 So before we run a t-test or any statistical test to test our hypothesis, we need to make clearly our null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis. We've already discussed about null and alternative hypothesis. So t-test, if it is an independent sample, t-test, how are we going to formulate our null and alternative hypothesis? So chuke hum, independent sample, t-test meh, two different populations leh tehe Samples draw karte hain to hum hamehsha null hypothesis meh, we will start with the assumption ke dono populations equal hain aur dono meh koi difference nein hain. Null hypothesis hamehsha state karte hain, kyu ke we start with a very neutral statement. We state ke both are equal. There is no difference if it's boys or girls. If you're measuring intelligence, they both are equal. So hum mus meh, null hypothesis usually is saan se state karte hain ke meh one is equal to mean two, mean one minus mean two is equal to zero, yani hypothesis of no difference. So the mean for the first population is called meh one and the second population we called meh two and then we state ke both are equal. So we take the difference between meh one minus meh two. Hum kete hain ke us difference ko null hypothesis meh ke difference between sample one meh one and meh two is equal to zero aur us ke against agar humne alternative hypothesis apna research hypothesis formulate karna hain. So we will state ke nahi saab meh one minus meh two is not equal to zero. Jishe maine bataye ke SPSS meh usually wo two tail pe testing karte hain. Lekin agar hum manually karne hain aur humne research significantly support kariye aur bataye yeh ke we have enough evidence ke one group is continuously superior or greater than the other, then we may formulate ke uska jo hain wo meh one is greater than meh two ya meh one is smaller than meh two is taran se bhi hum formulate kar sakta, lekin mostly alternative hypothesis meh hum batate hain ke nahi difference jo hain wo is not equal to zero. So usually our alternative hypothesis comes from, usually we just, jishe aab meh nscript karte hain, ap koi bhi research karte hain, apne us meh data collect keya hain, to aap apna literature review karte hain. So usually our alternative hypothesis, our theoretical framework se, humare previous research se aur humare past jo bhi humare apas evidence se usse hum formulate karte hain. So this is how we will formulate first step for you know applying independent sample data that you will construct your null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis.