 As I said we have been working for the last several years on trying to experiment we got applications in different contexts and all that. So these were some of the initial units where we tried kind of doing it for a single household right to work with basic masonry constructions and all this was before the prefabrication phase. Now in fact we are trying to move towards prefabricated single household systems. These were a little probably over designed at that time but trying to again have a system of connected number of settler, the baffling reactor and aerobic filter and we actually have done about some 10-15 systems like this and they are working reasonably with the basic principle continuous. Then there are also several systems done by CDD on cluster level devour system. This is actually a small artist village that we have done near Maharashtra where we had about 50 houses where so what we did is that because it was a very challenging terrain we decided to actually go for small cluster level treatment systems. So each house has a small settler, these are some of the houses. So essentially the treatment pattern is like this is a sewage and sewage from each house goes to an individual household level settler and from there only the gluins are piped and they go to a cluster level baffling reactor and after that we have just kind of let it because this was like a very spread out site after the baffling reactor and then aerobic filter. So we just let it recharge the ground water because it was like about 17 acres of land and we have just 50 houses. So this was and so the subsurface when we reuse that water actually for gardening the community gardens where they were growing avenues and all that. So this was just kind of trying to say that you can work with different events like this was a baffling reactor that we did. We actually made it as part of the steps going down to the valley because as you see in the first photograph the site is actually a valley. So you can integrate these things as part of your landscape. This is another place where we try to do it. This is basic just to explain that you can do it with basic civil construction. This is another small community level system. This is actually part of the tsunami rehabilitation with the Lengambadi where you have actually each of the houses have their own toilets. The sewage is piped and taken to a cluster level treatment system and treated actually. Now in Anipi also we are doing one such similar cluster level system. This is another small community in the Anabpur actually where again the wastewater is treated at a community level. So this is a community level treatment system. This is again like a small office, our own office in Kochi where again to kind of show that you can actually treat it all as part of your landscape. So we have the baffling reactor not below the ground. This is our planted filter. This is where we actually collect the water and reuse it. This is the baffling reactor that we have actually done below the ground. This is a slightly larger system. So where again you can't see the baffling reactor because it's below the ground. This is how your planted gravel filter will look. This is actually a very high end yoga retreat. So it's actually very much part of the garden space. And this is a large pond where the wastewater is collected. And from here we reuse it for their negation. So this is another project. It's actually a heritage project which is near Kondankot that is north of Kerala, north east of Kerala actually. This particular project has won a lot of recognition from the pollution control board for the quality of treatment. So it's one of the best working reward systems that probably we have done. So this is under construction happening. This is how it went finally. And actually in this particular divorce we try to experiment growing a lot of herbs in the planted gravel filter also. Which is quite interesting to actually try out. And then we had the last polishing pond which had a lot of water lilies and all that. So these systems you can actually level it as close to an actual ecosystem as is possible. But this is one of the bigger, one of the very biggest of divorce system that CDD has done. This is for Aravindai Hospital in Pondicherry which treats about 3 lakh liters of water every day. It's now working for the last almost 10 years or more I think almost 20 years or something. So you can see that this is their entire baffled reactor and aerobic filter which is completely under their parking areas. And this is the large planted gravel filter and the polishing pond. Which again has been integrated into the landscape. So this is how it was when it was under construction. And the other photo is after completion. This is how it is as of now. So basically so after doing several hundreds of smaller building level systems be it for a house, a housing colony, a hospital or whatever and all that. There's always been this thing to kind of trying to scale it up to a town level. Whether you can address it to a slightly larger level. So we have tried to work on divorce that's probably trying to integrate it to existing sewage networks in places. It can also help as I said in many places the centralised systems are designed but very often they don't take care of the future expansion. So this can actually help in demand management. There is reduced load on existing centralised utilities and delaying setting up of new ones, thereby saving on capital investments and point of cost. And as I said it helps in recycling of nutrients for ecological balance. And one significant thing which I think we'll come to when we talk about Aleppee is that there is much more of community involvement that you can do when you're doing a decentralized system as compared to a centralized system. We all know that none of even people