 you can go live once it is live then tell Suravi and she'll start. It's live now. So hi everyone. Namaste to everyone. I'm Suravi. I welcome you all to our Homi Baba Centre for Science Education through the IOG STEAM Board Talk series. STEAM means as for Science, T for Technology, E for Engineering, A for Arts, and M for Mathematics. So our STEAM Board, every Monday and Sunday at 11 o'clock, a fun episode from these five fields is going to be released for you all. So until now, if you're joining us for the first time today, I'll tell you that until now, we have done four episodes in which we have to go a little bit about spiders, we have to go about research, then the sun's rays and the sun's rays, the change of time, we talked about it, played some games with the calendars, with the numbers of the calendars, and in the last few months, we learned the history of measurements. So this is the month of March and when it comes to March, it comes to mind. So today we will go on a journey of colors. And in this journey, the captain of our STEAM Board is Professor Anna Bhattacharya. This is a mechanical institute of fundamental research in Mumbai. And he is also the director of our HBCSE. He is very similar to all the men, but he is very different from the people who are involved in science and science. Let me tell you, he has his own science cafe. Don't be surprised. This science cafe is connected to a science program called Chai & Why, and his interest is in cooking, photography, hiking, marathon, I think endless list. So without much delay, I would like to invite Professor Arnab to start today's session. Professor Arnab. Thank you very much. Thank you very much, Survi. Namaskar, everyone. March means Holi is about to come. And you all may know a little bit about color. What is the color that we play with colors in Holi? So today we will talk a little bit about colors and maybe make a little bit of color. We will use a little bit of colors and do experiments. So first, I will share a small presentation. Okay, so I hope you can see my screen where it says the color of the game and an Indra Dhanush. Can you see it from above? What we will talk about colors, one thing is a little bit difficult that you all are not in front of me. And I want to talk to you, so how will I talk to you? So don't stop yourself at all. If you are watching on Zoom or YouTube, in the chat, you have to ask your questions in the chat. Please put it in the chat and our volunteers who can read the chat can hear us. And if you get the time later, then if you are on Zoom, then you can unmute and ask questions. But for now, then tell me in the chat where you are watching from, you are in school, you are in college, you are sitting at home, you are watching from Chen on Sunday, you are there, talk a little bit. So let's start the game of colors. So what will we see today? We will see what is the color of the game and where do we see the color. How do we see it? It is equal that we see the world through our eyes. But maybe after another 20-25 minutes, I have to explain to you that we only see the color through our eyes, we only see it through our mind. It can also be that the color that we see and what we feel in our mind is different. And for this, I will show you a lot of amazing examples so that you will believe that yes, with the eyes, the brain is also a very important part in recognizing colors. And then at the end, the holi is coming, so we will have to talk about whether we can make a little bit of color in the holi, the colors available in the market, how they are, why they are, so let's move ahead. Host, you will admit people, otherwise they come on my screen in the middle. So what is the most colorful thing in nature? We started with a picture of Indra Dhanush and in Indra Dhanush, are there only seven colors in Indra Dhanush? So tell me in the chat, what do you think? There are seven colors, it is less than that, it should be more than that. How many colors are there in Indra Dhanush? This is my question and you tell me in the chat how many colors are there, what do you think? There are seven, seven is equal, there is an answer that maybe there are only six, one does not appear immediately and maybe no, no, no, I see 15, I see 20, I see 30. How many colors are there? So will anyone tell? People's answer is seven, Ravindra Ji has said seven. People also give time on YouTube, maybe after 5 to 10 seconds. You said that rainbows have more hundreds of colors. Yes, I can see the chat, I saw the chat. Okay, okay, okay. I saw this on my phone. Okay, so some people say that there are only seven colors and some people say that rainbows have many more hundreds of colors which we cannot see. Some people say more than seven, seven, only seven. Look, when people saw Indra Dhanush first, by the way, someone said that when does red end? When does yellow start? When does red start? When does green start? So this blue side, from the blue side, from the red side, if you go to the red side, it is not that the colors are different, they are different parts, they get different colors. So the colors you see from the eyes, you can recognize a lot of colors. And someone has said that those who cannot see from the eyes, after that, infrared, which feels hot, and on the other side of the bag, ultraviolet or para-bag, there is also a color that we cannot see from our eyes. But we will talk about that later. But one question is that this Indra Dhanush, in this, does red stay above, means it stays outside, and