 There's history here and here. There's history there. History is everywhere Before I delve into the records I Want to tell you what I'm going to cover Why the records were created? What was happening in China and the United States? Before the act was passed the dates that the act existed and who was exempt from the exclusion act and the paperwork it created and where to find the files and I'll show you lots of examples and at the very end. I'll show you a Case study from southern, Oregon, so there they'll be names and places that you might be familiar with purpose of the act was to limit the number of Chinese coming into the United States and Prevent the Chinese that were already here from being naturalized There were several things that led up to the Chinese coming to the United States The 19th century was very chaotic in China between 1802 and 1840 the population increased 300 million people to make it a total of 400 million China's Great Recession started in 1838 and lasted a century There were floods earthquakes fires and drought that brought further devastation to the country and there were several opium wars The Chinese government imposed high taxes on the peasant farmers and they were unable to pay the taxes and Lost their land and then they were unable to find employment in the industrial sector between 1840 and 1902 point five million Chinese left China for other parts of the world most of them Went to other places only a few went to California But they believed the stories about gold mountain and they heard about the gold rush So they came over to the United States in 1870 there were 34,000 Chinese in California This is a map of the region where most of the unskilled laborers came from in China It was called the Pearl River Delta the early Chinese immigrants before 1850 were usually well received in the United States. They were wealthy successful merchants and Skilled artisans and there weren't that many of them but After 1850 up the unskilled laborers started coming and they had low wages The Chinese had learned about the gold rush from labor brokers who distributed Circulars in port cities in China The poor peasants couldn't afford to pay their pass passage to California so There was something called labor contractors and these brokers would pay the passage and the immigrant had to pay the amount back plus extremely high rate of interest and so the Chinese thought they were coming over for a short time, but the Loans were so high with a high interest. They ended up staying longer than what they wanted to They worked in the gold mines and built the railroads and Eventually they went into canning in the timber industry and laundries and restaurants and small factories The Chinese would work in the the mining claims that the white miners had given up on and Because they worked so hard Everybody thought that they were accumulating a lot of gold so that produced a lot of resentment and they also took other jobs as cooks and peddlers and storekeepers and Which were usually The Caucasians didn't want or they were considered Too dirty or just they weren't interested in them So there were low wages. They were working for low wages and Resentment just kept building There was a demand for exclusion and once the gold was mined out and the railroads were built the economy got worse The Chinese could be pitted against and used to discipline white workers If the white workers went on strike for higher wages, the Chinese could be brought in for lower wages So using the Chinese laborers brought the wages down for the whites and the Chinese it was a way of holding the the white workers in check and resulted in more antagonism Ironically, it was an Irish a recent Irish immigrant who led the anti Chinese movement in San Francisco so there were boycotts and physical attacks and Social ostracism the unions required Union label for all their products and they wouldn't let the Chinese join the Union So that created more problems. There were anti Chinese pamphlets articles political cartoons essays and novels that were all advocating exclusion of Chinese immigrants and if anybody has ever looked at an early newspaper like from the 1800s from the 1880s or early 1900s it was You could say anything in the newspaper and they did it and it was pretty awful the things that they would say So finally in 1882 in May President Chester a. Arthur passed the Chinese Exclusion Act and it said severely curtailed Chinese immigration to the United States The act suspended immigration of Chinese laborers for ten years Permitted those Chinese in the United States as November 17th 1880 to stay travel abroad and return There was a special exemption for merchants teachers students and travelers But they needed a certificate from the Chinese government to prove their status The Exclusion Act was the nation's first law to ban immigration by race and National or nationality The law prohibited Chinese residents no matter how long they had worked here From becoming naturalized citizens. There were many laws after that that excluded more people but But I'm not going to go into those there's just too many of them So even after the act was passed there was violence and riots There was a massacre in Rock Springs, Wyoming and in Hell's Canyon, Oregon There were riots all over Washington State where the Chinese were and in Denver and Los Angeles almost any place where they had a Chinese population The act was only for ten years. So in 1892 when it expired They they passed the Geary Act and that extended the act for another ten years And it required Chinese aliens to register to carry a certificate of residence With them at all times under penalty of imprisonment or deportation The Chinese Americans challenged the constitutionality of the act But the US Supreme Court ruled that it was constitutional The act was renewed every ten years until 1943 so it was in effect for 61 years So I'm going to tell you about what's available at the National Archives in Seattle So these are going to be examples of things that are found in the file This is a certificate of residence and in 1892 with the Geary Act this started to be required It has the file number the name of the person his Application number for this certificate his age occupation physical description which included scars that a person could Kind he might look like somebody else, but if he had a scar That would really tell Identify who he was it would be hard to fake a scar and so that's the reason they did that