 Good morning to all of you and welcome back to the workshop on writing effective conference papers. Today is day 2, this is the first session and let us just begin with the session directly. We will have time for some activities and some interaction later. This session is on something very important, but something not very pleasant and it goes by the big name of plagiarism. So what we will do is first look at why somebody might be, why someone's work might be accused of plagiarism and mainly we will spend time on how to avoid it. This is something all of us just have to know and ignorance is not a valid excuse here unfortunately. So it is in our best interest to know when, what is acceptable, what is not acceptable, why is it not acceptable and so on. So again let us do a bunch of questions, multiple choice questions. I will pose a question and if you can simply say yes or no by show of hands at your center and if you are a center coordinator can relay the majority answer through the chat, then we can pick up the discussion like we did yesterday. The first question I will do, I will give you the answer right away because I think it is very obvious. So uncredited verbatim copying of more than 50 percent of the paper, is it considered as plagiarism or not? The reason I want to spend a little time on this slide is just to go over these words. Verbatim means exactly as something is without changing anything directly quoting and so on. Yeah I can see all your answers, there is no question that all of us agree that this is something we should not be doing. Uncredited means without giving any reference, without giving any credit. So now let us make the choices a little more subtle and little, we are going to get into more and more grey areas. One thing I would like you to note is even on a slide in a presentation, it is important to give citations. Professor Sunoj also mentioned this yesterday, there are few ways you can do it. For example, you can put the citation directly on the slide itself. So I use these materials, it is okay if you cannot read it. I intentionally put it in a slightly lower font than the rest of the slide. But it is important that it be there. This comes from the IEEE publications and standards which most of us use in the science and engineering domain. So I am just using this example from there. Next question, uncredited verbatim copying of I would say less than 20 percent of the paper, somewhere between 10 and 20 percent of the paper. Would that be considered as plagiarism? Yes, no, cannot tell. Just now you can send your replies. I see most people saying yes and a few no. So it is a little important to discuss this. This is also considered as plagiarism. So now I just want to jump ahead to one of my slides, I know this slide. Does the amount of material that one uses and copies from somewhere else, does that play a role in defining whether it is plagiarized or not? What IEEE says is that the amount or the quantity does not play a role in determining or in defining plagiarism. So whether you take 20 percent or 10 percent or even one sentence, it says that if the material is uncredited, it will be considered as plagiarized. So this is important to know. It is not about how much you do it, but what IEEE says is suppose it has been determined or identified that some work has plagiarized from one more work. They say that it should play a part in determining what is the corrective action. And if you want me to use a really ugly word, I will use the word punishment here. But what punishment means is if an author has accidentally used a single sentence from somebody else's work, should that paper be rejected from the conference on the basis of that? Perhaps not. What might happen there is that the referee might know of the reference and say that look, the sentence seems to be derived from somebody else's work. You should put the final citation in your final version. On the other hand, if two pages in a six-page paper seem to be from somebody else's work, it is very likely that the paper will be rejected. So the amount does not play a role in defining what is plagiarism and whether plagiarism has happened, but it is more in terms of what should be the corrective action. So let us go back and look at a few more subtle cases, grey areas as we saw. Let us look at this one. Considered verbatim copying of an individual element, say a picture. Is this considered as plagiarism? And I think most of us agree so far that by now that even this would be considered because we will see why this would be considered, but based on the previous discussion we can agree that even if you have one sentence or especially illustrations are very important because even though it is a single illustration, one figure carries a lot of data. So it is like somebody else has done an experiment and the author who has used that work has simply borrowed the results without doing the experiment. Next question or next point. So maybe the problem is because of this word uncredited that we are not giving reference to it, we are not citing it and uncredited means there are no quotation marks, no credit, no attribution, no reference, no bibliography or some combination of this. So maybe this is the problem, so suppose we credit, are we safe? So this question is something I do want to spend time on because a lot of people have certain ideas which are not acceptable in the overall scientific community. So let us say you have seen a paragraph in a Wikipedia article and you cite, you copy that paragraph verbatim word to word in your paper and you cite it by saying this is from e-learning Wikipedia and the article let us say comes in your text. So you want to talk about e-learning and there is a huge text on Wikipedia on, there is a huge entry on Wikipedia on e-learning and one entire paragraph you use directly in your text saying e-learning is so and so. So would that be considered as plagiarism? So here I see almost a 50-50 split. So let us see the answer even though I have said yes perhaps you can say that it depends. Why? Because it really depends on how the credit is given. What went wrong here is that the person simply used it in the text and gave a citation in the text itself and simply put this reference in the bibliography. So what was not clear from this example is if the exact words used are the authors words or are they from the Wikipedia article? There is a difference between simply using someone's ideas in one's own text by summarizing or rewriting in one's own words and between directly copying. So we are talking about directly copying. The only way, the only way you are allowed to directly copy is if you tell your reader