severe case that necessitates treatment and rehabilitation. So now let's proceed to the general health consequences of substance use. So well, this can be categorizing to two. So we have the short term and the long term. So in general, when you take substance as especially illegal drugs, then it depends actually if it's a stimulant, a depressant, or a psychedelic. But generally in the short term, you will experience changes in appetite, wakefulness, or drowsiness. There is also a change in respiratory and heart rate. So if you took a stimulant, for example, then it will increase your respiration and your heart rate. There would be change in mood. So if you, for instance, took a stimulant, then you will be energetic, you will be happy. Okay. And then if it's a depressant, there will be a slow reaction time or reflexes, there would be nausea and vomiting. And for psychedelics, people may experience hallucination. Okay. Or, and then for depressants, they will experience decreased motor coagulation. So in the long term, many of these psychoactive substances can produce adverse effects. Okay. So negative consequences on our health. So this includes having heart or lung disease, cancer, different kinds of cancer, mental issues, HIV and AIDS, especially for those who inject psychoactive substances, hepatitis. Okay. And then there could be a physical or psychological dependence, memory loss or brain damage and malnutrition. So generally in the long term, the use of psychoactive substances can lead to substances disease. So it depends on a lot of factors, but you need to remember that factors can include the type of substance being used, the duration and the frequency of use. Again, in general, let's look at the cost of substance use. So for the person using the psychoactive substance, he or she can be predisposed to accidents, different diseases, then mental issues, depression, and the worst is death. For interpersonal, for the interpersonal aspect, so relationships can be damaged or can be volatile conflict for couples, for married people. There can be disruption in friendships and possible child abuse. So if the parents are using substances, there is a high probability that there would be violent behavior. Okay. For social functioning, this includes dangerous behavior. Okay. Especially for those who are actually using psychoactive substances and then they can commit crimes. Okay. There might be financial problem, employment difficulty, and legal problems. So now at this point, I'd like you to do an alertness check. So very easy. You just need to follow the instruction as shown in the slide. Just need to grab your left ear with your right hand. Okay. Left ear with your right hand. And now grab your nose with your left hand. Then you reverse. Okay. So now it's time to grab your right ear with your left hand and now grab your nose with your right hand. So you can do this alternately. I just would like to be sure that you are still with me. So very quickly, let us just review why are adult assets like you more vulnerable to risky behavior? Why are you have higher susceptibility to risky behavior, such as drug use? Well, basically because your brain is still developing. So you need to remember that the brain development starts from the back, always the front. And the back part, this is actually in charge of emotional regulation. Okay. And the prefrontal cortex is in charge of reasoning, organizing, prioritizing information, control of impulses, the session making and judgment. And this is not fully mature until age 25. That's the reason why usually you make the sessions because of your emotions. Okay. So the main responsibility of adults like us is to guide you in making right choices in life. So what are the hands-risk periods among young people like you? So you need to remember that during major transitions, you are particularly vulnerable. So this includes the transition from elementary to high school, junior to senior high school. And of course, from senior high school to college or work. So this particular transition in your life make you particularly vulnerable to risk-taking behaviors. So better watch out when you are transitioning. Now we will proceed to the legal implications of drug use. So we have a law. Okay. This is the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, this Republic Act 9165. When you watch the news and there is news about a drug-related incident, you always hear this lobbying inside that. So RA9165. So basically, we're just going to look at a very important profession in that law. And that is Section 15, the use of dangerous drugs. So according to the law, first offence, the penalty is minimum six-month rehabilitation in a government center. Okay. So and then if it's a second offence, there would be six years and one day to 12 year imprisonment and a fine of 50,000 to 200,000 times. So you need to remember the legal implication of using dangerous drugs. So dangerous drugs pertain to illegal drugs such as the use of marijuana and chaveau. Lastly, we are now going to proceed to the most important part of this presentation. This is the skills for a substance-free life. So how are we going to safeguard our health and well-being and ensure that we are living a drug-free life? There are three very important skills that we need to enhance, especially among young people like you. So the first one is assertiveness. The second is the session-making skill. Remember your prefrontal cortex is still developing. So we need to really enhance your decision-making skills. And the last very important life skill is spawned with substance or refusal skills. So how to say no, how to refuse an offer of a psychoactive substance. So let's start off with the assertiveness skill. So I have here the OFNR script. So this is an acronym that stands for observation, feelings, need, and request. So as you can see from this slide, there are several steps to assertive action. The first one is to state your observation. So the script here is that of course you need to describe the situation. So for instance, you can tell a friend when you offer, when you offered me a stick of cigarette, tell the person how it made you feel without feeling it. I was actually disappointed because I thought that you go with my friend. And then after that, you express your need. So in that situation, I need to know that you value my health. And lastly, you need to state your request. So please offer a healthy alternative. So that's it. And this is very much applicable to different areas of life. So whenever you are faced with a situation that compromises your health, you can make use of the OFNR script. So this is the steps to assertive action and the script that you can use to be assertive. Because actually many of us, many Filipinas have difficulty being assertive. So it's very easy for us to be passive. We just don't do anything. Or the opposite is that we become aggressive. So the middle ground is free to be assertive. When you are assertive, you respect the right of the other person. And at the same time, you respect yourself. And now let's proceed to the decision making skill. And I'm going to make use of the decide model. Again, just like the OFNR acronym, we have an acronym. Now it's the decide model. So the acronym here is the side. So it's very easy to