the color of the bag stays below, or is it upside down? Does red stay below and the color of the bag stays above? So what did I do? Nowadays, when we don't know anything, we ask the Google Baba. So I searched the image in Google to see how it should be. And all the colors came out. Some are red, some are below, some are not. Some are very strange colors, both sides are the same color, some are just four colors, some are pink. Have you ever seen a pink color in Indra Dhanush? Hmm, I haven't seen it. So what is the true answer? You tell me, should red be outside or should red be inside? This is the answer. So what do you think? So please write in the chat that red is outside, the color of the bag stays below, red is inside and the color of the bag stays below. Purple is outside, red is inside, and red is outside, purple is inside. This is the answer. Is anyone telling you anything? On YouTube or... Okay, Arvind said that red is inside. Red inside, okay. And Ravindra says that red is outside. So this is like Google. One is saying red is inside, one is saying red is outside. Okay, Maitri, red is outside. Two is to one, red is outside. Red is outside, red is outside. Red color should be outside. Yashu Varadhan is also saying it. So it seems that red is outside in the audience poll, red is outside, the bag is inside. Let's see if this is true or not. If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... If you... red is outside and this little green or blue color is inside. But one thing you should pay attention to this picture, because here you will see two Indra Dhanushas. When the sky is very clear, then maybe sometimes you can see two Indra Dhanushas. And the second Indra Dhanusha is not that bright, but the color of the color is upside down. Red is inside and blue or blue is outside. This looks very less, but remember sometimes you can see two Indra Dhanushas. And the second Indra Dhanusha is upside down due to the color of the color. Because the light in the water doesn't come out once, it turns towards the mirror twice and turns a little. Let's move ahead. Let's look at the nature outside and the color of one nature is green. These are the leaves of spinach. Why is spinach or any leaf green? Why is it green? Is there anything that is green in it? And if anything is green, then why is it green? If something is green, then why is it green? So I am going to remove the virtual background. I am sitting in the lab and you can see behind the lab because otherwise it will disappear. So let's look at it again. Someone is saying something on YouTube that ok, Mridul is called chlorophyll, chlorophyll, Sumed is called chlorophyll, Mamta is called chlorophyll. Ok, then I ask why is chlorophyll green? Chlorophyll is equal to chlorophyll in leaves, but why is chlorophyll green? This is due to the light of the color of the sun. The light coming from the sun and the light coming from the outside, then why are we not looking at the rest of the colors? Or if I take a flower, why is this red, why is this flower red? Why is this flower yellow? And this leaf is green. Ok, Swapnel is saying that green color will absorb light of all colors. Meaning it absorbs the rest of the colors. Does anyone else want to say anything? Survi, can you tell us what is going on? Can we use a little bit of what is going on here? So it is equal to the absorption or the color of the leaves. So what is going on? The light coming from the sun has all the colors. Here it is just like Indra Dhanush's colors are falling on this leaf. And chlorophyll is a thief. Chlorophyll absorbs the rest of the colors or keeps them on. It only comes out of the green. So when the color comes in your eyes, the color comes out of the green. So I will try a small experiment here. So what will we do? We will tear this leaf and remove the chlorophyll. So I will do this leaf with my hands like this. It will be better if we do it in a mixer. I will tear it a little bit. Chlorophyll is not easily dissolved in water. So what I have here is a little bit of sanitizer. There is a little bit of alcohol in it. So I will put a little bit of sanitizer in it. So what I have done is I have taken some leaves in it. I will stir it a little bit. And you can see that the green color is coming out. And what we will do with this green color is I have a cup of tea. This is very clean. So here you are seeing a circle in which the chlorophyll looks a little green. This is green. But right now I have a laser. A laser whose color is blue. The light of the laser is so bright that the camera of the laptop is going to look white. Maybe you can't see the blue. I have one more camera. I had kept a lot of flowers here in the morning because I wanted to talk about the color of the flowers. You can see that the spot of the laser is very small. But around you can see the blue. So this is a blue laser. So if I put this blue laser in the chlorophyll or the solution of it, then what color will come out? This is blue. And from here I will put the light of the laser. And it is difficult to see from the eyes. It is a little difficult. And I will put some leaves in it. Maybe here the color is red from the eyes. But maybe this is not visible in the camera. It is not clear on the camera. Yes, it is not clear. We keep this for a while. Maybe later when this color will come out, we will see it at the end. But if there is more energy in the blue light, what happens from this? When this blue light is absorbed in the chlorophyll, then the red color comes