 Great. We'll get started now. Welcome, everyone, to our session on Connecting the Unconnected. Our original moderator unexpectedly had to leave, and so I'm filling in for the moderator, and I will continue to add a few comments to the topic as well. Joining us today on the panel, Ken Hu, Deputy Chairman and Rotating CEO of Huawei, to his left, Jonathan Jackson, Founder and CEO of DiMagi, to his left, Stefan Cazreal, Founder and CEO of Upworks, and finally, Secretary General Joe Holin of the ITU. So our plan for today will start with some opening comments in which each of our panelists will say a bit about the work that they do and give us context for their comments to follow. After that, we'll have a series of themes, of topics about accessibility, what it means, what's happening, what challenges we face, what they've seen and what works, and then we'll have some questions from you, so please think about what's of interest to you and the questions that you'd like to ask, and of course, a summarization at the end. And so as we talk about connecting the unconnected, we mean the broadest sense possible. Everything from access to a device, to access to data, to digital literacy, to relevant local content, to changing the impact on one's life, and the ability to create, to become a full citizen of the web and to improve and affect one's own life across a range of activities. And our panelists bring a breadth of experience and represent many places along that spectrum, and in their opening comments, we'll ask them to describe where they work primarily in that spectrum and what they've seen. And with that, I'm going to ask Ken to get us started. Thank you, Michelle. Good afternoon, everyone. It's my pleasure to be in this discussion. Let me give you a few words about Huawei. We are an ICT solutions provider, and we deploy our broadband infrastructure in 150 countries for around 400 teleconquerors, and we serve thousands of enterprise for the IT solution, and we also shipped 100 million smartphones to the market every year. In our business operation, we observed that while the technology is changing so fast, while we are heavily investing on the advanced technology and the applications like 3G and 4G, Internet of Science, mobile Internet, all these kind of very populations, we still have to remember that there are 4 billion people, 4 billion people around the world without any access to the Internet. And most of them are living in countries with underdeveloped economy and very big broadband infrastructure. But I'm very confident that if we can provide the supportive policies and we can properly deploy the emerging technology, we will have the chance to help those people and to connect those unconnected populations in a much faster way than before. So in my opinion, there are two key areas we can pay extra effort. One is the broadband infrastructure, and the other one is the application and particularly the mobile application. Firstly, we have to develop a stronger broadband infrastructure with broader coverage and faster speed. And this will make the broadband infrastructure a critical driver for the local economy. And this needs a joint effort from my perspective. This needs a joint effort from all the stakeholders, including the governments, the regulators, the industries, and even the consumers. And the governments can establish a very clear vision that the broadband infrastructure should be a critical national infrastructure and a key enabler for the local economy. And the government can actually encourage the sharing of the civil engineering infrastructures like the pipe, like the cable, like the electricity between the different operators. And that will help them greatly reduce the cost of their operation. And even the government can initiate some public-private partnership for the national broadband network. This will greatly speed up the whole process. And we have seen many successful cases in the country like Malaysia, like Singapore, and also in Australia. And the regulators, we expected that the regulators can introduce a better mechanism for the existing spectrum resource allocation, which is to greatly help the operators to reduce the cost of the spectrum because from our observation, in some of the cases, the cost of spectrum even accounts for 20% of the total cost of the internet access. And the regulators should pay actual effort to help increase the supply of the spectrum resource. Let me share you some of the figures. From our observation, at the year 2020, because that's the timeline for us to introduce a 5G technology globally, and this will help us to achieve the ultra broadband network in most of the countries in the world. And with the 5G technology, we need at least 300 to 500 MHz spectrum in each country. And that means we need to increase the supply for around 50% to 100%. So I believe that the quick actions are needed. And on the technology side, I believe that the technology providers like Huawei should try their effort in the technological innovation to help the developing countries to introduce the emerging technology in the same pace with the developed countries. And I believe we can actually make that happen. In addition to the strong broadband infrastructure, the application, particularly the mobile application, will be another key driver for the connectivity. In the developing countries, we can expect the mobile application to generate more usage of the connectivity. And particularly in the developing countries, the mobile application is greatly changing the people's lives. So let me share with you a very successful story in Kenya, a country in Africa. There is a mobile application called M-Pesa in Kenya. It is an e-payment application that helps the users to enjoy the finance service with a mobile phone, with a mobile account. And this particularly helps the people living in the rural area enjoy the finance service for the first time in their life because they have never had their own bank account. And after the operator in Kenya launched this service in one year, they achieved 1 million subscribers, which is amazing because the total subsequent base is around 10 billion, but they achieved 1 million. It's 10 million, so they achieved 1 million in a year. Very impressive. And I believe in the same way, we're going to have the chance to promote the mobile applications for a lot of sense for education, for healthcare, and so on and so forth. So in order to develop the