and it was the form was signed by an Individual and dated and the place where the application was made Was noted on it too and his his photo This is an example of an early interrogation he it has hit the ship name and his name and the date and Where he was from the company that he worked for he was Living in butte Montana worked for a company there his age his height and It says he had no marks no scars and he did not speak English But he got a favorite report and it was signed by the inspector and dated This was before they had more formal interrogations as Each time the law was renewed It the it became stricter. They had more requirements This is a 1902 Purchase merchants partnership list they allowed Merchants to come in but they had to prove that they were merchants. This one tells All about him. He was a merchant in San Francisco and the name of the company and what they sold they had 28 partners and for a total investment of $70,000 and it tells how much each partner had invested and where that person was living Some of them live were in China and some of them were in San Francisco but the $70,000 is worth almost two million in today's dollars any person of Chinese Ancestry even if they were born in the United States was required to register When a person left the United States whether it was to go to Canada or China they had to register They needed to submit papers that would prove Who they were and the burden of proof was on the Chinese? person and They did it so that they could get back into the country. It was okay to leave But if they wanted to come back, they had to have this paperwork that it had been approved So as the every time the law was passed there was more paperwork created The they had the name age other names and we'll talk about other names later Physical description extended family information the place and date of birth They would ask them other questions about their wife their children the village and neighbors and Then there was a photo they could they took a photo before they left the country and then they would compare that to the person coming back in and even though it was a Very degrading thing that they were doing to these people at the files have a lot of genealogical information are Very valuable to the families They were interrogated every time they left and every time they came back and This is an example of a process of a file not every file would have this information in it but A lot of them do and I'm not going to go over all the things listed here just some of them This is a section of an affidavit by Jinji he he was a well-known businessman in Seattle, Washington and his nephew wanted to get his papers so his uncle testified for him and Gave the name of the applicant And the name of the person swearing the information their relationship his place of business and residence his nephew was living with him at the Company in Seattle, Washington, and he had lived there three years Chinnam sick was born in Eureka, Nevada in 1880 that's that was the nephew and that was before birth certificates in Nevada So he had to prove that he was a US citizen and they didn't have any birth certificates so that made it difficult for him and so he had several affidavits he had some by by white people and some By Chinese and since this man was one of the most well-known people in Seattle This affidavit was very valuable to him and the affidavit also told The name of his father and where his father was working. He was in butte, Montana and Then a couple years later he finally gets his discharge papers from the court and That was an official document that said they believed the information that he was a US citizen and and from those papers he could get a certificate of identity and I'm going to show you an example of that later on but It was a form that would have been a lot easier to carry around than pages and pages of a legal document but The discharge paper Also meant that he couldn't be arrested anymore for being in the United States It he was a citizen. He was okay and when It also says he was discharged from custody, which means he was in jail He he wasn't you know, they weren't just holding him someplace. He was in jail until this was proven Well, no, he not for two years, but I don't know when he started this process, but Probably a month or two Yeah So he left the country. I think five times his file covers five different times And this was one time when he was coming back. So He had to go through the Questioning every time he came back this tells the same information name age place of birth marital status it has the the status of his wife's feet if they were bound or natural and The number of times he was out of the United States and the number of children they wanted to make sure that the children's ages coincided with the times that he was in China and Also, they asked about the parents and siblings and what his business was and this is another Pre-investigation for he wanted to leave the country again So it says it's an application for an alleged born Chinese so even though he's Proven that he's a US citizen. He's still called an alleged citizen and it might just be legally's talk, but I think it's pretty offensive But there are also important numbers that I've highlighted here that his Certificate of identity and he has other numbers that could be important in trying to find his file later on This is a collage of the file the photos of him for 15 years His first photo he has His head was shaved in the front and he has the cue But he has he's wearing a suit and all of these pictures. He was born in the United States So he probably didn't wear the traditional Chinese suit But also the photographers would try to take people's pictures of them looking at their best Few women immigrated to the United States Because it was too costly to accompany their husbands and the men thought they were going to be gone for a short time It was supposed to be a temporary Situation and women of all classes were Regarded as inferior to men and were expected to remain home and take care of the the family and The US immigration laws discouraged wives from coming. They had rigorous interrogations and cross-examinations by US officials in China and If they made it through that process and came to the United States Then they would have to go through that process once they got to the United States So it was pretty hard and very discouraging for women to come over the US Had the laws because they were trying to