that look I am directly copying and the way we do it is by use of quotation marks or some other formatting which tells the reader that the material is being directly copied and this is called quoting. So there is a lot more on it. The reason I am spending time on this is we have a lot of students who say that they have been taught that so long as you give credit it is okay to take even two or three paragraphs from somewhere else directly. That is not acceptable in the scientific community. Let us look at the next point. So we agree that directly copying could lead to problems. So suppose we write a sentence from a paper by using synonyms of somebody's words or phrases and rearrange the sentence order. Would this be considered as plagiarism? You are not directly copying but there is one sentence and synonyms are used or there are three sentences and some word order and sentence order is used. Let us see here there seem to be yes, no and depends. Let us see what is going on here. Then if all you do is rewrite a sentence by using synonyms and give credit even if you give credit it is considered to be improper paraphrasing and it is a gray area and being more strict by saying yes you can say that the answer depends on how much the sentence is rewritten or how well it is rephrased but really what I mean is if you simply substitute one synonym for the other it is not acceptable. I think we have an example of this some time later so we will look at the example. So some words you need to be familiar with right now I will just throw out all these words and in the next few slides we will look at the meanings of most of these. So you will see the word sight and citation very often and these three words usually go hand in hand references and bibliography. You will see words such as credit and attribute what it means is that you are letting the reader know that the material you are using belongs to somebody else and you have borrowed it. So you are giving credit to the original source or you are attributing your work to the original source that is what these words mean. These last three quote and paraphrase will spend the most time on verbatim we saw meant directly copying. Let us look at why what are some reasons people plagiarize and most of these are unintentional. So one of the most common ones is this one I thought it was ok so long as I put a citation. To summarize the most common reason why people plagiarize is they said I did not know it was not ok. Unfortunately that excuse would not work. Some other reasons people say that well I knew I needed to summarize in my own words but I did not know how to do it because English is not my mother tongue. Unfortunately even that excuse would not work. It is ok if you write something in your own words in slightly poor language that is not such a big problem. Later the session right after this Dr. Muktathira will tell us how to try to make sure that you do write in how to improve your English she will do whole session on that. Simply because you think you are not able to do it you do not have an excuse for directly copying from somebody else. Internet and online resources are again a big problem because the internet belongs to everybody right Wikipedia especially it is a crowd sourcing model everybody writes on it. So it is neither mine nor yours nor somebody else's. So of course we can use it that does not work either. As material is there on the internet there is a way to tell the reader that this is borrowed from this article on the internet. So we will do an example of that later. This is a common one and most of us unfortunately fall for this I did not have the time. I do my references at the end and I ran out of time the deadline was tomorrow morning and I was busy making sure my figure was ok and my flow was ok and I did not have the time. This is it is not a valid excuse but it is something that happens so often. So we just have to make sure that we do not fall into this trap. So try to make sure that your citations and references are getting done as in when you write the paper it is easy for me to say it is very hard for even me to implement but you just have to do it. So the reason I started two minutes late is that I had forgotten to put a citation at the bottom of this slide I showed you somewhere earlier. On one of these slides I had forgotten and I realized that I cannot be doing a session on plagiarism and not put a citation. So that is something you just absolutely have to pay attention to. There are some cultural issues here. In the west in the scientific tradition in the western countries plagiarism is illegal it is regarded as a very serious offense and children as young as I would say third standard are taught what not to do and how to paraphrase and so on. We do not have such a strict tradition in our own country and many other countries do not have this tradition. So we have to be aware of it but again now that it is a global world we are collaborating with each other we are in the international arena and so on we just have to make sure that we all follow common norms and common to the scientific community. So even within the serious academic research community in our country or any other country it is not acceptable to borrow somebody with words and not give credit. There are several challenges here and I will just go through this one by one. You will say well it is so difficult to do this because you have to base your topic you have to develop an idea based on somebody else. We spoke about this so much yesterday, situate your work in other people's context tell readers why the problem is important and so on but at the same time you have to do something new and original. So there is a competition there. You have to rely on experts opinions but you have to improve upon sometimes even disagree with them. You have to give credit to previous receivers but at the same time you have to make your own significant contributions and state them. So there is a tension or a pull in opposite directions between all of the goals that you have to follow or you have to try to achieve on the right in the right column and in the left column. Let us look at the last one. You have to improve your English because it has to fit the kind of English that is spoken by the scientific community. You cannot or it is not a good idea to use vernacular English to use shortcuts and lingo as Professor Sunoj mentioned yesterday but at the same time you have to use your own words and your own voice. So what do you do in such cases and is it possible at all to overcome these challenges or should we just throw up our hands in the air and say well it is not illegal in our country