mobile application, I believe we need the technological innovation. We need the business innovation across the different stakeholders. And I particularly expected that we have supported policy system. I would expect the regulators to keep open mind to any of the business innovation across the different stakeholders to let them explore and to let them share the benefit, to let them share the revenue. And I do believe that eventually the light touch approach will help us to build up a more balanced regulatory framework. So to sum up, the open mind technological innovation, business innovation will help us to better develop our broadband infrastructure and the mobile application and to build up a better ecosystem. It will eventually help us to get those unconnected people better connected. Thank you. Great. Thank you. Damagi, my organization, is a cloud-based provider of technology that enables organizations to create mobile applications. Our target market is in developing economies. We operate in 50 countries and mostly empower organizations who employ frontline workforces. So examples of our programs with the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation were working in India to empower many rural providers in both nutrition and healthcare with our technology to provide better services more efficiently and more fast. We also powered the Ebola contact tracing program in Guinea when that outbreak occurred with our software. And in both of those use cases, we have the challenge not just of being a software provider but of effectively being a technology equipment provider as well because often when you deploy our platform you need to buy the mobile devices for that workforce. And so we have a big challenge in our business model and in our scalability because it's the equivalent of you having to convince your business or organization to buy free-to-laptops just because you want to use Excel. And imagine trying to make the business case to buy Excel when you also have to load in the cost of a laptop. And for us that's what we're currently facing right now. We have shown through countless randomized control trials improvement of up to 27% in workforce performance, improvement of 70% in antenatal care visits. But the cost of implementing our software includes the cost of buying phones, buying data, buying solar chargers in some cases. And so we need to work with partners like everybody here to figure out how is it not just the Moggy's software that's sharing the cost of that device, of that data, but everybody who can benefit from that, whether it's the community, the health system, the public sector, the private sector, because the scalability of our model is very dependent on it not being just me who needs to buy that phone. And we have to somehow share the benefit of that device, that connection with the user who we're giving that device to, the program that's benefiting from that device. And it's very challenging right now in today's environment for us to do that. Right now we have to go make a case to the Ministry of Health and say if you equip all of your frontline workforce with the Moggy's technology, you're going to get this benefit. And while that benefit is very large, the cost is also very large because it's coming with the purchase price of all of the phones. And if I can go and partner with the educational ministry or the finance ministry, the agriculture ministry, to add M-Pesa, to add educational programs, now all of a sudden I can dramatically decrease the cost I have to go to the government with to convince them to use the Moggy's technology. And so our big challenge here is how do we work with partners to enable that ecosystem so that a more compelling business case can be made. In our work, the equipment and the mobile phones, they're already ahead of where we need them. You know, we don't need constant connectivity, we just need a drip of 2G to get our data back to our cloud once in a while. We don't need to move a lot of high-speed data. And the network has really expanded in a great way in most of the environments we work with. But it is going to be the case that you can build even better applications if you have 4G or 5G. So we'll come up to these problems soon. And that's why for us we're really interested in this problem of how do we create a regulatory environment that creates a lot of value all at once in both a consumer-oriented model and in a more traditional enterprise model for the users that we're empowering. So a consistent theme of regulation on... Thank you. So, Stéphane Castriall, my company is called Upwork. It's a brand new name, but it's not a brand new company. It's the merger between two Silicon Valley-based companies. One was called Elance, founded in 1998. And the second one was called ODesk, founded in 2004. And we merged the two companies and relaunched the company under the new name. So we are the largest online marketplace for freelance work. We operate globally. We operate in 160 different countries. And our vision is to connect businesses with freelance talents, irrespective of location, faster and more efficiently than ever before. To give you some numbers, we connect 4 million clients on one side, so buyers of the talent to 10 million freelancers on the other side. We process about a billion dollars a year of transactions. And we do this across 3,000 skills. So pretty much anything that a knowledge worker can do in front of a mobile device or a laptop connected through the Internet are skills that are useful in our platform. To give you a little bit of a sense of how we position ourselves in this discussion here, there's been discussions around the enablement, the what's and the how. How do we create this connectivity? What I think we bring here to the discussion is the why. Why should a regulator, a government, or a service provider be interested in offering that connectivity to their constituents? And essentially what we provide here is access to a global list of jobs that a newly connected individual can have access to. To give you some examples of countries where this has been really successful for us, we started noticing about 3 years ago that people from Bangladesh were signing up on our sites. And these things happen kind of organically. This is the beauty of the Internet. We don't necessarily need to advertise a lot. But it was definitely starting to be a trend. So we started traveling there more frequently and then hiring a small