 Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Panimian Grammar. In this lecture, we continue studying the Visarga Sandhi. In this course, we have already studied Ach Sandhi and Hal Sandhi. These are two very crucial, very important chapters as part of the traditional curriculum called Pancha Sandhi Prakaranam. The next chapter in the Pancha Sandhi Prakaranam is Visarga Sandhi. And we are studying Visarga Sandhi. We state that Visarga Sandhi is the Sandhi that substitutes the Visarga. We also said that Visarga is itself a substitute. It replaces Ra coming at the end of the Prada in the environment of Khur and Avasana following. And then in place of this Visarga in the environment of Khur once again the Sandhi happens. Other modifications happen, which is what is being studied in this particular chapter called Visarga Sandhi. So what is a Visarga Sandhi? Visarga Sandhi is a Sandhi in place of a Visarga. Visarga is a substitute and in its place sounds like Sa and Visarga itself and also 0 are substituted. So Visarga is the input and in its place X representing all such substitutes they get substituted. This is what is Visarga Sandhi. We have already studied one set of sutras namely Kharavasana Yor Visarjaniya, Visarjaniya Siya Sah, Sharpare Visarjaniya, Va Shari and we also studied the Vartika, Kharpare Shari, Va Visarga Lopavaktavyaha and finally Kupuk Paucha. This is the other set of sutras that we will study in the course of the study of the Visarga Sandhi. We have to study in this lecture, the sutras mentioned on the left hand side, Sopadadau Enash Shah, Namas Purashor Gatya Ho, Idhudupadhasya Cha Pratyayasya, Tirasornya Tarasyaam and Dvistrish Chaturiti Krithvor Thee. So Padadau is 8338 Enash Shah 8339, Namas Purashor Gatya Ho 8340, Idhudupadhasya Cha Pratyayasya 8341, Tirasornya Tarasyaam 8342 and Dvistrish Chaturiti Krithvor Thee 8343. And in the next lecture, we shall study part of this second set in the form of the following sutras. In this lecture, let us concentrate on the sutras beginning with Sopadadau 8338. One common feature of all these sutras is that they all are stated in 8.3, which is part of the Asiddha section, which means that the output of all these sutras cannot become the input for the sutras stated from 1.1 onwards up to 8.1 in the Ashtadhyay. In the Swadhisandhi chapter that we shall study later on, we will also see an exception to this particular feature. However, let us concentrate on Sopadadau and study this sutra first. Sopadadau is 8338. This sutra consists of two padas, sahah and apadadau. Sahah is 1 slash 1 of sir, referring to the sound sir. Also, 1 slash 1 indicates that this is the substitute. The other padah is apadadau, 7 slash 1 of apadadi. Apadadi has got two constituents, a and padadi. Padadi has got two constituents, padha and adi, padhasya adi. So, padadi means at the beginning of the padha, apadadi means not at the beginning of a padha. So, apadadau qualifies another word in the seventh case that is followed from the previous sutra, namely kupoho. So, kupoho is 7 slash 2 of kupu. Kupu refers to ku and pu. Ku refers to kavarga, but in this case refers to only to k and kh. And pu refers to pavarga, but in this case it refers to only p and ph. So, kupoho, 7 slash 2 means immediately before kupu. Now, this 7 slash 1 and this 7 slash 2, they are both in the same case. So, apadadau is the qualifier of kupoho. Visarjaniyas here is 6 slash 1, which means in place of the Visarjaniya. So, this is the substitute and this is the substitute. These are the environments. So, the meaning of the sutra is the following. Immediately before kupu, which do not occur at the beginning of the padha, in place of a Visarjaniya, substitute sa. I repeat. Immediately before kupu, which do not occur at the beginning of the padha, in place of a Visarjaniya, substitute sa. Visarjaniya is the substitute and sa is the substitute. Now, the vartika further reduces the scope of application of this particular sutra. So, when you say immediately before kupu, it could mean any word beginning with ka and per and so on. But the vartika specifies the scope of application by saying that kupu here stands for only these 4 elements. Which one? Pasha, Kalpa, K and Kamya. These 4 elements. All these 4 are the pratyayas. Pasha, Kalpa and K are