out. We can see it on a leaf too. But it will be very difficult to see it. It looks very good from the eyes that it is red. Okay, let's move on. We have a lot to talk about. So when we look at some things, how do we see them? So how do we get information about the world? We have five senses. One of them is sight, vision. It is a very unique, amazing senses that we see in the world. So what happens in our eyes? So maybe in the school's book, you make a picture of an eye. Is this in the eye? Is this outside? Is this inside? Is this inside? For today, we will only see that in the eyes, light comes from one side. There is a lens in the eye. Lens is a picture of the outside world. It is a picture. Survi, don't send it on telegram. Please send it only on... I won't see it here. Okay. So, whatever it is. So, if you want to say something, then talk to me. Just tell me what to do. I have a question. Yes, tell me. So, we just talked about green leaves. But it turns yellow. If we bring it from the market, then it turns green. Sometimes it turns yellow. Then it turns black spots. What is the reason for that? Yes. Yes. Very good question. Very good question. I don't have a key right now. But I will do one thing. Survi, please tell me. When we will do experiments, I will have to close the screen share. Otherwise, I will see a small corner on YouTube. Okay. Please remind me. So, I have just closed it. So, I have a lot of leaves. What is its color? Green. Green. Green. So, I had taken a lot of leaves from one tree. Look at this. Gradually, green is coming out. And it turns yellow. Right? Yes. And what happens after that? Brown. It turns yellow. And when leaves fall on the ground, they dry up and become like this. Right? Right. So, your question is that whether it is yellow or green, how does it turn yellow? Okay. And the answer to this, is there anyone who wants to know? Let's see on the chat. We don't know on the chat. But yes, the audience, if you know what is happening, if you want to know what is happening, then do write on the chat. So, inside the leaves, there is a chlorophyll, which is of green color. But along with that, there are many different molecules, whose colors are different. So, one of them is carotenoids. Carrot, that is carrots. Carotenoids are molecules whose colors are like carrots, or yellow or red. They are of that color. So, inside the leaves, outside the banana, inside that, these are carotenoids, yellow-colored carotenoids. As long as there is a chlorophyll, you won't be able to see that they are of yellow color. But as the leaves increase in age, or the banana starts to boil, there are some enzymes that destroy the chlorophyll. The amount of chlorophyll is reduced. Once the amount of chlorophyll is reduced, then you can see the yellow molecules that were not visible before. Now, the chlorophyll is happening. They were yellow. They were yellow before, but you couldn't see them before. When the chlorophyll is yellow, then it is completely yellow. Gradually, when the leaves start to dry, or when the banana is black, then there is some oxidation of the molecules. Then there are different molecules whose colors are black or brown. So, that is a different thing. But your question was that the yellow is hidden behind. As long as we couldn't see the chlorophyll, when the chlorophyll is finished, when the chlorophyll is destroyed, then we could see the yellow color. Okay. So, let's start again. What happens in our eyes? What happens in our eyes? In our eyes, there is light, there is a lens, there is a picture of the outside world, there is a picture of the outside world on the back of the eyes, there is a picture of the outside world. There are a lot of cells that give a signal when the light comes. Where does that signal go? It goes to the mind. It is called an optic nerve. The optic nerve takes the signal to the mind. Now, these cells that give a signal when the light comes, there are two types of cells. Mostly, which are called rod cells, rod cells will come in a while. What is that? Is it light or not? They cannot recognize the different colors. Is it light or light? Is it light or light? There are more types of cells that have a different color. Okay. So, let's see a little more. So, these rod cells and cone cells are called chad and shanku pochikai but mostly, which are called rod and cone cells? There are a lot of rod cells. 10 crore. Which are not light or light, those who see the color cone cells are not that thin. 50 lakh. And this is an electron microscope where you can see these rods and these small shanks which are on the seaside are not like that they are like cone cells. They look at light in different colors. These cone cells are of three types. Some are of blue color some are of red color and some are of green color. But they are not like that. They are a little close to each other but they are not like that. And where are these eyes are not behind all the eyes they are just in the middle which are red which are red which are cone cells. If you look in front, you will see the color very well but on the side, they are not like that. But they are less than that. And these rod cells which see light will be seen in all the places very much. And why are we green because the sun our earth is full of sun. So the light that comes from the sun the fastest light which is red and yellow in this area we can see that green color very well. Very little light even in very little light we will be able to see it. Red and blue we cannot see that well