prevent prostitutes from coming in but it was intimidating to all Chinese women and this was this is the ratio of males to females in 1816 it was 1860 it was 19 to 1 and by 1890 it was 27 to 1 So it was a bachelor society there was a lot of illegal immigration to sustain the population and so this created smuggling of people in and something called paper Suns and I'm going to talk about paper Suns in a couple minutes the merchants were allowed to come in under the Exclusion Act and a man had to prove that he was a merchant and he could bring in his wife and family and This generated more paperwork because he had to have a testimony and passport Testimony on the Chinese side and the US side he would usually have Caucasian business colleagues do testimony for him and partnership lists They'd like to interview Caucasians because they considered them more credible but the immigration The laws were very restrictive and they kept getting worse. So the Chinese found ways to get around the laws the smuggling in the paper Suns To be eligible for US citizenship Chinese person had to be born in the United States or be the child of a person born in the US The federal law allowed merchants to return to China to Who return to China to register children to come over to the United States? Men who were legally in the United States might sell their slot for entry So that an unrelated child could be sponsored for entry By 1900 there were only 6600 and some US born male citizens. So the Exclusion Act was working it there were fewer Chinese In the United States that were born here and then the 1906 Earthquake happened in San Francisco and that destroyed the vital records. So it created an opportunity For the Chinese to claim they were born in the United States all of a sudden everybody was born in San Francisco And so after a while the officials caught on to that, but it took a while This this is a flowchart that shows how it worked So they're if they were born in the US take a trip to China report that they fathered a child whether they did or not and and that created a slot and then They would prepare coaching Papers to help that person get in and then the they're a legitimate child or the paper child Good would come to the United States This is an example of a coaching document and it would have the answers to the questions that they Thought the authorities would ask it was usually based on what was asked when they left the country As far as they could remember, but sometimes they asked different questions and and the person didn't have the answer There are a few of these that are found in the files, but not very many because the the person Coming over would probably destroy them before they got to the the port so The only reason these would still be in the file would be somebody forgot something or maybe their Their trunk was confiscated or something and they found the information So but it's kind of exciting when we do find something like this And here's an example of discrepancies in the interrogations. It was very important they When they interviewed someone if they thought they might be lying they would Interview someone else in the family or a friend and they'd put them in a different room And then they'd ask them both the same questions So then they'd compare the answers if there were major discrepancies they could be sent back right away but this person These are I would consider minor Discrepancies, but there were a lot of them And plus all of these there were nine more in the file but they were all kind of like this kind of picky and So it was up to the interviewer to decide if these were important enough for to be to send the person back and this person made it through even though they had all these discrepancies and A lot of times they would ask for maps of the house or the village or both This is a map of a house and once again, they're drawing them maps in one room and somebody else in the other room They wanted to know where everybody slept where the clocks were in the house Where How many steps to the well things like that how many windows so things that we wouldn't even know about our house so No, and then they'd have maps of the villages that they would the interviewer would say who lives in the fourth house in the eighth row and They would have to know and know that person know the wife know the names of the children and They just asked all kinds of questions like that But these are great things to find in the files, especially for a descendant of The person that the file is for because they would know where the village was They would know what that person's house looked like and where they lived into in relationship To everybody else in the village So the typical Information in the file would be the port of arrival the date the vessel name the date admitted Rejected or deported the subjects name the place and date of birth physical Appearance occupation Names and relationships of other family members there might be a little family history in there and Photos the early files didn't have photos, but the later ones did and there are lots of interrogations the certificates of identity maps and Occasionally their birth marriage and death certificates later on when the their Chinese people started having children in the United States if they want to take those children back to China they could just produce the birth certificate and that was an easy way to prove that they were their children were US citizens and those documents are usually in the files, which is very nice and As far as marriage certificates, they wanted to make sure that the couple was married and So sometimes before they left China they would get a marriage certificate and It might not be for when they got married, but it would be an official marriage certificate that would be good enough proof and Then sometimes that when they came over to the United States They got married again in whatever state they were in just to make it easier That the authorities would believe the information that they had This is an example of a certificate of identity. It was about this big It was on sturdy paper. It had on the back of it It had the certificate number and it had Like an eagle it was Kind of like a dollar bill it had Different things on it so that it wasn't easy to make make a counterfeit copy of it and On the front it had a picture that was adhered to this Tough paper and it was something that they couldn't take off and put somebody else's picture on there But it