 In this session, we are going to discuss the old and new movements. A clear distinction between old and new social movement was drawn in 1960s because of their nature, organization, and core study matters. Old social movements are basically considered to be focused on issues like class interests, politics, and economic interests. In 1960s, we saw a wave of movements. What were the issues that were focused on these issues? These were the issues of different classes, differences, political issues, and economic issues. Based on these differences, we saw different ways of dealing with these differences. Here, the old social movements, they are mainly relevant in industrial and modern age. But now the new tendencies are that the masses in open democratic environment were not little toward traditional interests of economy. Class and politics, rather their orientations remained focused towards the identity issues, the quality of life, and democratic procedure. Now, people's attitudes have changed. Now, instead of talking about the old things, they are concerned about the identity crisis and the quality of life. I have got the best opportunities in my life. Similarly, if the democratic system is in danger, then this is the foundation of the movement. But here are some social movements with new tendencies, known as new social movements. That is, compared to the old social movements, now a new term has come. The term is a very interesting and important focused area for political sociologists. And now, if we want to know more about our subject, then the new Marxist and post-Marxist political views are related to this. So, what is the new Marxist school of thought? They focus on contemporary complexities of class structures in advanced capitalism. Their studies remain focused towards the state and power still remain central to this debate. In new to Marxist school, the political sociologists who follow this ideology have a strong perspective regarding the role of state and the relationship with power. That is, how states use power and how states utilize power to manage the issues of the state. Another important point is that these new trends, where does their basic sport come from? Normally, the middle class spores them more. If we look at the traditional philosophy of Marx, there were two classes mentioned in the new Marxist approach. Now, there is the introduction of middle class. Because in reality, those who have the upper class and the lower class, the middle class spores them more and they have more problems. So now, the centers of new trends and their supporters are the people who represent the middle class. Then, post-Marxist is another category whose focus is on culture and civil society. It is also relevant to protect your culture and to take care of it as much as possible. Then, another important issue of them is to secure collective identities. It is also important to secure how people who have different identities in the society look after them. Then, another wave is the smart growth movement. What does this mean? Their focus is on environmental issues. How can the environment be safeguarded because of the industrial development? Then, along with smart growth movements, there are also pro-growth movements. This means that the smart growth movement is narrow in its focus. Along with that, it is also important to see that for the development of the society, the movements which focus more on the growth of the society are interlinked with the growth of the people. If the development of the people is limited, then obviously, the chances of people getting better in their lives will be reduced. This means that the social and political movements that have been going on since the 60s have a variety of areas and issues. But they all have a common perspective that they all are focused and concerned about the human life and the betterment of human life is their basic focus and their basic area of interest.