if we go to that side. In our eyes every animal's eyes are different the cone cells in some animals we have 3 in some animals 4, 5, 10 there are many animals which have different colors one example honey bee we can see honey bee honey bee cannot see more than red but honey bee and blue honey bee can see honey bee in ultraviolet so when honey bee sees a flower the idea which we can not see the roots the path of the flower where is the root of the flower where is the root of the flower there are many ways to show the root of the flower which we cannot see because it is seen in ultraviolet or blue light which can see honey bee and the flower why do we do so much because the flower needs to take the root of the flower from one flower to another and take it but we all in our eyes we cannot see all the cells we cannot see all the colors sometimes we see only one thing we will say it is a little pink it is ok because in every eye the cells are in different areas and some people cannot see the color blindness the color of the eyes so let me give you a example there is a picture in which there is a mark can you all see which number is written which number is written in English so Umesh tells that 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 So this color blindness these are called Isihara Test Isihara was a eye doctor in Japan so This is the first one that everyone should see This is the second one Let's see What are you looking at? Or are you looking at 74? Or are you looking at 71? 7 and 1, 2 and 1, 7 and 4. Some people have said 7, 1, 7, 4, 7, 1, 7, 4. So, the dots here are different green, but some are more blue, some are more yellow. So, if you can't see the yellow side, if you can't see 4, then 1. Some people see 2 instead of 7. So, these are your eyes. There are no right and wrong answers to this. So, these are not 1, 2 or 25 or 30 pictures of the Ishihara test. People can say that these colors look good and these colors don't. Red and blue. It is very important to recognize the difference. One is that if you have a red and a blue save, you will see both together. There is no big problem in that. But if you are driving on the road, and if you see a red and a green and a blue, then it will be very difficult. So, color is very important in our world. And if you are not able to see the right color, then it can be difficult. Now, we were talking about looking at one color. If we mix the colors, if we mix the colors, then what happens? And there is a big difference in this. If you mix paints or colors, then you will mix paints or colors together. So, as an example, if you have a green paint in school, then you will mix a little blue and yellow. If you mix blue and yellow, then you will get green. If you mix blue and yellow, then you will get green. But if you take two torch lights, or light, then you will get white and blue. So, in this light, red, blue and green, these three we say are primary colors. And if we mix them, then we will get white. If we mix blue, yellow and red, if we mix them, then we will get black. And you can do many things like cyan, magenta, yellow, that you get black by mixing them. So, this is one, that the color that we take, and the light that we have, it is different. And I said that I wanted to show you that we don't look at the color from the eyes. Look at this. Here is like a chess board. This is a very famous in the name of Adelson illusion, or checkerboard illusion. Here you see two. A is written, B is written. One is gray. The gray color confuses our eyes. So, A and B, one is a little too deep. One is less deep. But I will show you that these two are the same color. And... Oops, sorry. Okay. So, what are we going to do now? No, let's not do this. Let's stop here. I want to show you that you... Share screen. Say something in between. We have crossed half an hour. Oh, okay. We will do it quickly. Okay. Now, what I am going to do, this A is written, cut it, cut it with a snipping tool, and stick it here. Okay. So, you have seen that this A I have taken this color from here and stick it here. Can you see? And we will take it to B now. We will take it to B now. And you have seen what it is. It is the same color. This white part has come out a little. This A is here now. So, it looks like this. If we take it here, then it has turned into a different color. It is difficult to recognize the whole color or any color. What is around that color? Where A was written, there was white around it or there were light color squares. There are four squares around B which are deeper than that. So, in their tone, it looks a little white. So, these two colors were the same, but you will never be able to see that these two are the same in your mind. Okay. So, this was one. And let's move on. There are a few examples like this. There is a doctor named Michael Bach who has done a lot of such examples on their website. Survi, will you put this website in the chat or put it in the YouTube chat if you want to play it yourself. We won't play it much today. I will show you one or two because there is not much time. So, we will close this and we will go to Michael Bach's website. So, Survi, do you know the song Gulabi Aakhe? Yes. Gulabi Aakhe. So, what happens in Gulabi Aakhe? Well, there won't be a heart with alcohol here but I know how to handle it. Now, you have to handle it. So, what happens here? You are looking at it in a round shape. There is one in the middle where nothing is there. Okay. Now, I will start turning it. We will turn it. And