the tadidha pratyayas and Kamya is a pratyaya which is added after a subanta to get the output in the form of a verbal root. So, when these 4 suffixes follow, obviously, per and kr then is not at the beginning of the padha. So, it is a padadi. It is within a padha. And so, the right hand side environment is restricted to these 4 suffixes. Pasha, Kalpa, Kr and Kamya. And so, we get the following examples. Payas plus pasha and pasha is the pratyaya. Now, sir in payas appears at the end of a padha and so it gets substituted by ru and then it gets substituted by a visargha. So, we have payah and pasha. So, kharavasana yur visar janiyaha has applied here because per appears in kar. So, this ru is substituted by a visargha. So, we have payah and pasha. And then so padadu applies and when pasha is following, this visargha at the end of payah is substituted by sir. And so, we get the finally derived form payas pasha. Payas pasha. Similarly, yashas and kalpa. Once again, sir coming at the end of the padha in yashas, internal padha in yashas. And so, it was also at the end of an internal padha in payas in the example payas pasha. So, this sir at the end of yashas is substituted by ru which in its turn is substituted by a visargha by the sutra kharavasana yur visar janiyaha because khar is following. Now, 338 applies and substitutes this visargha by sir and so we get yashas plus kalpa that is yashas kalpa. Similarly, yashas plus kalpa. Once again, sir appears at the end of the padha. So, it is substituted by ru. Then it is substituted by a visargha by the sutra kharavasana yur visar janiyaha. And so, we have yashas plus kalpa. Then 338 applies and substitutes this visargha by sir. So, we get yashas plus kalpa that is yashas kalpa. Then we have yashas plus kalpa which is the verbal root and t is added then. So, yashas appears at the end of the padha and then we have sir being substituted by ru and then it is substituted by a visargha by the sutra kharavasana yur visar janiyaha. Then this visargha is substituted by sir by application of 338 and we have yashas kamyati. Let us now study the next sutra, inaha shah, 339. This sutra has got two padhas, inaha and shah. Inaha is 5 slash 1 of n which means immediately after n. And shah is 1 slash 1 of sir referring to the sound sir. Visar janiyaha is continuing and also pasha kalpa ka kamyash viti vacham which reduces the scope of this particular sutra. So, visar janiyaha is the substitute and sir is the substitute. When visar janiyaha comes immediately after n, it is to be substituted by sir. When pasha kalpa ka and kamyash are following. So, the meaning of the sutra can be stated likewise like this. Substitute the visar janiyaha which comes immediately after n by sir when followed immediately by pasha kalpa ka and kamyash. I repeat substitute the visar janiyaha which comes immediately after n by sir. So, place shah in place of a visar janiyaha when this visar janiyaha is followed by pasha kalpa ka and kamyash. So, this is the example, surface plus pasha. Now, surface has got sir preceded by e that is n. Now, this sir is substituted by ru and then ru is substituted by a visar janiyaha. Now, this visar janiyaha is such that there is n immediately before it and pasha immediately after it. So, this visar janiyaha gets substituted by shah by this particular sutra inahasha. And so, we get surface pasha finally, surface pasha as the output. Similarly, surface plus kalpa and this sir will be substituted by ru which will be substituted by a visar janiyaha. So, we have sir pihi plus kalpa and this visar janiyaha will get substituted by shah by the application of the present sutra inahasha. And so, we have surface plus kalpa that is surface kalpa. Then we have surface plus ka and sir at the end of surface is substituted by ru which will be substituted by sir. So, we have sir pihi plus ka. Now, in this visar janiyaha we find following conditions fulfilled. This visar janiyaha is preceded immediately by e that is n and is followed by this suffix ka. So, inahasha applies and substitutes this visar janiyaha by shah. So, we have surface plus ka that is surface ka. And then we have surface plus kamyati and then we get sir pihi plus kamyati. Now, this visar janiyaha is such that it is preceded immediately by an e which is in and