 Good afternoon everyone, thank you very much for providing me this platform to present my paper. My topic is energy poverty and climate change mitigation, the case of household sector in India. Climate change is a global problem and all the countries are going to face the consequences. And it is more acute for the developing countries because developing countries are more vulnerable to the problem of climate change and they don't have that much funds also. This problem there is closely related to the growth and development process because any measure taken for the mitigation of this process may lead to reduction in the GDP or it can hamper the development process of the economy. And since so many people are under poverty line over there, so it is very difficult to choose the policy option there to tackle the problem of climate change. Here in a developing country like India, many people are not able to have the basic needs. So we would be very much careful about taking any policy. The fourth assessment report of IPCC states that global warming can have devastating impact on climate of earth and are capable of affecting the health status of millions of people through increases of malnutrition, disorder in child growth and development with increased death, disease and injury due to heat waves, floods, storms, fires and drought. All the nations together have to reduce our carbon footprint. India is not an exception. With a considerable stretch of coastal area, India is very much vulnerable to the problem of climate change. It is very much vulnerable to the rise in sea level. Incidents of drought, spells of excessive rain and accelerated melting of glaciers have already started as an effect of climate change. India is the second most populous country of the world with population of 1.21 billion. The latest 2011 reveals that 66% of households live in rural area and a major portion of these households are dependent on biomass and fossil fuel for the basic direct energy needs for cooking and lighting. Another problem is that the equipment they use for the purpose of cooking and lighting that is very much inefficient. That means it takes a lot of energy and at the same time it is polluting also. And the reason is that the easy availability of food, attracts people to use food for cooking which not only leads to environmental degradation but also huge opportunity cost of collecting fluid and the indoor pollution that leads to several respiratory problems and causes high human health risk. And in case of cooking, people normally dependent on fluid and in kerosene but in case of lighting people use kerosene lamps and that is also another inefficient equipment. And the alternative is electricity which is very much, the spread is very much less in India. Till 2010, it is only 89% of households which 89% of villages are electrified. Still 10% villages are to be electrified. And so use of this inefficient equipment leads to more use of energy as well as health problem to the people. So in such a level of poverty and deprivation, the overall development will occur if the growth process becomes more inclusive. This is the idea of planning commission over there and it is here inclusiveness implies fast removal of poverty, generation of employment and equitable distribution of benefits of growth and particularly human capability development through education, health and other basic amenities like clean energy, safe water, etc. This collection of fluid not only causes health hazard and emission related diseases but also it hampers the human development. In the sense, it mainly women and children collects the fluid and that is why they can't participate in work and it hampers their education level also. So it is the total human development of the country which is getting hampered. So if we get some process to get out of this, then it will benefit us economically as well as socially. We can make people more better off. The problem of climate change has been well recognized by all the countries including India also. IPCC was set up in 1988 and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was adopted at Rio Summit in 1992 as we all know and Kyoto Protocol in 1997 came up with three basic, three market based mechanism, one is joint implementation, another is clean development mechanism and third is emission trading. We here in this paper I am considering clean development mechanism. Developed countries can invest in emission reduction mitigation project through CDM in developing countries and can earn certified emission reduction credits. These credits can be used by industrialized countries to meet a part of the emission reduction target under the creative protocol. So that it will give some financial incentive to the developed countries also and as well as developing countries and moreover there is huge level of poverty in the developing countries like India. So it will help people to have their better standard of living. Here in this paper we try to see the relevance of CDM in household sector of India. To do so, we first discuss the present situation of energy poverty in India. That means the lack of energy we are talking about. The lack of energy is not in terms of the use of primary fuel but also the physical amount of energy because in India it's not the case that people don't have that access but even if they have the access, in some cases like when the village is not electrified the people can't have access to the electricity but even if they have the electricity in their village they can't