look at the X in the middle. If you have such a big screen, you will see it on your mobile. So, we will concentrate on the cross, right? Yes. You concentrate on the cross. Put your eyes on the cross. If there is nothing there, maybe you will see something there. So, look at the cross now. And tell me, do you see green in the middle? Do you see it? Do you see it? I saw it. Audience can see it. Did you see it? I saw some green. Look at the cross. If you don't see it, we will put it on the chat. You can go and see it yourself. Maybe there are more than 100 examples that you can see. I want to put it on the chat too. Okay. Very good. And one more thing to see is that what do you see here? Black and white. Black and white are stripes. Like zebra crossing. Okay. And here, there are two blue and yellow stripes. Two stripes. Which will go from one side to the other when I will start. So, when they will go, they will not go together. You will feel that one is going, the other is going, the other is going, the other is going. When we move one foot forward, the other foot forward, we let it go. And I don't know what you are feeling. I feel that one is going, the other is going, yellow, yellow, yellow, yellow, yellow. They are moving one by one. It looks the same. But both of them are coming from the same speed from here to there and coming back from there. In our eyes, when we look at the edges, we pay a lot of attention. When we look at the edges, where there are two stripes and there are a lot of edges here. If I make this white and black so much, if I make this white and black then you will feel that they are going one by one. See now, they are going one by one. But as soon as I make this white and black, you feel that they are moving one by one. Wow! There are a lot of examples like this. We will not see any more. And let's go back to this. This was Michael Bach. And in Japan, there is a scientist, Akayoshi Kitayoka. How do we look at them and how can we look at them. They have done a lot of work and they have also some examples. Like here, here there is a colourful shape and when you start looking at it, you may feel that something is moving. But in reality, nothing is moving. It is just a picture. And sometimes we look at the colour that is not there. Or we look at the wrong colour. Here, on a red background, there are spirals of blue and green colour. Do you see spirals of blue and green colour? Yes. No? Yes, sir. Yes, sir. Okay. One minute. My chat is lost. Let me make sure. I can see the chat. If you want to save something, you can put it in the chat. But this is only blue and green. How do we look at it? Let's do this again. Let's zoom in. We will take a corner of this picture. And we will zoom in this corner. So, we will increase the corner here. We will increase this. We will increase this. We will increase this. We will increase this. We will increase this. That's it. Now, you can see both are looking the same. Both are green. What was there? In the middle of green, there was a stripe. Stripes were here. The stripes were here. These are pink. There is a background of red. So, when you saw one from far, you saw blue and the other was green. But the colours were the same. Okay. Let's move on. I hope that you will believe that the colours are not only visible in your mind. I am lost in my mind. I am lost in my mind. Okay. So, at the end of the time we will talk about the colours of Holi. So, when I was young, we used to go to the market. We used to bring colours. We used to put them on each other. We didn't know what colour they were. Maybe they were good for health. People used to play with oil paint. We used to put them in our ears. We had to drag them out. Three or four days of colours would turn pink. Nowadays, we can think if they are safe. We pay a lot of attention. People say that nowadays, people use natural colours. People say that there is no good chemical in it. Everything is chemical. The colour of leaves is also chemical. Water is also chemical. Flowers are also chemical. Everything is chemical. Okay. We can make many colours from some things. There are many flowers. We will use Holi but if you can make it at home, but in rose, who mixes the red colour with flour or with some stones in it. It can be very yellow because it can be the powder of metals. It can be the powder of stones. If it is in the nose, it may not be good. So, keep saving it from dark colours. Now, I will close it. I will go to a different camera. This is my table. While coming, I had collected many flowers from our garden. There are many colours in flowers. In flowers, you can see yellow flowers, red colours, then there are many colours in Bogan villa. One thing to keep in mind, in Bogan villa, flowers are white. Flowers are white flowers. These are the sepals of outside flowers. These are flowers. Flowers are, but there are many colours in them. Some are deep, some are white. Some are of different colours. So, you can collect flowers from flowers and put them on each other. No problem. Just see, there are no sepals in it. There were many sepals in it. So, I will remove these flowers and keep them down. I will put a new white paper on this table so that we can use it. Okay. The camera fell down. Not good. But yes, it is working. Okay, no problem. Very good. Okay. So, let's do one easy thing. I have some turmeric. I had taken some turmeric from the kitchen. And turmeric, what is the colour of turmeric? What is the colour of turmeric? Yellow. Yellow, red. Very good. So, we