remember. So the decide here stands for D is to determine the problem or the issue. So what is the issue at hand? Is it am I going to drink alcohol? And then you explore the alternatives. There you have two options, right? And then letter C is to consider the consequences. If you drink alcohol, what's going to happen? If you don't drink, what's going to happen? And then I used to identify your values. What is the most important thing for you? Is it to satisfy your need for belongingness for your friends? Is it your value about health and wellness? You value your parents' advice? What is it that is most important to you? And then after weighing all of these things and identifying your values, now it's time to decide. And don't forget the last step. This is very important. You need to evaluate your decision. Were you able to come up with the right decision? If not, then there is a great lesson learned. So the basic rule really is to stay away from situations where you can be tempted. So stay away from situations. So for instance, if it's very hard for you to say no, don't go to parties. Don't go to social activities or you know that there will be alcohol. So stay away from situations where you can be tempted. This is the general rule for the refusal or the resistance kids. There are also other strategies that you can use to say no. These are strategies that you can try. So maybe you can try this out with a partner. Maybe you're a sitmate right now. You can choose any of the strategies to use. So imagine that one of you is offering a bottle of alcohol to another and the other person, your partner needs to say no. So which of the following are you going to use? The first one is very simple. You just need to maintain eye contact and say no fearfully. So eye contact to say no. The second one is you can match your verbal with nonverbal signals in refusing the offer. So when you say no, you do this. You don't do this. So your verbal and nonverbal signal should be consistent. Remember that action speaks louder than words. So better if it should be consistent. And then you can use the broken record technique. So this one is you say no as many times as needed. So when the other person keeps on offering, okay, this is just one state. No. Okay, don't worry. This is going to be free. No. Oh, I'm not going to tell your parents. No. So you say no as many times as needed. That's the broken record technique. And then you can also use the cold shoulder approach. Or you can give reasons or excuses. I don't like to smoke because I have a long problem. So make up excuses and then give helpful alternatives. So instead of drinking alcohol, why not drink water? Water is still the healthiest drink, right? So this is the last part. So helpful alternatives. Many young people say that they smoke, they drink alcohol, or worse, they use illegal drugs because for them it's a lifestyle. And so we need to offer helpful alternatives to drug use. So what can you do? There are actually a lot of things that you can do instead of engaging in substance use. So I have here several recommendations. These are just examples. You can do spiritual activities. You can do something that will nourish your minds. You can do volunteer work. You can join organizations. Maybe they're available online, okay? Because now we are in a new normal. So volunteer work. And then I have here Barcada Contra Droga. This is actually a peer-based approach to substance use prevention. This is a program of the dangerous drug sport and the Department of Education to encourage young people to form clubs and develop their lives close together so that they will be able to live a healthy and drug-free lives. By the way, the UP College of Education through the health education area made this infographic last April. So we came up with an alphabet guide. So these are the many things that you can do to stay sane while we are in the midst of the pandemic. So feel free to have a copy of this. You can get this from the UP College of Education website. The Asha Training Center for Preventive Drug Education based in the College of Education also produced this infographic healthy lifestyle for the new normal. And it says be healthy, be drug free. So again, we have here an acronym that stands for the different activities that you can do in order to have a healthy lifestyle for the new normal. So let me end by saying there are so many things that we can engage. Please be active. Remember that exercise is the best until the present. It's free. It's very practical. Give because it makes you happy. You connect to people. So not social distancing, but physical distancing. Be connected to the people you love, to the people who matter to you. Connect virtually and then keep learning and take notice. So be observant. So stay drug free amid COVID-19 crisis. This is the last activity that I'd like you to do. This is the Commitment Act and I'd like you to stand with the left hand outstretched, bum up. So left hand outstretched, bum up. And then you're going to swing your right arm in a circle. And then you are going to put it on your outreach hand and say, I commit to living a healthy and substance free life. And you're going to repeat for three times. So I'm assuming that you are doing it right now. So stand with the left hand outstretched, bum up, swing your right arm in a circle. And then put it here and then say, I commit to living a healthy and substance free life. Can we do this together? We're going to repeat this for three times. One, two, three, go. I commit to living a healthy and substance free life. I commit to living a healthy and substance free life. I commit to living a healthy and substance free life. Thank you so much for your Commitment Act. I have here a homework for you. And this is made an abstinence box. So what is an abstinence box? So this is simply a box that contains five items that you most value. And that would help you stay drug free. So let me give you an example. I have here my abstinence box. And let me share with you the contents of my abstinence box. So these are the items. I have here a picture of my students. They inspire me to be my best. I have here a rosary because I'm a Catholic. And then I have here an item from Kenya because I'd like to, I love to travel and I hope to travel after this pandemic. You learn a lot from traveling. And then of course I have here a pen because I love to write and have your reputation. It is never too late to be what you might have been by George. So these are the five items in the abstinence box. And I'm challenging you to come up with your own abstinence box. Back scoot the five items that would help you stay healthy and drug free. So thank you so much, everyone. At this point, I'd like you to share your insights by writing it down so you can answer these questions. I made use of the model what, so what, now what. So what is your most important learning from this webinar or this e-lecture? So what did this webinar or e-lecture made you realize? Now what do you plan to do to be healthy and substance free? Remember Confucius said knowledge is nothing without application. So thank you so much, everyone. Let me end by saying teaching knowledge as my mind strengthens my heart and nurtures my spirit. I don't do it for a living this my life. Thank you. Thank you.