team locally. And today Bangladesh is one of our very much thriving countries. It's growing really, really fast for us. And frankly the key enabler for this was the fact that a already highly educated workforce suddenly had access to much better connectivity and the ability for them to browse our sites, sign up, apply to jobs and then eventually get paid. Secretary Joe. It's me. Thank you very much. Good afternoon. Dear friends, it's a great pleasure to be here with you this afternoon. This is my first visit to this conference. Can you move the mic? It works. It's my first visit to this conference. And I noted that Kang Hu had been here already for many years, many times. I found this topic quite important for us. And like my friends here, they are all from different companies. The ITU, International Telecommunication Union, is a specialized UN agency responsible for ICT and telecom. And this year we celebrate our 150th anniversary. It's quite old. It's the oldest UN agency. However, we have many things different from the other UN agencies. In ITU we have also our membership from industries. We have more than 700 ICT telecom companies, our members. Huawei and many others, all our members. Recently we got also new members like Google, Facebook, they joined us. I'm pleased to show that Alibaba will join us as well. So we welcome you if you're not a stand member yet. We welcome you to join us. And in ITU we have three major sectors. One sector is called the standardization sector, where we have developed all telecom global standards, including those standards like H.264, you may not know this one. But without this ITU standard, nobody can use your mobile phone today because that video coding is ITU standard. And of course the 3G, 4G, all these technologies defined by ITU. And ITU accept the standards, we also have spectrum issues. So radio communication access technologies, these satellite communications, all these broadcasting, television, all the spectrum were coordinated by ITU. Nowadays we have problems with spectrum 4G. And that should be coordinated by ITU to find enough spectrum to meet the future need. And ITU will have its next world radio conference in Geneva, November this year. And we expect just 3,500 experts from everywhere, including the experts from industries and government officials, regulators, coming together to look at the issues and try to find the solutions. Of course network security is also our important working area. Madam Baker and her company will recognize their excellent contribution to the security studies of the network. We even have a chance and honor to award Madam Baker and her company as the laureate of our very famous World Telecom Information Society Award. And she was awarded. So this is from a technical point, you know, we have such kind of job. And we also have a very, very important job to encourage market development. You know, since 1997 the telecom become business now. And before 1970 it was government monopolized technology or business, now become market business. So we encourage people to open their market and have market development. And we are very pleased to know that with very good support from industry and from government, ICT and telecom received marvelous achievement over the last decade. And according to ITU that today in a month 7.3 billion population can have more than 7.2 billion mobile subscriptions. Of course, you know, Mr. Hu just mentioned that half population not connected is absolutely correct because many of us have more than one mobile phone. If we divide this by two, it's already half population is not connected yet. And coming to the internet connection even was that at least two thirds of people are not connected yet. And I recently visited a lot of Africa countries because for us connectors are not connected yet, it's a very, very important topic for us. And as you know, I'm a secret general starting from first of general this year. People are asking me what I would like to take as a good result under my leadership of these organizations. I said if those programs are not connected yet to be improved, that would be great. Of course, connectors are not connected yet. It's not an easy job. Because you know that we have such wonderful achievement over the last decade. There was, or still is, very strong perceptions that ICT and telecom is a profit-making industry. And there are a lot of reasons to believe this is sustainable, self-sustainable so you don't need to pay much attention. You need to be developed by themselves. Actually it's not correct. To connect is also not connected yet. This area is normally a poor area. And you'd even need more support to encourage people to invest money there, invest your technologies, your future there. But the problem is that this area is not profit-making from current understanding that if this is not profit-making, how can you get people invested there? If it's already profit-making, why is it not corrected? So that is logical, it's simple like that. And also our industries, competition among themselves is very, very tough. Mr. Hu is very, very proud to support this devil, some devils here because he has much, much, you know, many reasons to be confident here. But look at his competitors a couple of years ago. Some of them very famous in the world, like Nokia. Nokia completely disappeared. This is for the equipment manufacturers. Today the competition is still there, very tough. Recently, Luzon Arcataire merged with Nokia. What happened? They cannot survive by themselves, they have to form. So all this is not easy. And we need continuous support from global leaders. So that is one of my tasks that I visited many countries this year with many head of states and head of governments and invited them to help us to continue to pay attention to ICT and telecom development. Now here we need also from English, we need a good strategy to have good technologies and innovation is very important. We may need to have new ways to connect Luzon Arcataire, not connected yet, new technologies, but also we need a good environment for us to go there. And this environment cannot be created by industry only. And even you have fair competitions. If the environment is not good, not this year, you cannot go to the right place to invest. And for this we also need a good strategy. For example ICT consider that broadband connections is very important. And we set up together with UNESCO, a broadband commission for