followed by kamya. And so, we apply this particular sutra and substitutes shah in place of the visar janiyaha. So, we have surface plus kamyati that is surface kamyati. Let us now study the next sutra, namas purasor gatyoho. This is 8340. This sutra has got two padhas, namas purasor and gatyoho. Namas purasor is 6 slash 2 of namas puras which is made up of two gattis or nipatas or avyayas, namely namas and puras. Namas purasoho 6 slash 2 means part of. Gatyoho is also 6 slash 2 of the term gatti. Gatti refers to a class of words which are similar in function to preverbs. The words continued are visar janiyas here, in place of a visar janiya, the substituent. 7 slash 2 of kupu and sah, 1 slash 1 of sir, referring to the sound sir, indicating that this is the substitute. So, here we have visar janiya as the substituent and sir as the substitute. The meaning of the sutra is this, immediately before ku and pu in place of a visar janiya, which is part of the gattis, namely namas and puras, substitute sir. I repeat, immediately before ku and pu in place of visar janiya, which is part of the gattis, namely namas and puras, substitute sir. Here are the examples, namas plus karoti. So, namas has got sir at the end, which is then substituted by ru, which is then substituted by a visarga, by khara vasanaya or visar janiya. So, we have namaha plus karoti. Now, this sutra 8 3 40 applies and substitutes this visarga by sir. So, we get namas plus karoti, namas karoti. There is scope of application of kupuk of poucher getting applied in all these cases and also puras plus karoti. Similarly, sir is substituted by visarga and then visarga is substituted once again by sir, by the application of this particular sutra 8 3 40. So, we get puras karoti. Sakshat prabhritini cha is a sutra which grants gattisawdnya to namas and puro vyayam grants gattisawdnya to puras. Let us go to the next sutra, idudupadhasya cha pratyayasya. 8 3 41, idudupadhasya cha pratyayasya. There are three padas in this sutra, idudupadhasya, cha and apratyayasya. Idudupadhasya is 6 slash 1 of idudupadha. Idudupadha is made up of idupadha and udupadha. Idupadha means ittupadha yasya, udupadha means uttupadha yasya. So, this is a description of the visarganiya which has got it that is short e as its upadha and short u as its upadha. Upadha is the penultimate sound. So, visarga comes at the end of the padha and this is preceded immediately by either e or u. Then the visarga can be called idupadha or udupadha. Cha means end and apratyayasya which is 6 slash 1 of apratyayasya means not part of a suffix. So, we want a visarga which is not part of a pratyayasya and which is preceded immediately by either e or u. Now, in place of such a visarga, this sutra says substitution. If this visarga is followed by kupu, kupu oho, 7 slash 2. So, the meaning of the sutra is this. Immediately before kupu that is kh, kh and perpha in place of a visarganiya which is not a part of a suffix and which is preceded immediately by short e and short u substitute sure. I repeat immediately before kupu in place of a visarganiya which is not a part of a suffix and which is also immediately preceded by short e and short u substitute sure. This can be represented in the form of an equation in the following manner. So, if this is padha and this is the final element of the padha which is a visarga and if it is preceded immediately by either e or u. If this is the case and followed by kupu or pu then this visarga gets substituted by sure and e or u followed by sure at the end of the padha plus kupu or pu is the output generated by this particular sutra idudupadhasya cha pratyayasya. Let us look at the example, nis plus pratyuha this is a compound. So, nis has got sir at the end followed by pratyuha that begins with per. Now this sir is preceded by e. So, this is idupadha, idupadha sir. Then this sir gets substituted by ru which gets substituted by a visarga. Now this visarga innihi it is such that it is immediately preceded by an e, short e. So, this visarga is idupadha in place of this idupadha visarga and this is also not part of a pratyayya. So, in place of such a visarga substitute sure this is what this sutra says and so we have nis pratyuha as the output generated by the application of this sutra a341. Similarly, we have dus plus