afford it. So it's very much important to see that aspect of also whether the physical amount is sufficient or not. Additionally we have seen the total physical amount of different energy carriers used in Indian household for cooking and lighting. It is actually from that total energy amount we can get that emission. How much the households are emitting for direct energy consumption. I have used the NSSO 66 round data for this analysis and here we get the result that the share of, here in the table I have shown, share of households using various energy carriers for cooking. Here I have done it in a way that, because in India there is huge diversity in income classes also. So I have differentiate, I have got some income classes, one is less than 0.5 dollar a day, second is between 0.5 and 1 dollar a day, third is between 1 and 2 dollar a day and fourth is more than 2 dollar a day. Here the percentage of population in an expenditure group we see 43.7 percent of population actually lives below 0.5 dollar a day and 45.8 percent is living between 0.5 and 0.5 and 1 dollar a day. Cumulatively it comes around 90 percent of people who are living below 1 dollar a day and here we can see the percentage of people who are using biomass is for 0.5 dollar a day, I mean the percentage of people who use biomass as a primary fuel and belongs to the group of below 0.5 dollar a day is 35 percent and second group in the second group it is 39.7 percent and cumulatively it is 82.2 percent people who are depending on biomass as the primary fuel. And it is and for other fuels it is we have seen that people have shifted to LPG but obviously it is very much less and in case of urban area it is people are 64 percent of people are now using this LPG they are moved to more clean fuel but still 18 percent of household depend on biomass and in case of lighting we have seen that 65 percent of people are using electricity but 33 percent of people are still using kerosene as their primary fuel. In case of lighting in urban area 93 percent people are using electricity so we can say that in urban area since access is better so more people are shifting to electricity and in case of power capital energy consumption for cooking this is the useful energy consumption we have seen that it is as in the lower income classes it is quite higher because the use of biomass is quite higher because it is the useful energy and since it is there is no out of pocket cost so it is higher for lower income people and comparatively higher for low income people. In case of urban area we have seen it is quite lower for biomass for lower income people. And in case of lighting here we see the amount of kerosene and electricity that has been used and the total consumption of fuels for cooking and lighting we have seen the 199 million tons of biomass is used every year is used in a year so it is this huge amount of biomass is consist of the fuel and crop residue that comes from the forest so it leads to considerable forest degradation and 2018 million liter of kerosene is being used which is leading to the health hazard and reduction fossil fuel so here it is the total energy consumption for lighting same way so here I have done the projection of energy poverty the prevalent energy consumption pattern provided the basis of calculating the estimate of future demand of a particular energy carrier per capita expenditure is considered to be the basis of choice of a particular fuel I have used logit model with the current growth rate of GDP we got the GDP elasticity of PFC and with this elasticity I have assumed a 7 percent growth that in that concludes 3.9 percent annual growth of PFC and with projected population rate of 1.64 percent by census of India 2011 we got that still 238.7 million of people in rural household will be using in 2020 will be using the biomass so it is very important for us to take any policy prescription I have here the I am proposing I mean I have seen the cost and benefit analysis of introducing CDM CDM in such a case till 1st August 2011 4300 CDM projects has been registered where 858 projects are in India and the here it is the cost benefit analysis here I have taken the traditional wood stoves efficient wood stove traditional kerosene stoves and efficient kerosene stoves and taken the capital cost and annualized capital cost and the and the I get the total energy use and the associated energy associated CO2 emissions for cooking I have done this for urban area and for rural area and for lighting I have done the incandescent bulb which is of incandescent I have done it for incandescent bulb I am compact fluorescent bulb and had done this same cost benefit analysis and we have seen the cost investment and energy saving for for and if we take the CEO price to be $8 per tons of CO2 then what is the net profit at 8% discount rate and I have done it for cooking and lighting here we have found that in developing country like India with a large number of population improvement of energy efficiency can be a useful measure for the reduction of greenhouse gas and for that we can use CDM I have done it for individual individual project and if it is a project of size 10,000 or more households the cumulative profit would be higher and the apart from the monetary benefit the it is it can be said that in socio-economic perspective it is quite higher the profit level in cooking it is quite higher in lighting it can be if it is done from kerosene to electricity the incandescent bulb to compact fluorescent bulb it would be higher okay thank you