so let us just do it. Unfortunately no you cannot do this. You have to try to overcome many of these challenges and we will just look at some ways to do so. I am just going to flash this slide here because we will spend sufficient time on each one of these in a moment. Not always which means give credit whenever it is necessary but it is not sufficient. Use your own words or summarize as often as you can. Paraphrase, what paraphrase means is that paraphrase is somewhere between using your own words and directly quoting. You are rewriting somebody's ideas but it is not completely your own words. That is paraphrasing. We will do a couple of exercises on that. So you have you can do it but you have to be a little careful while doing it. It is much better to use your own words. Quoting directly quoting especially in engineering and computer science and chemistry and mathematics and physics and what not it is very rarely needed. In the humanities it is required a little bit more. So let us look at what each of these is. Citation simply means you are telling you readers that certain material came from some other source. For example, there is a paper all these examples are from papers that authors submitted. So I have been going through your submitted drafts from Moodle. There is a sentence somewhere that says that distance education is a cost effective solution to the universal problem of providing high quality education to large number of students. And right there this is the first sentence of the entire paper. They have put a citation and in the references the first one is the source from which the authors have used the idea. So this is what is meant by citing. This is something I think all of us know. The reason we have to cite the several reasons we have to give proper credit to other people. It is etiquette in the scientific and in the scientific community. There are certain norms and rules and I would say it is just plain good manners at the very least but at the more serious end there are certain legal issues also involved. So there are lots of reasons why we should do it. So anytime you use words or illustrations, data or even an idea from somewhere else you have to cite. How to cite? I am not going to spend any time on this because it really there are different styles and the style depends on the conference or journal that you are submitting the paper to. I think Professor Kannan yesterday showed you two different styles a plain style and a nitriple style. There are so many different styles it completely depends on the field and the journal and conference use the style that that particular publishing when you asks you to. But you have to cite in regardless of what style you use. Paraphrase is you put a passage from you take a passage from a source material. You include it in your work but before you include it in your work you convert it and you rephrase it. You convert it partly in your own words and you cite it to the original and you also cite the original source. So we will go to an example and then we will come back to this slide. So it is a slightly long example so I am going to spend 30 seconds keeping quiet so that you can read this. When you paraphrase, let us look at the last paragraph here. How to paraphrase? Read the passage as many times as you need. My post-doc advisor used to always say read it at least 3 times. Jot down the key ideas in your own words. What are the central ideas in the original passage? It is a good idea to then completely close the original passage and use your key ideas to write the paraphrase. So let us identify the key ideas here. There are two key ideas that the Antarctic plays an important role in regulating climate and there is this whole process has become fragile due to human activity. So one acceptable paraphrase is given here. So again I will just leave it. You can read it. It is a lot of text so try to absorb it. These slides will be made available later on Moodle. So you do not have to worry that you are missing something. There is the important point here is identifying the key points. If you are able to do that well then it is fairly easy to write a paraphrased version. So what we will look at next is maybe let us do a quick, very brief exercise. I want you to match the following. There should have been a 1, 2 and 3 here. The blue is the original paragraph. The big passages on the left hand side are different possible ways of rewriting the original material. What you have to identify is a match the following. I am not saying that this is equal to this but which one of these is a legitimate paraphrase, which one is somewhat acceptable and which one is a plagiarized version. So let me ask, read the original passage first. Let us look at the plagiarized version. Between 1, 2 and 3 which one is the plagiarized version? So here you can just shout out the name. It is easy to spot plagiarized versions here if you look for synonyms. Is there something where simply one word has been replaced by an alternate word? The first one. See this one again is from an exercise that I found on one of the important sites. You can think of making something even better. In B and C which one is the legitimate one? Let me do one thing. I am just going to leave this as an exercise for you because you will have to think about this a little bit and I will post it on moodle later. Just think about it but the point is that there are many ways or many degrees of rewriting in your own words. And again sometimes it is a little subjective. One person I think may not be acceptable to somebody else and so on. Let us just look at one or two other things and then let us look at quoting. Quoting means writing something which is identical to the original using a narrow segment of the source. It is not a good idea to quote a paragraph, never a good idea, not in engineering research. Quoting your own words or summarizing or paraphrasing is much better. Sometimes if you want to call attention to somebody's exact original words, it may be okay so long as you put quotation marks. See the quotation marks here and give the citation. In certain styles they ask you to use a different font or block text. One good example of using a quotation was done yesterday by Professor Sunooj. He wanted to make a point that he wanted to expand on some idea and he used a quotation by Pearlbuck because it provided the starting point for him to expand his idea. He was not talking about what she said in that quotation but he thought it was a good starting point to trigger or call everyone's attention to that idea. So if that ever happens you can quote but as I said earlier it is very rarely that you would need it.