krita. Dus is also a nipata like nis. So, sir is not at the end of a pratyayya and this sir is immediately preceded by u. So, this is idupadha sir. This sir is substituted by ru and ru is substituted by visarga. So, now we have dus plus krita where visarga is preceded by u. So, this is idupadha visarga. Now, this visarga is substituted by sure by the application of this sutra idupadha cha pratyayya a341 and so the output generated is dus plus krita that is dus krita. Similarly, bahis plus pita and once again sir is substituted by visarga first by ru and then by visarga. So, we have bahi plus pita. Now, this visarga is such that it is immediately preceded by e. So, this is idupadha visarga. So, this visarga is substituted by sure by the application of this particular sutra and we get bahis pita and also avis plus krita avihi plus krita this visarga is such that it is preceded by e. So, this is idupadha visarga and it is also not part of a pratyayya. So, what is the case with bahi and it is followed by kr and so this visarga gets substituted by sure and so we get the form avis plus krita that is aviskrita. Let us study the next sutra that is tirasonya tarasyam a342. This sutra has got two padhas tirasaha 6 slash 1 of tiras which is part of tiras and anyatrasya which means optionally. The words continued from the previous sutras are visarjani yasya which means in place of kupoho 7 slash 2 of kupu and saha which is 1 slash 1 of sir. So, visarjani yasya refers to the substituent which is avisarjani yasya and saha refers to the substitute which is sir. So, in place of avisarjani yasya substitute sir if this sir is part of tiras and if this sir is followed immediately by kupu. This substitutes is optional. So, the sutra means this immediately before kupu and saha in place of avisarjani yasya which is part of tiras substitute sounds optionally. I repeat immediately before kupu and puu in place of avisarjani yasya which is part of tiras substitute sounds optionally. So, we have tiras plus karoti as an example. This sir comes at the end of the padha. So, it is substituted by ru which in its turn is substituted by visarga. Now, this visarga is such that it is part of tiras and also it is followed by ker. So, this particular sutra 8342 applies and substitutes this visarga optionally. So, we get the form tiras karoti as the output generated or tirah karoti which is the optional derivation. Let us study the next sutra which is dvistris chaturiti krtvorthe which is 8343. This sutra has got two padhas dvistri chaturiti and krtvorthe. Dvistri chaturiti refers to the words dvistris and chatur. Krtvorthe 7 slash 1 of krtvorthe is in the sense of the suffix krtvas which refers to the frequency of the action. The words continued from the previous sutra are visarjani yasya that is in place of kupvoh 7 slash 2 of kupu, shah which is 1 slash 1 of shah and anyatarasyam which means optionally. So, this sutra says that visarjaniya is the substituent and shah is the substitute provided that this visarjaniya is part of dvistris and chatur which are used in the sense of frequency and this substitution shah is done optionally. So, the meaning is this immediately before kupu in place of visarjaniya which is part of the words dvistris and chatur in the sense of frequency substitute shah optionally. I repeat immediately before kupu in place of visarjaniya which is part of the words dvistris and chatur in the sense of frequency substitute shah optionally. So, we have dvist plus karoti where sir comes at the end of the padha. So, he is substituted by ru which is substituted by a visarjaniya and so we have dvihi plus karoti. This visarjaniya is then substituted by shah so we have dvistkaroti and finally we get dvistkaroti as an optional derivation. To summarize we studied a peculiar type of sandhi in the form of substitutions in place of visarjaniya so far. We noted that sir, shah, jivamuliya and upadmaniya are some of the substitutions of visarjaniya that we have studied so far. We also noted that these substitutions apply in various environments. By default meaning is not directly stated to be an input for these rules to apply and these substitutions to take place. Next we study the next set of sutras dealing with the visarjaniya in the next lecture. Thank you for your patience.