sustainable development and Huawei is one of our members, we worked with them. And we found this is absolutely important. According to our study, if we have 10% of mobile penetrating development countries, the GDP could be increased by 1.8%. So very, very clear advantages. So actually that raises, if I might, your point about profit and increased GDP leads me to the question, you talked about profit making, the need for profit, the fierceness of competition across the ecosystem. And so it leads me to wonder, I think there still is a range of connectivity, just actual access and data and building the infrastructure. And in that setting that you've just described, profit making and competition, is your experience, and I'm asking the whole panel here, that the network operators themselves can do this? Is the model, so it can suggest some changes to regulation that would assist network operators in reducing cost? So do you see the model of network operators being the sole provider, maybe with better regulation as the path, or are there some other solutions? And so you've kind of opened that discussion, and I'm sort of interested in what you've seen and what you think. And I know that you've said, Jonathan, that you're not sure accessibility of data is the key aspect. So this question of what do we expect the network operators to do? How deep the regulation is the profit making issue that the secretary raised? Does that mean we should expand the model? Any thoughts on that? I think you raised an excellent point. If the current business models worked, this wouldn't be a problem. So clearly nobody can correctly monetize the unconnected now, or they would just get connected. And so we need some type of new model, and I think it's going to be a combination of all of the actors figuring out how do users make benefit from being connected, how do the hardware and software providers benefit, what is the regulatory framework that's going to enable that to happen. And I do think, as the director general pointed out, there's huge GDP potential. So there's money there. The problem is no model applies for any one actor to capture that benefit today. And I think that's where government has a huge role to play, which is looking over the entire society. If you can get a 2% bump in your GDP, that's worth a lot of thought in how to align all the public-private actors to share the benefit of that. So in our work, for example, if we're equipping a health worker with a phone, a smartphone, maybe that health worker can make more money on the side. Maybe the government can have that health worker collect other data that was going to be costly to collect on their own so they can create enough pockets of revenue generation to justify the overall cost of that investment. And so that's how we go about it. I'm sure there's other solutions, but trying to aggregate all the beneficiaries and then create a model that somebody can successfully go use a market-driven approach for. That's actually interesting because we have some examples of that with Firefox OS, and in this case, Orange, with the combined model of phone data, some storage, and increasingly, we hope content, Web Literacy content from the work that Mozilla's been doing and perhaps some of the other work. So we're doing a little bit of exploration with that model and I wonder if Stefan can, if there's anything you'd like to... Yeah, I wanted to share my views on that. Actually, we already mentioned different barriers from our observation and I do believe that while we're going to find a solution, we need to put all the elements into a framework. And that's actually a new ecosystem because if you look at today's in the ICT landscape, that's actually a totally new ecosystem than before because if you look back ten years ago, the voice service and the lower speed broadband service is just the mainstream of the service. But today, the video, the gaming, the content and the broadband access are the mainstream of the service. So the ecosystem has been changing a lot. We have the connectivity provider. We have the content provider and the service provider. We have consumer regulators. We have different stakeholders who have followed that before. So my point is that we need to figure out how to take some joint measures from different stakeholders. And I do believe that the regulator can play a significant role in this process. On the infrastructure side, I just mentioned that from my perspective, the main barriers are the spectrum resource. We need more spectrum resource because in the future you cannot just view the telecom network as a telecom network. It's actually a unified platform, a shared platform for the whole society. So the spectrum resource is just like the water, like the land, like the electricity. This kind of public resource, you need to find another mechanism to better allocate this resource and the cost. The civil engineering infrastructure accounts for 30% to 40% of the cost. And the spectrum accounts for 20%. So how are you going to find another solution to greatly to reduce these two parts? And that will help us make the connectivity more affordable, not just in the developing countries, but also globally. And the last is the application. Other panelists have just mentioned that we need a lot of support from the regulators' perspective. But from my point of view, I think what we need is just a freedom. We need a bigger space to explore, to try. So that's the reason why I mentioned that we need a more open mentality from the regulator. Does anyone see that coming? More open mind from the regulatory process? Yeah, I too, you know, naturally it's the place where we talk about regulation issues. We have several regulations here. We have telecommunications regulations. We have radio communication regulations. And we have international telecommunications regulations. And we working very hard to try to facilitate the market development with open competitions and fair competitions. And here also we heard quite often that people, industry particularly, are asked government should not put heavy regulations. We should have light regulations. We have talked about new regulations. All these, you know, recently in the United States you have this net neutrality. You know, that is part of regulation issues. So these are quite, now we heard something new. At Davos, some winter Davos in, real Davos, not in Dalian, in Davos. This year, turn the second of January, we had a session