had lots of information on it. It had his name age his height Hit his occupation and where he lived his exact address He lived this man lived in Boston He came in through Seattle, so he had a Seattle Case number, but then he left from Boston a few times So he also had some Boston numbers case numbers They weren't they were probably duplicates of most of the information that was in Seattle But if this was your ancestor it would be good to get all the files that all those numbers Find all the information you could on him so also it came with a Little case that it would fit in and it was also made of the same material It was very sturdy and the person needed to carry it around with him He could keep it in with his his suitcase Back at the dormitory or wherever he was living But he needed to have it handy in case the authorities asked to see it Well, there are many important numbers in the case file. So if someone's looking for Information these these numbers could help find the file Port arrival numbers and the court case numbers and certificate of residence or identity and Sometimes there is an alien registration number and the names the Chinese the traditional Chinese Names are the surname is first and then the first name and then the middle name and When they got married they had the same surname but they had a different first name and middle name sometimes they drop the Sir name and just went by those other two names If it was a young person or someone who wasn't married sometimes they would go by their school name and It was a lot like Native American names that they had names for different stages in their life They also could have aliases they could have Americanized names like Charlie Chin and If you're looking for a file, it's important to give all of those names Because the spelling Can be different even on one page of the file they might Spell the name differently and if anybody does genealogy You know that you have to be creative with spelling that a lot of times was ever taking down the information Will write it phonetically So it's it's even harder with the the Chinese names but One of the inspectors got frustrated with the names So he had this written up. He said He found that the names ham home and home were easily interchangeable with Tam Tom and Tom and that you and you were spelled differently, but they were the same person and he was Frustrated enough that he had this typed up and put it in a file that nobody else was going to see so I don't know why you did that But it made it fun for us Who were indexing the file This was is the last page in the file and it's the reference sheet some of the files don't have any information on this but this one is great because it has the Name and file number for his father his wife six sons and three daughters so you have the file number the name and the Relationship and you can look for those other files with those file numbers It doesn't tell you the city where the files were but if you found this file in Seattle you'd look in Seattle first for the other files one of them the last number is totally different than The rest so it might be in a different city This is a collage of the man that we've been talking about and it's for 30 years so the first four are he has his Chinese suit on and he and the first one he has his shaved head and the queue and then he has American style haircut and then it just then the last two he has his suit on and that just shows him aging 30 years and You know if that was your ancestor it would be a wonderful document to have Occasionally there are Caucasians in the file, but they're usually You know customs officers the the interrogators people like that Stenographers and they could be witnesses. There's more likely to be in more information if they were a witness And I've even seen pictures of Caucasian witnesses in the file, but it's rare They're they're usually not indexed so if if your Family if you knew they had a close relationship with a Chinese family and You knew the name of that family You might want to look in that file to see if they were a witness for them But it would be the looking for a needle in the haystack. So you'd have to be really motivated to do that so finally in 1943 President Roosevelt repeal the Exclusion Act and It was 1943 where it was during World War two and China and the United States were allies So it was an important thing for him to do and Kind of amazing that it took so long But when the law was repealed it meant that foreign born born Chinese had the right to become naturalized the ones in the United States and Native-born Chinese no longer had to register to leave the country But there was a more restrictive quota on the Chinese Early on it was only a hundred and five people. It was based on it was a percentage of how many Chinese were in the United States and it that restrictive quota stayed that way until 1965 when the immigration act of 1965 repealed and the National Archives puts out this Publication and it's in the handout. It's a PDF file that you can download But it tells all about the the history of the act and where the files are around the United States So the records that I've been telling you about are in record group 85 for immigration and naturalization But there are Chinese immigration records and other record groups, okay This is where the files are located. So most of them are in San Francisco San Bruno outside of San Francisco and then Seattle has the next most it's almost a little over half as many and then New York City and Boston area and then Southern California and then there are also Files in the other National Archives facilities Chicago Denver Dallas That but not very many because it's fewer than than these So to find the files They had to be in the United States before 1945 or they wouldn't have a file so and Then you would search by the names and the port arrivals. So as I was saying if they came into Seattle and and they lived in San Francisco, you would still look in Seattle So and for most of the people in Oregon they came in through San Francisco they came early and they came through San Francisco and then came up to Oregon And so the numbers are important for port arrivals and the court case numbers the numbers that we talked about before and the residents and identity numbers and any information you have really it could be siblings or friends anything that you know about the person and the best thing to do is to contact the Archivist at the National Archives near the