 Hello everyone, welcome back to a new session on dentistry and more. So today's topic is planning and evaluation. So evaluation will be dealt in the next session. So let's see what is planning. So planning is a decision about a course of action. So we have plans for everything in life. If you are studying, we keep a plan. So if we have a tour, so we keep a plan. So where to go first, what to do first and what priorities. So we keep a plan for everything in life. So this planning is about health programs is nowhere different from the plan we have. It is just a systematically put into steps. It is the same thing what we are doing in our daily lives. So we can easily relate this steps of planning and we can always use this steps of planning and it can be applied to our daily plans of our life, our studies or whatever it is. So planning is always important to avoid unnecessary wastage of time, money and resources. So it's better to have a plan before every action. So by definition, a plan is a decision about a course of action. So this is a planning cycle. So if a question of planning comes, you need to draw the cycle and later it has to be explained. If it is a long essay, it has to be explained by a step by step. It is a short essay, you can compress your data, not very much elaborate. You don't need to write for a short essay for four marks question or eight marks question. And sometimes if it comes for a long essay like you have to plan a oral health programs to control dental caries in a city. So that time you need to apply the concept into each steps and write and elaborate it. So let's see the steps of planning. So any plan will start with a problem. So the first step is identify the problem, then we need to conduct any assessment. That is nothing but we need to know what is actual problem. So problem is high caries in a city. So we need to know where, how, when it is starting. So how much it is distributed and what is the severity of disease. So for that purpose, we collect the data. So how do we collect data? We go to dot to do survey. So we ask questions to people. So we conduct survey in schools, cities. So wherever possible, we collect data. Then we analyze the data which we got from the survey. So after analyzing the data, we need to determine priorities. So this is a critical step. If you don't have priorities, we are wastage of time money resources will happen. So we need to think of a particular group where you are planning to apply your program. Otherwise it will go unaffected like and without any effect on actual population where it might need. So priorities like if you are planning for a health program or oral health program, always it should be school children or the high risk group where caries are very prone the teenagers rather than going for adult people. So we need to plan goals and objectives. So goal is like to reduce the caries experience in a city. Objectives like how we are achieving goal. So we can plan a fluoridation program. So we can keep a fluoride mouth rinse program, pit and fish or sealant programs, other education programs. So those are the objectives. Objectives are the measures. How do we achieve the goal? So always we should have the resources ready. So we need to find out the money, we need to find out the manpower and we need to find out the time. So if we have all the plans, we should always have a plan B or backup. Something goes with the manpower. Something goes with if some dentist or some people who were ready to join the program was backing off, so you need to have a backup plan. So always you need to have a plan B that is alternative strategy regarding money, manpower and time. So once you have all the plans in your mind, so with all the resources and constraints choose the best activity and implement it, then we need to monitor and evaluate. So always monitoring and evaluation without proper evaluation the program might fail and it will go in an ongoing phase, this will act like a cycle. So let's see what are the step by step procedures in planning cycle. So the first is planning. As we seen it is a systematic approach to define problems, setting priorities, developing goals and objectives, determining alternative strategies and method of implementation. This is just we have seen the previous slide. So why we are doing purpose of planning? Because to mask the limited resources with many problems because we won't have fund for a big group of people. So we need to limit the fund and to apply it the most demanding group. So to mask the limited resources with many problems, to eliminate the wasteful expenditure and to develop the best course of action to accomplish a defined objective. So in the broader sense we can say that planning is a formulation, execution and then evaluation. So this is steps in planning. We are conducting after identifying the problem, needs assessment, priorities, goals and objectives, resources and constraints, then implementation monitoring, evaluation and revision. So how do we conduct a needs assessment? So once the problem of tender carries is known, we need to know exactly what is the situation of that city. So we need to conduct needs assessment. If we don't have funds for conducting a survey, we can match with or we can take the data from the surveys which has already been done and other agencies who are doing the same research work or collecting the same data. If we don't have data, then we can go to the Department Health Department, we can get the data from there. So usually we collect data by using questionnaire, examination and personal interviews. So once we get started, we need to collect information regarding pattern and distribution, status of dental health programs, what are the programs currently happening in the cities, what are the policies of government, what are the funds, facilities, labor available and if we need preventive programs existing. So all this data we will get after the needs assessment. So then we need to, we are collecting data, then we need to analyze the data. So once we analyze the data, we will get a clear picture which group the problem is affected most and which is the least group with problem. So once we get this analysis of data, so data analysis is like we need to think about the number of workforce, the fund available and the problems distribution in which group in gender distribution, age distribution, regional distribution, urban, rural and class waste distribution of dental care is. So all things we need to procure from the data and regarding the water fluidization and regarding the workforce. So once we have all the data with analysis done, so we need to determine our priorities, priorities is like imposing people's values and judgments of what is important into the road data. So once we have the data, we need to think of a group or we need to think of a plan which will be most effective for the population. We cannot just execute our plan into all of the population because we don't have much funds, we won't have much funds for all the people. So that is what planning we do. We need to use the limited funds to address the many problems. So setting priorities among the problems. So we may have many problems like dental care is in many groups, younger groups, adult groups, teenage groups, pregnant women, such groups. So we need to set our priorities and throw the needs assessment and we need to rank the solution to problem. So which group or which problem should be addressed first and addressed at most severity. So that priority is always important in planning steps. So what are the factors we consider who needs the care most, this is affecting the large number of people and high risk groups. So once we have the priorities, we need to determine our goal and objectives. The goal is a broad statement like the reduction of dental caries in a society is a goal. But problem