and Madam Sun of his chairman, chairman of Huawei was there. And we talked about that. And then was some kind of interesting debate that telecom operators has very common views that they are very heavily regulated. While the other side, that means so-called OTT or very anti-operative, they do not have any regulations. That is one view. And this is not fair, seems to be. But then immediately after their complaints, another one in a Google European office said, no, it's not true. We are also very much in a bind with the request from the local authority. And we spend a lot of money to do a lot of things there. So there is the business model seems not matching. And then it's not easier to talk to each other. But for me, I found there is a risk here. If you don't address this issue properly, who we are investing in the future? That is the problem. So that is one of my responsibilities, trying to get the partners, stakeholders to come together to address this absolutely important critical issue. Yes, to be the champion of innovation and regulatory approach. Innovation, we are not only talking about innovation of technologies. Innovation of this business model could be also quite important. Otherwise, it's not easier. And recently I was in Africa, two countries I visited. You cannot believe this country is today. Telephone mobile penetration is still as low as 30%. You might consider this is not possible. And three years ago when I was in Myanmar, that big population country, telephone penetration was lower than 5%. So they had a very ambitious goals to reach 50% by the end of this year. So I told the minister if you open your market, you have a right regulation, right policy to encourage investment, this will go where we reached very quickly. And indeed after that they opened the market. But still until last year, only 25%. We already have some people there. But just at the end of August, I met with the minister again in Kuala Lumpur. I asked him where we are. And he told me it's already 60%. So very, very quick. So you need a good environment to encourage investment. We need a public-private partnership. So the environment, the market regulations and the government policies are absolutely important. Now I'm very pleased. Every country now has their strategic plan to put the broadband as absolutely critical, strategic important for them to develop for the infrastructure. So the piece that Ken was suggesting seems to be happening as broadband as a national priority. And I'm interested in that. Perhaps the next topic would be for the people who are connected or whatever percentage it is in the country, like what is really driving usage and data, if anything? Like what is the actual experience of people who have a phone? How are they connected? What's the relationship to content? How important is local content? How do we get it? What have you seen that works? And so I know that that's really close to the core of what you're doing. And Ken, I'm sure you see a lot of it. So if you could give us your thoughts on content and experience and what happens as people connect. Is it a positive experience? Is it a number that's growing but not deep? So first of all, maybe to answer your previous question, I think the remaining four billion are not one uniform pocket. There was a sequencing in how we got to where we are. There is a sequencing on how we go moving forward. The debate on for-profit versus not for-profit I think depends on each country. There are countries where the for-profit model is viable and the issue right now is a little bit of an issue of the chicken and the egg. Yes, GDP will go up, but in order for GDP to go up you need to put a huge amount of money on the table and you're not completely sure you're going to be seeing that outcome. What I would propose here is to say this is a timing of money issue and it's an issue of credibility of the business case. And one way to solve it is to do it progressively. So if you said Malaysia, we're going to go to 50%, you don't necessarily go invest in a massive nationwide network and massive financing across the country, but potentially you choose a city as a pilot and you do this on a much smaller scale, which allows you to get some wins, it allows you to validate the business case, et cetera, et cetera. Now to answer your question about content, the thing we've seen when people do come online and start using our service, the next challenge is the whole notion of web literacy. There are some things that are potentially obvious for the people in the room here, which are not obvious for somebody who uses the internet for the first time, and in particular in our environment where the freelancers from these countries are competing against freelancers from all over the world and it's very much a global meritocracy. It is about whoever is the best wins and on the other side you've got clients that are based in the US or based in Europe who have certain expectations from the fact that they've been using the internet for 10, 15, 20 years now. There is that education mismatch which I think is one of the topics that a government who wants to invest in connectivity needs to address pretty much at the same time. The realization of that extra GDP comes from usage by their constituents and the proper usage by their constituents is going to be driving GDP. Just giving them the phone and giving them the bandwidth if they're not properly educated on what to do with it and how to establish a business relationship with somebody potentially in another country, that's going to make their work a lot more challenging and as a result the business case may not be fully realized. You have a very particular type of education you're speaking of here which is almost a professional education and I imagine Jonathan you have a different type of education and use case. Yeah and some of our projects were going all the way down to educating people on how to use the phone. I mean it might be the first time they've actually used a mobile device but our thesis from the first time we were designing our platform was always to focus on low literacy both at the reading level for some of the health workers we work with but also low digital literacy. So our application to somebody who's been used to using mobile apps for five years would think our application looks ugly and is boxy and things but we found from a user experience standpoint that's actually the easiest way for our target users to