will put turmeric. Yellow, very good. Yellow, yellow, yellow. We will put turmeric in a glass. Okay. I have put turmeric in a glass. Okay. And we will make a solution for it. We will make a bowl. Now, we can add water. We will add water. But turmeric is not easily mixed in water. So, I am going to cheat a little. I have a hand sanitizer. What is in the sanitizer? There is a little alcohol in which it will be easily forgotten. If I mix it, it will be forgotten. But I have put a little sanitizer so that we can do it quickly. We will mix it. Okay. Okay. So, I will put this in a little. Okay. Which colour is it? Yellow. Light yellow. Very good. Okay. And in this, if you have any soap or detergent or anything, I have seen that this is surf for holy. It was a packet. The kids are playing holy. Maybe the surf is telling that the color of the holy is on your clothes. So, we can remove it. It is a little difficult for surf to have a blue color. So, I have some white colored clothes. So, I am going to put a little detergent powder in it. So, a little detergent powder. I will put it in water. I will take some water. I will mix it in water. And when I will mix the detergent powder in it, we will see how its color will change or what will happen. Let me show you. Okay. So, this is yellow. And now we are mixing detergent. We will put detergent in it. Wow. What happened? Red. First, it was red. The first color was yellow. With the detergent. What happened? Red. Okay. Before that, I don't like this red. I like yellow. I want my yellow. So, I have one lemon which I have already cut. And we will put this lemon in it. So, you can see red. Yes. We will put lemon in it. Okay. Magic. What is happening? Where I put lemon, what happened? Yellow. Yellow again. Yellow again. So, who will tell what was happening? Does anyone want to tell? Wait for a while. Maybe the audience will give half a minute. Again. And if I put my detergent back in it. Lemon content. Acid. Ravindra. Cleaner. Not your voice. This is water. Sorry sir. Okay. What was happening? Someone said acid. Acid based neutralization. Someone said. Lemon content. So, Ravindra. Can you mute please? I will mute. Okay. So, Ravindra. Can you mute please? I will mute. Okay. So, Curcumin. Curcumin is an indicator. Acid or base. So, when we made the solution. When we put a detergent in it. It is base or alkali. When we put it in it. It changed color. It is an indicator. It is an indicator. It is an indicator. When we put it in it. It is an indicator. It is an indicator. It changed color. And then we have returned its yellow color. So, this is acid base. Someone said it is an indicator of acid and base. So, many such things. We saw only red and yellow. The most interesting is the camera that we will change. I have leaf. I have cut and shown you that this is leaf gobi and beetroot. Among these, it is the most enjoyable color. So I will show you. Maybe you will get a lot of videos on YouTube that you can see how leaf gobi color changes. But we will do it and see. So if you want to do it at home, first take care of it. We do whatever we do. If you put soap in turmeric, maybe you will not put it in food. But if you want to make beetroot color, cut it so that you can make vegetable again. I will throw it away and I will make vegetable at home. Don't waste it at all. So I have brought a grater from home. And let's get a glass. I have brought another glass. We get less glass and more beaker. So I have this. What am I going to do with this? Okay, great. That's enough for now. So we have taken a piece of this. And we will add water to it. So we will add water to it. If you want a deep color, then boil it. It will get a good color if you boil it. But if you don't boil it, you can see that it is getting a little color. And it has my leaves in it. Okay, I will add more. One minute, what was the glass? So we have made it. So this can go directly to the vegetable. So don't throw it away. Okay, now we have a nice blue, burgundy color. We have got a solution here. And let's see what color we can show you in this. So to see the color. Okay, first it is a little dirty here. So here it is. So let's add a little more white paper so that you can see the color well. And here it is. So this is very light. I had boiled it at home. I boiled it at home this morning. So maybe we will use it. Maybe it will get a little color on the camera. It has been boiled. It is a little dirty. Okay, I had it at home. So what will we add first? Audience poll. Lemon or soap? soap. Okay, the one who shouted first, soap. Very good. So let's start with some soap. Okay, I have soap in my hand. Oh wait, you should use white soap. Okay, wait, we'll use a white soap. No problem. Okay, soap. Order. Okay, this is very dark and very difficult to see. Maybe we should use the light one. It has actually turned green. Let's do one thing. Okay, this is better. But this is still very dark. Maybe the light one was indeed better. I will throw it away for a minute. But can you see that it has turned green? Yes, it has turned green. But we will do it well. So it is very green. At first it was also a bit can blue. Yes, someone said something. There was a question. I just said that when I saw it earlier, it was also a little blue. Yes, it was a little blue. Okay, let us again. It was a good idea to keep it naked. So we will keep it on top of it. Okay, now we will put it in. Okay, this is the color of the red cotton. And in this, we will put a little more. Because it gets deeper by putting more. In one corner, I am going to put this. And we will see what happens. And let's do it with this. Let's do it a little. Now I can see that it is a little green. Brother? Yes, no. And on the other side, my favorite lemon. Lemon here, okay? One, two, three. Wow. So here you have blue, red, green, purple. So this red cotton, let's put a little more here. You will get a lot of fun colors. This is also an indicator. If you put acid or amla powder, then it becomes red. And if you put acid powder, it becomes green in the basic medium. Okay. So this was red, red cotton. Similarly, you have beetroot. You have to cut beetroot and boil it. If you want to make a lot of red color water, then the best way to put beetroot is beetroot. And then you will eat beetroot. So now we are around 12 o'clock. But in beetroot, you saw it at home. Here we started with this purple color. We started with this color. This cotton. And we made it green. We made it red. When we make beetroot, it will be very red. You can even take it off a little. Look, this is the color of beetroot. Red. But you can tell at home if this is beetroot or not. Everything can be beetroot or not. You will have to see it yourself. There are so many flowers. These flowers are some of the flowers. If you boil them, you will get some color in them. But some things are not like this. Anyway, you can see this beetroot at home. So we are here. I hope you have seen that we can make a lot of colors at home. And some scientists can understand what is happening. If you want to know what was happening, you can ask. We will see if we can tell or not. You will definitely have a lot of questions. You can put it on the chat. Or if you are on Zoom, you can raise your hand. You can unmute and ask. And remember, every month, on the second Sunday at 11 o'clock, don't watch the steam boat. So with that, my question is over. As many as you ask, I will answer your questions. Questions, yes, questions. There is no question for anyone on YouTube. But you should ask. Otherwise, I will ask. I think it will be on YouTube. I think Manoj, let's wait a minute. I have no questions on YouTube yet. Okay, okay. Maybe people will ask in a while. Till then, Sirvi, you can see if the other questions have come up. Or not on WhatsApp. You can look at the other questions. And here, I will look at my chat. I will put it on a chat. There is one question. Someone is asking, you told me that there are so many crows or there are so many cones. So do people count by sitting? How do they count? How many are there? There are ten or twelve crows. How do they count in their eyes? Okay, so our eyes, or if our eyes are the eyes of other animals, if they are the eyes of a fish, then people have cut their eyes a hundred years ago to see what happens inside them. And since the microscope has been discovered, we can see from the microscope what are the nutrients in it. We can see the cells. Okay? And we won't count the entire eye. You will see a very small space in the microscope. So you know that in one millimeter and one millimeter region, in one millimeter by one millimeter area, I have counted so many, here I have counted twenty, then how many are there in the entire eye? So we can count like this. No one can count a hundred crore by sitting. We count on a small space, and then we can count how many are there in the entire eye area. I hope they have asked this question. They have cleared it. And some questions. So here is a question on YouTube, that our veins, why do we sometimes see veins like blue? Our veins. So yes, because the color of the blood is red, blood is red in color. But what we see from outside, then why is this color? Because the same, the light is going inside from outside, all the light is not going inside, some colors are absorbing, some colors are reflecting. And what you can see, we only see veins that are very close to the skin, that are very close to the skin, that are very inside, we cannot see them. The light does not go there. So here too, different colors do not reach inside. And that is why this is left, what we see is a little blue side. Dr. Anup, can I ask one question? Yes, who are you? Where are you? Actually, it's not related to this, but a long time ago, you must have remembered, we visited TFR with you. So you were taking us to a lab, where you showed a laser experiment, in which there was a liquid, in a small bottle, and a laser director, after the transmission, the color of the laser was completely different. Actually, I try to do it many times, to find out how it works. So we can try to show people here, to show the public. I think what you saw, was a fluorescence demonstration. So a lot of, like leaves, chlorophyll, I don't know if it will be in it, chlorophyll, if I show its fluorescence, this is red color, but red here, it looks very good from the eyes, but it doesn't catch in the camera. Maybe a little red, just a minute. Please lower the beaker a little. Lower it a little. No, not like that. It will look good. A little red. Maybe you will see it on the edge. The light coming in my hand, maybe it will look a little red. Earlier, it was completely blue, but in this, like turmeric, turmeric, if you do this with laser, it actually looks green. Green color. It will look green. So the beam of the laser after the transmission, what will be its color on the screen? It depends on the transmitted beam. Mostly the fluorescence that you see easily, I will try this on the other camera. It looks different. It is very