objectives are very specific because we need to tell that what we are going to achieve that goal of reduction of dental caries. So the measures to achieve goals are the objectives. So what we can do, we can conduct sealant programs, we can do the oral health examination and fluoride mothering program, fluoride tablets program and we can do the referral of students which require more treatment and we can do other oral health promotion programs. So all the programs are taking us to achieve the goal. So we need to keep a short term goal and a long term goal always if our problem is dental caries in a society. We are planning to reduce the DMFT from five to two. So currently it has five. So in a two year period we are planning to reduce the DMFT to two value two. So we need to have a short term plan that is after six months how it should be after one year how it should be and at the end of two years it should be to the DMFT value should be down from five to two. Then we need to think of so we have a plan in our mind. So we need to think of the resources and constraints. So resources are like money, manpower and time. So money we need to get for our equipments and supplies for the materials and the transportation and remuneration of the people who are involving it and the manpower, the dentist people and the NGO people and the voluntary workers. All we should arrange for this program for a longer period and the financial resources we can contact or NGO sponsors and other people. So all the resources we should keep it ready by keeping the objectives and goals in mind. So for reducing a DMFT five to two what should be the amount, how much pit and fissure sealants would be required, how much manpower would be required, the remuneration and how much glass and cement would be required. So all these things we should have an idea in mind then we should procure our resources and always think of constraints. So when we have resources we should think of appropriateness, whether it is matching our objectives, whether it is adequate, whether it is proper because we need to fill hundred teeth and we have very little amount of GSE it will not be adequate and whether our resources are effective and whether it is efficient. So all these things we should think of while taking resources and always we should think of constraints. We may have a lot of resources but sometimes we might not get the fund as we expected we might not obtain the people who had committed earlier they might back off from our project. So always constraints we should have in mind and to avoid these constraints we should have a plan B because we should have a backup plan for our funds if some NGO is not giving money at the last moment we should go for another NGO or another firm for getting sponsorship. So always we should have a plan B in our mind if plan is not working out we should think of plan B. So once the resources constraints and alternative strategies are ready we are going to implement our program. So the process of putting the plan into operation is referred to as implementation. So the best program is ready with us so we are going to implement this we are going to the school we are going to the society we are going to the community and do the treatment and taking the referrals to the dental colleges or the dental clinics and we are trying to reduce the DMFT from five to two over a period of two years. So it will be like weekly visit or monthly visit and other programs. So that is we are going to implement so always we should be clear about activities and so we should be responsible for all activity and the preparatory steps identify all the preparatory steps before doing that activity and check the missing steps and determine when each step should begin and end until the organization affected by the activities identify the potential problems and opportunities specify what resources will be needed specify what constraints and make sure all people are involved and know what is expected by when. So once it is going on we need to monitor it we need to evaluate and revise it because continuous surveillance of all activities is very much important for the success of that program. So monitoring and surveillance different monitoring is like person to person monitoring surveillance is like the camera which is available which is kept for the traffic rules they won't immediately react to your traffic violation the image will be captured but later you will get the notice from the traffic police but monitoring is like a invigilation happening at the examination hall there will be a person if you are doing any malpractice you will be caught at the right time or that the moment itself so that is monitoring and surveillance so we need to have monitoring and both surveillance so we need to know how well the program is meeting its objectives we should lead the program based on its objective we should not deviate from it and how well the individuals are doing their jobs and equipments whether it is functioning and appropriate adequate facilities are there or not. So let's summarize the whole process that is first we identify the problem that is the caries prevalence or high caries in the society so let's summarize the steps in planning cycle so first is to identify the problem that was the high caries prevalence of the society so we are conducting a needs assessment that is we are collecting the data and we are assessing the severity of the problem accessing in that community so how do we assess by collecting the data we conduct surveys examinations interviews or collected data from the already conducted reports of the government authorities or other NGOs so we analyze the data by analyzing the data we get to know that which groups are affected most and which is a group which is requiring the treatment and we and based on all these data we determine our priorities which group has to be addressed first so with all these in mind we develop our goals and objectives and activities call is nothing but a broad statement that is to reduce the DMFT from five to two over a period of two years and the objectives are the measures to achieve the goal that is through the oral health education through the right rinse program through sealant programs through referral programs or such programs to bring about the change of the MFT five to two so we need to have short-term and long-term goals and the activities what we are planning to keep in the program so after all these we need to think of the resources that is time resources and fund so what all fund we require and what all the manpower we require and the time so the same time we need to have a plan B that is based on the constraints so what are the constraints we might face the lack of funding lack of manpower so we need to have a backup plan so with all these we are going to think of a best plan for our program with resources and constraints in minds and we are going to implement it so once it is an implementation state so we are going to monitor and evaluate it so we can keep on change the program according to our evaluation and monitoring whether it is meeting its desired objectives or not so after evaluation we will go to the ongoing phase so this phase will be continued till the program ends so next video I will be explaining about the evaluation process the criteria of evaluation and the types of evaluation okay so that's all about the steps in planning it is very important question it might ask for the long assay short assay or short note so if it is a very long assay for 14 marks or 10 marks you need to explain each steps by keeping that same example in your mind reducing the dental care's prevalence if it is for mass question you can draw the picture anyway you have to draw the picture and write about one or two sentences in each step so I'll come up with the evaluation video next session thank you