rapidly get up to speed on the application. So as we look at the unconnected and what applications are going to drive and motivate their user engagement I think there's a lot of different models that we need to be exploring because what works for somebody who has a low attention span has hung with thousands of mobile apps it's a very different thing you want to create than for somebody who might be the first mobile app experience. And so enabling and from our standpoint as a platform provider enabling local entrepreneurs or local organizations to do that innovation to create that local content is one of the key drivers of why our platform has been successful. And how do you do that? We work with local partners and enable them to create content on our platform and so they're the ones actually designing the content. So our application looks different in every country we go into based on what the local government wanted or the local organization and the degree to which that content was well done is the make or break between whether our platform actually has any benefit. So we've deployed it in health environments where the application was designed poorly and it was a negative value. We wasted time training and buying the equipment because it's not getting the health outcome we want. And so for us I think that localizability of the content is critical and it's also going to be a critical factor in driving adoption. Now there may be some applications that are pervasive. I don't know if Uber really needs to change the user interface but for a lot of applications like really data heavy applications and in our space in the enterprise you need a very different mindset when you're working with somebody who's just coming into the digital age versus somebody who's been here for 10 or 15 years. One of the projects at Mozilla WebMaker is really aimed at that entry level not using a phone but how the phone actually works and we find some of the same things but the UI and experience that makes sense to a designer is not relevant at all and really at least in our case is actually getting into the field and setting aside preconceptions. Can you look like you wanted to say something? I'd like to just take a moment first if I could because we're coming to the question time if you have questions so I'd like to just see a show of hands of the number of people who would like to ask questions. If it's small I'm going to keep asking them Can I see them? I want to share my views on the application side very quickly. I believe that the application is another key driver for the connectivity and actually I really share the point of views from Stephen and John and saying we have different ways to develop the application business in the different countries because the market situation is becoming so complicated than before because if you look at it several years ago the most popular application is just social media and Facebook and this kind of sense but if you look forward in the next couple of years while the ICT technology is becoming a driver it enabled for all the industrial transformation the situation could be very complicated you cannot find a single solution for all the questions but the model of the internet business gave us a great opportunity that we can learn from the mistake we can learn, we can win from the mistake so what we need to do is just to explore and this actually needs the support from the regulatory perspective if you look at Kenya you don't allow the token operator to get involved into the financial service we didn't have any opportunity to launch the M-PASA service and then the people living in the rural area till now they didn't have any chance to get access to the financial service so an open and free regulatory framework will greatly help the development of the application business I just add some observations here for the content today we noted that the internet offered a lot of content but content is still mainly in English so if you talk some other languages particular local languages it's very poor so that is first observation and then also applications are quite important I believe that even we have very modern technology like CG4G5G like high broadband access to the internet but if you don't have good content look applications and you cannot really reach people in the community in the rural area or even the city and everywhere if you don't offer plenty of or enough content to people that will be still limited but to have this application look applications I think that there is a very important part of the industry now ITU has not worked that hard in the past that is SME small, medium-sized entrepreneurs and everywhere in the world particularly when I visit the development countries I always try to visit the looker high-tech park or if they don't have innovation centre in computer centre you find plenty of brilliant looker young people they know the ICD technology they know their market they know the people's need they want to contribute to their country with their looker applications they develop their looker products and marvelers cover everything education, agriculture, public health even natural disaster recovery I think you have these people I was found also in February I was in Rwanda that the guy showed me he's a young guy showed me his product to use SMS to collect money for donations to the older people so this kind of thing SME is absolutely important but then that SME we found that they can make contributions they have support from the government everybody support them at international level there is a new platform for them to have opportunities to talk to each other so I do now we try to create such a platform to encourage our members to bring SMEs, ICD SMEs I'm not talking about the other SMEs ICD SMEs come together to share their experiences share their projects, share their ideas possibly look for partnership I also got a very good feedback from big guys like Edison how we as well Intel and all these big guys they like to also talk to this platform because if they want to have any business why want to have business to any quantity without your look and partnership from SMEs I think that your success will be much much discounted so this is very important we try to work on this issue as well so I hear a theme of sort of platform for local entrepreneurs and developers to build content and then somehow have it distributed in a local setting and so I'm thinking certainly two