like us who we claim to be educated and knowing and all that we don't even know what kind of systems the government is coming up. There are consultants coming from here and there and all that trying to do something. So common man doesn't get to know anything about what is happening where you don't even have access to such places to go and see what is actually happening in the cities. Whereas in a decentralized system you have an opportunity to engage with the community and make them take responsibility for that. That is one of the significant things that we have tried in Aleppee also to get people to own that your waste is your problem and everything. So we have done, tried to experiment on projects at the city level. This was a project we did for a remunering one Nala in Pune, which was called the scalar. We did it back in 2007. So it had about 20 kilometres of length. And that happens in Pune. Pune city claims that they have about 90% sewerage network. I don't know whether any of you are from Pune. The thing is that there might be the sewerage networks, but there are so many places which cannot be connected to your sewerage network because of gradient or water and all that. So, ultimately a lot of these uncreated wastewater finds its way to the NALA, which is the case every town and city as you know. So, we do this one NALA is about 20 kilometers and we did a whole analysis of the catchment of the NALA. We worked on all those things and we found that about 19.5 million waste water is actually flow finding its way into the NALA. This was the kind of initial study. So, we looked at the upstream, the midstream and the downstream parts of it. I am not going into the detail. So, what we then worked out as a solution for the for rejuvenating the NALA is that the first thing we said is that we have to actually prevent further encroachments into the NALA, which is something that we all find everywhere, isn't it? This is like a place where somebody will just do one wall and then it extends again, etc. So, we said that let us actually physically put fensings which define the catchment of the or the boundary of the NALA. So, probably you have like a fencing, but you have openings, it is not like you are not you are totally cutting off people, but you have access at every 500 meters or something. And then we said that we can actually do the treatment along the bands of the NALA and create a green walkway. So, that was the whole concept. So, you can actually create an honest 12 kilometer norm into two green walkways. If you are treating the water and letting it flow into it. So, this is probably how we thought. So, you have these multiple inlets into this schematic thing, multiple inlets into the NALA. And this is probably the dry flow of the NALA, but you still have space on both sides to actually treat it. But the issue is that very often where your wastewater is discharged, you may not have space to actually put up your treatment system. So, we designed something. So, this is a schematic section. So, what we said is that let us fence off the sides. Let us put the treatment systems on the side of the NALA. So, we have the anaerobic systems below the walkways on both sides. And then you have the planted gravel filters along the side of the NALA. And you let the treated water into the NALA itself. And you do a lot of aeration and flow forms and all that in the NALA. So, that actually helps in the further aeration of the system. So, to take care of this issue that where your wastewater was generated, you may not have land. What we worked out is that you, we suggested that we can run long sewer all along the length of the NALA. And at every point where the wastewater comes and there is space available, we do a modular system of say 50 cubic meters or something where we actually decided that 50 cubic meters was a good volume. So, you put up treatment units wherever you have space. And you have a flow dividing system such that only 50 cubic meters enters into the treatment system. The rest flows again through the main sewer. In the next area where you have land, you put another two or three systems. So, wherever you have land available, you put in treatment modules and let the water treated. So, and flow back into the NALA. So, that was the, so this was all these details how we worked out and how you can actually control the flow into a treatment system. And we decided to put in this prefabricated baffled reactor units, the detail for the planted driver filters. And we also suggested that there could be a lot of aeration inside the water as well as have these things like flow form. So, you kind of improve the flow of water into the NALA. So, this was actually taken very well, but of course that is what we come to when you are actually dealing with large systems. The kind of processes through our government process to kind of get acceptance to actually experiment these systems is very, very difficult. So, it was taken very well, it went through a lot of discussions, but it never kind of came into an execution level. Similarly, we also tried to, but it gave us a lot of insight into how you can actually tackle urban water bodies. It's not like, it's not an impossible task to resolve or something. And we did the entire calculations, everything and all was done at that point also. Another opportunity was actually to try and work on a decentralized approach to the entire sewage and wastewater treatment system of a small town. So, this is actually a small town called Tehne, which is in Tamil Nadu. It's a beautiful small picturesque town about 1 lakh population. They of course didn't have any existing underground sewage system. So, most of the, as I said, most of the middle class and upper middle class also had septic tanks, but some of the smaller economically weaker sections had community level sanitation, but even that was not very effective. There were not too many industries, but whatever was there also was let off to the water body. So, eventually, so this is a kind of scene, I think I don't have to go into it. Typically, a scene that you find in any of our small and big towns. And eventually, Tehne had some three or four large, beautiful lakes. The water found its way into these lakes and the lakes were beginning to die actually. So, that is when they decided that they wanted to set up some kind of a sewage treatment facility. So, they actually had got Wilbur Smith to make a big detail feasibility study for the sewage system and all that. And they came up with this understanding that almost the 60% of the old cast was actually going into running these sewers, which was a huge amount for a small town like Tehne. Plus the fact that they wanted about seven acres or something of land in the outskirts to set up the sewage treatment plant, which the local farmers made a big UN cry as we were like stuck on what to do. So, what we suggested on the other hand is that we suggested the same thing. So, we suggested that as we did in the smaller communities, we suggested that there can be household levels, small septic tanks or settlers. And you can actually, the advantage was that the water table is not very high, there was some amount of gradient. So, it was probably a softer challenge for us to work with. So, we said that then that there will be small diameter sewer. So, you know when you have settler, you are piping only your effluent. So, you can use smaller diameter pipes, more shallow gradients. And then you take it to a cluster level and you have the treatment systems. And after treatment, you can actually reuse it for watering your avenue, trees or plants or even parks and all that. For community-based sanitation systems, we said we can actually do the toilets and have their own treatment systems. Larger building complexes, we suggested that make it mandatory through rules that they set up their own treatment systems to have it. And we also worked out the methodology on how these things can be worked out. So, we said that actually there can be a company or an NGO can be formed to take up the responsibility of working with the municipality to actually install and maintain these divorce units, to involve local civil contractors to actually make the production. And then the only systems that the town will have to take care of would be the deserging part of it. As I said, to have a vehicle-starch management unit and do the deserging once in two or three years might be the responsibility of the municipality. Again, this went through a lot of discussions and debates and it even went up to the Tamil Nadu Water and Sewerage Board on whether can we try it out and all that. But the biggest challenge right now in our country on doing anything at a city level is that we are still stuck with our knowledge which is like maybe from the pre-independence time. So, as you all also know that what we are learning and what all the decision makers are learning are still the knowledge of the West where we are going for centralized system and all that. So, when we talk about decentralized and having to deserage and all that it faces a lot of opposition. The other thing is that our codes are still bound by all these again the Western standards. Like if you are even looking at something like BOD 5 and all that they were actually developed by the British for their climatic conditions and their waste quantity and all those. So, basically BOD 5 was developed in UK considering as a time that the wastewater took for it to actually reach a sea in their climatic condition and their kind of distance which probably is not relevant to our conditions. So, these kind of things unless they change it is kind of very difficult to kind of make any headway. And then of course you have when you are working with the government departments you understand that it is very very very difficult to actually move on pace to kind of get that decision taken and nobody wants to kind of change the status quo. So, these are the kind of things that we have also been battling with. But at the same time as I said initially right now there is a lot of policy changes that is being happened. There is a lot of thrust that is going into improving urban sanitation infrastructure particularly. There are projects like Ambrut and Swachbari Kabia and the Smart Cities missions etc. which are actually stressing on citizen-friendly and sustainable infrastructure. There is a national urban sanitation policies which is actually urging cities and towns to use appropriate technology options as for their needs and all that not necessarily having to go to large centralized systems again. We also have the change happening that our population is probably much more the awareness is also changing you have people who are travelling in different parts of the country. Everyone has the aspiration to become like a Singapore or at least like a Sri Lanka for that matter. So, there is a push from the population also to make a change. And it is a fact that the technologies are also improving everywhere what was probably 20 years back. There is a lot of streamlining. So, I will conclude this part of the presentation. So, what coming into the Aleppee intervention what we have been trying to do in Aleppee is that we were we had this opportunity where we had a very dynamic leadership. So, as you know it is actually the present finance minister who himself has kind of spearheaded the project. So, there is a dynamic leadership happening and there is this team of us who have been working. So, they just hoping with Aleppee that that if we can bring the paradigm shift into a public infrastructure project. So, that is kind of setting the vacuum for Aleppee itself.