interesting. I couldn't forget it till now. It has been 15-16 years. I have brought teachers from the base symposium. Yes. Can you see green here? A little green. I will add some more turmeric. turmeric, turmeric, turmeric. It looks good from the top. This is the most difficult thing to do. The eyes that you see, your eyes are so good. Is there any liquid in the transmission? Yes. We can add liquid like this, but there is very little amount of fluorescence. But you can see a little green now. This is blue laser. It is completely blue. You can see a little blue here. If I do it in turmeric, you can see that it is green. The fluorescence of turmeric is green. But after the transmitted light, it should be the same color of blue laser. I don't know exactly when you saw that experiment. It was a long time ago. But we have a lot of fluorescence experiments. There are a lot of colors. We show a lot of colors here. I hope that from now on, we can call you all and show you. Not just on YouTube. What you see from your eyes, is the experience of the camera. As you know, we are doing a live demonstration here. We are showing two or three experiments. It was a little amazing. Suddenly, you change and see. Yes, a lot. There is no lack of amazing experiments. People are saying, you put the blue color laser and take out the red green color. Yes, you can do that. Is there any other question? Yes, sir. Yes, tell me. Sir, I have a question. If we are not in the beetroot, we are in the cabbage juice. If we were in the lemon tree, what would have happened? What is the citric acid in the lemon tree? Citric acid. If you add citric acid, it would be the same. If you add citric acid, or hydrochloric acid, or any other acid, if you add any other acid, it would have nothing to do with turmeric. It will remain yellow. Turmeric only changes its color. Lemon or citric acid is the same. Where is citric acid in the house? I can find citric acid in the lab. But we tried this. I could use sodium hydroxide for the base. But we did this. You can do this experiment at home. For the lemon tree acid, and for the soap base. You can use citric acid. Thank you, sir. The blue-colored toilet cleaner contains hydrochloric acid. But it contains so much color that it will look blue. It will have a lot of blue color. Lemon is the easiest. We will leave the remaining water and drink it. This is the best experiment that you can have after the experiment. Safe, kitchen experiments. Someone else asked whether turmeric is yellow or red. Can you explain it again? Why is it happening? Why is it happening? I will try. I told you that turmeric is yellow. If it is yellow, why does the color change? It happens in two minutes. Hello. Why does the color change? This is it. What happens is if you have a little answer to this question, if the molecules that are yellow, if you have not heard this word, then don't worry. Just know that the molecules have different atoms holding each other's hands. Some hold one hand, some hold two hands, and the molecules that have many double bonds can go from one side to another easily. When these electrons are taught so much, then with such molecules, with light, we see the color. If you have seen a molecule with many atoms holding each other's hands, then you will normally see the color. In the audience, I can see that some people know a lot of science, they are chemists. Forgive me a little. But if I have a little acid or base, I mean how my mood will be, how my friends will be, then if there are a lot of hydrogen ions, hydrogen ions, H plus ions, then these double bonds, I hold hands with them, I hold one hand with someone else. So this hand holding is changed. And this is what happens in turmeric. I think I have this. In turmeric, this is curcumin, the molecule in turmeric. If you see, first, where there are two bonds, there are two bonds, there are many double bonds. What happened here? This double bond was here, it was here. So this is an OHA alcohol, and this double bond is a ketone, which is known. It is called Keto enol transformation in science. So the molecule changes its shape a little. And for this, the electrons going from one to the other, they change a little, and the color changes a little. So this answer was maybe a little complex, but I can't do it easily. Yes, but I think you must have understood. Because I have also come. And it has been almost 12-15. Okay. So I hope you enjoyed this a little. So in this video, I have come here. And as I said, you are watching the Steam Board. And Survi, do you want to tell anything? What will be next, what will be coming in the next episode? First of all I want to thank Professor Annab, he gave us his time. And yes, next month, October, we will bring a new episode If you want to watch it in English, then do share it or watch it. I hope that you enjoyed going to the world of colors. We played with illusions and you liked it. I would like to say thank you to everyone. Anything else important? If you liked this color, next Sunday at 11 p.m. We will be back in the Chai and Wai session about colors. It will be the work of Holi two days later. But Chai and Wai will be back on the 3rd Sunday. If you want to see the use of different colors and different experiments, then do watch Chai and Wai, 20 colors. We will be using Kunika Chemistry Lab to show us some of the colors. Otherwise, we will upload this work in English and Marathi on YouTube. Keep watching Steampo. Thank you. Thank you everyone. Bye-bye. Thank you sir. Bye-bye. Bye.