probably all three of you are building platforms for that and the secretary has talked about how his innovation and that have you found things that work in those platforms something that if we're thinking about platforms for local entrepreneurs to create content that's relevant get it distributed and then also have the successful use case afterwards that you described perhaps you have some learnings from your own experiences that might be useful more broadly I know you're nodding your head please go ahead you know in a lot of our most successful applications they have had local languages they've been built by local partners and I think one of the challenges that they face as they try to scale is this point about not having connectivity to other SMEs not knowing what's worked in other countries one of the big challenges they face particularly if they're working in public sector applications in the healthcare domain that we do a lot of work in is even if you create the perfect application how do you drive adoption and that's a very challenging issue particularly if you're not trying to monetize your application so if you're trying to give away the government you need to work with donors you need to work with a whole host of parties that if you're young and haven't done this before is a big learning curve so I would say one thing that could be very successful is at the country level because every country is different every market is going to be different forming you know coalitions of people who can share experiences and create value within a group would be hugely valuable to the entrepreneurs that we work with because otherwise they're all learning and if they could have a shared platform not platform technology platform but a group and so what would be necessary so you have a set of entrepreneurs who are working on your platform but still have this need is it something that you might look to the business community either the network operators the handset distributors or would you look to a regulatory environment do you have any thoughts on what we might pursue yeah I think somebody like the ITU but the overall mission of this because I think their role in the ecosystem is not biased I think all of the vendors myself included would bring certain biases to the table doesn't mean we shouldn't be at the table but it probably means we shouldn't be leading it and I think that provides a unique perspective to say look we all agree applications can have huge public benefit and we all agree that it's very difficult to figure out how to get them into the hands of people we want them in what can we collectively do to make sure they are on the same page about such a platform Stefan in a way I think we've been a little bit blessed by almost having the reverse issue which is what we provide to people is jobs and income and that tends to be a very popular type of service and so there's about 5000 freelancers who sign up on our site every single day and we actually don't have jobs for 5000 new people every day so the challenge is more a challenge of helping them be successful how do you increase the chances of being one of the few that get a job initially and I don't think I should ask you to fix that for us I do think it's something that we need to own and we need to do a better job of generally speaking it is a business of word of mouth and if you look at how our network has spread it has all of the characteristics of a viral network where you have a few people that sign up in Manila 6 or 7 years ago and next thing you know because they were getting jobs significantly more money than what they were doing in their previous job either replacing fully their previous job or as extra income they start telling their friends and their neighbors about it and next thing you know but it's all done through oral history you know this is my personal story of how I signed up and how I was successful and I don't think we've necessarily done as good of a job as we could to institutionalize that and say these are the best practices this is what may be the most the biggest surprise to you as you come online and as you start using this service because we have all of the collective memory or we should be able to get the collective memory of the millions of people who signed up before so your issue is the collective jobs less than the demand side I mean you know it's like any marketplace you know it's complex and you know there's different jobs with different categories and you know in some jobs you're more supply constrained and in some jobs you're more demand constrained but I think what is true in just about any categories you always have room for more exceptional people but you know allowing these people to become exceptional is not necessarily something that we've mastered to date and it's probably an opportunity for us to do better so given so that we had a discussion from infrastructure and regulation of infrastructure to the user experience and the platforms and the innovation do you see an open mindedness in business models you've talked extensively about the need for multiple stakeholders to come together to make you know access possible for first time users and can you talk to a great length about multiple stakeholders as well for an open mind and do you see that or more specifically are there examples of open mindedness to new business or models and innovations that we can use going forward as models in our work where we've been most successful is actually more in the traditional model so in the sense of me talking about having to load in the cost of the phone our programs later scaling are just doing that so we didn't cleverly solve that that business problem yet I think to achieve the scale we hope to and in fact hundreds of millions of lives we're going to need to solve that and I think there's a huge openness and willingness and everybody we talk to nobody is saying no the current model works just keep doing what we're doing and we don't need to change things I do think the risk appetite we're a relatively small company so we have a very large risk appetite and the risk appetite is not necessarily the actors that we would like to see but I don't think that's an unreasonable approach for them to be taking so from my perspective I think it's commensurate with what I would expect based on the size of the businesses we work with but one interesting topic that Stefan brought up is the data traceability so if you think about one area that's not getting much innovation if you can create a data record from somebody who's unconnected you now have potential credit history all sorts of things that can be used to create social or financial capital and means to borrow against that's an area that I think could explode if there was more effort and energy going into it and I don't think a lot of people are there because it's really tricky to figure out how you create a for-profit or non-profit model that could support that but that's one area that I think we're interested in participating to it not leading it but I think that's a primary for innovation that could use more attention and unlock that expansion Ken, are you? I believe that there are a lot of successful cases in terms of the business model and I believe that while the position of the ICT technology is getting more and more deeper involved into the industry application we have a lot of chance to explore whether this model works or the other model works but I do support that we need a kind of platform across the different stakeholders to figure out how they're going to exchange their ideas and how they're going to eventually develop a relationship which benefits to all the stakeholders and I believe that if you give them the opportunity to explore and all the stakeholders will focus on the consumers because the technology will give the consumers the chance to have better user experience the lower cost of higher efficiency I think the business model, the successful business model is just a nature result of this exploration but we don't need to worry about that Excellent you know, given the time I'm going to ask each of the panelists to take about a minute or so maybe with any last thoughts that you'd like to pass along and then I'll summarize and go from there so maybe this time we'll start with Secretary Jo I think that I talked too much I also want to add that part in my comment for the business model it's a democratic sometimes that to have a common approach or the one model but in reality it may not be that easy so that we might have to seek the best interest for a majority it may not be able to just choose one to be considered the best that you might have to live with several models as well because it's a market development in the end who decide which way is successful which way should be supported so that from my point of view I would of course encourage to have consolidated or common positions but also have to recognize that sometimes it's not that easy to reach with all the partners for the business interest we have to accept that in reality as well but of course this covers not only for business model for the market development but also for innovations of new technologies people talk about 3G, 4G we have to have one common technology but in reality you cannot reach that far and for any companies in the world you may find similar projects you have offered different options and then let's see so this is something that we might also have to that reminded me one thing after my election in Busan last year the Korea generalist asked me questions in Korea a lot of smartphones they are always smart phones and show me show me smart phones getting popular in Korea they try to protect the market I said that is not the best way the best way is to encourage innovations encourage competitions that let the market decide anything you try to eliminate by yourself in the end will not work I think it is a good thing about innovation from you today very exciting Stefan? I would add to the business discussion there are a lot of models things like increasing GDP through more efficient processes and what have you better access to capital increased employment or reduced unemployment positive consequences there are all sorts of really big numbers but all of them seem to be hypothetical and far out I think what a lot of stakeholders tend to underestimate is one that is a lot more concrete which is when you switch from an informal economy to a formal economy where payments get digitized taxes are much easier to collect and that quite often adds up to a really significant number that comes up really quickly and it is interesting what would be considered otherwise not that I am necessarily a proponent of taxation in general but I think a lot of people tend to underestimate this fact that when you are digitizing the work or digitizing the experience potentially also digitizing the transaction and creating records where records did not use to exist real quick I will just add I am hugely agreement that it is not going to be one size fits all and on top of that I think it is critical that we explore different spheres of business models not just thinking about the mobile operator and the mobile subscriber but government taxes, revenues all these different ways to define a different business unit are going to be critical as we look at how to figure out if these are really viable I would say to develop a stronger infrastructure because this is the basis of any application in the future actually we can do that by greatly reducing the cost encouraging the sharing introducing the new mechanism for the spectrum resource and beyond that we are going to have a very exciting opportunity to develop different kind of applications and we will encourage an open mind for any technological innovation and business innovation and I do believe that with this kind of joint efforts we are going to have more and more applications which can really create value for consumers and the societies and in summary I would say I had two themes consistently from the panel one I would categorize as collaboration both from the sharing also your suggestions about regulation and shared use of infrastructure to the need for massive diversity of stakeholders involved in both business models and exploring ideas and looking at new formalized economies but new systems as well also collaboration and helping local developers learn more understand helping people coming online both have a good experience in how to use the phone but also how to be global citizens whether they are looking for work how to understand multiple cultures and overall that combination of innovation new ideas being open and being open to collaborative models to solve this problem across the broad spectrum of what being connected means everything from the broadband infrastructure up to the employment opportunities up to digital innovation thank you thank you