port of entry and if you don't know the port of entry just Gas and start somewhere and they will send you on to wherever you should go, you know, and it might take a while and Depending on if the person came in real early. There's probably not a lot of information. They really don't There's not a lot in there until about 1898 I'm going to talk about a local case. This is Toy Gao Fook and I'm gonna mostly call him Toy Gao This is a photo of him in 1907 He testified that he was 20 years old and that he was born in Klamath Falls That his father was toy key and his mother was Lee Lane His father was dead and his mother was living in China He was applying to visit his mother in China and he wanted to return to the United States So he also gave a sworn statement the same day that said he was born in January 1887 and In Jacksonville Jackson County, so in the same day he said he was born in two different places But that could have been you know, it's hard to tell he could have misunderstood what the person was asking or But that kind of sets a red flag up for the interrogators So he needed Affidavits to prove his identity before he could leave the United States So he got Nathan Langel from Klamath Falls Who is a resident of Klamath Falls from 1864 to 1904 and he swore in an affidavit that he had known the applicant's father in Jacksonville And then he knew the family for 20 years and he thought that toy gau was about 20 years old and Then Wong Ying also sworn in affidavit. He said that he came to the United States in 1859 and went to Jackson County in 1860 he worked in the mines for over 40 years and he was there when toy gau was born about 20 years ago So this is an aside from that, but if you were looking for Wong wing Ying and there wasn't a file on him if you Found this affidavit. You would have a lot of information on him There were also there was a letter of recommendation from all these people Residents local residents that said that he was a man of good habits industrious and trustworthy and Then another man Robert Dunlap who was at the Oregon soldiers home Swore that he was a resident of Jacksonville between 1854 and 1904 and he knew toy gau's family his parents That he saw the boy from infancy until he was about 12 years old and Based on that info information from all of those affidavits Toy gau gau was able to get his certificate of identity So with that certificate of identity he was confident that he could Leave the United States and come back and be accepted when he came back That is of the Oregon Soldiers home in Roseburg and that's where the Robert Dunlap was living when he and he was almost 80 years old when he testified So toy gau went to China. This is a picture of the ship that he went on. It was the Empress of China he left in 1907 October 1907 and came back in September of 1908 he he could only be gone for one year. So he was examined when he came back He arrived in Vancouver, BC and then took a train to Sumas, Washington, and that's where he was interviewed So in his interview there was the inspector a Chinese interpreter and a stenographer And in his testimony he said that he had lived in all these different places around southern Oregon He tested Testified that he was married and that his married name was Hong Yim and But people talk called him toy gau He was born in Jacksonville and lived there for five years before moving to Medford and Then he was in Ashland for two years and then Fort Klamath for two years And then Klamath Falls for eight to nine years He was a cook for the government surveyors and for George Pawn Chinaman and mr. Macmillan so in He was held in the detention center when they were interviewing people for some reason they Decided to re-interview people they weren't sure he he was who he said he was and that the file does not say Why they decided to go through this process again, but the inspector Interviewed seven people on on this this list. So quite a few people Dunlap who was in the soldiers home had died in that year. So they couldn't interview him But they interviewed Langell who was actively preparing the case for him And he secured all the information from the white witnesses He said he lost track of the alleged native until he was requested By the applicant to prepare the affidavits Alleging him to be a native-born citizen Langell had not seen the applicant since he was very young and he mistakenly called him toy food several times so that you know made the authorities wonder too and Then so they interviewed him again in October and he said that he had known the boy Many years ago when he was young and that he thought he recognized him in Klamath Falls So they had a conversation and and that toy gow reminded him of who he was and that he had known him in Jacksonville And so he kept running into him all the time and he felt like he knew him and that he remembered him from From when he was a boy They also interviewed Yi Lange who Said he was not the identical Chinaman that he knew he knew toy key the father and He had a son toy fuck and he's he thought that Toy key son was older than this man who was saying toy gow who was saying he was toy key son But Yi Lange said that toy fuck had a wife and they were living near Portland And he said the person in the photo was Was toy gow and not toy fuck The Chinese inspector looked for toy Fook in Portland, but he couldn't find him so Yi Lange gave more information He said that he knew toy gow's father was really toy Toy a lung and that he was born and kept or buried in California And that toy gow had offered him a hundred dollars to dig up his father's remains So they could be sent to China Yi Lange stated that toy key was a different person and he was buried in China So next they found two classmates that knew toy key Or toy fuck They interviewed Christian Joseph Kenny and he said he was a native of Jacksonville and still lived there He was 25 years old He attended public school in Jacksonville and he remembered toy fuck and his his younger sister Toy fuck could speak understand and write English as well as any of the other students And he was very bright. He left Jacksonville when he was 10 or 12 years old and Toy Kenny Said that toy fuck went to Portland and then to San Francisco He didn't recognize the photo of toy gow and he said I believe the boy Toy fuck that I knew in Jacksonville was better looking than this party in the photograph, so Ernest Elliott also testified he said he was 30 years old the resident of Jacksonville from 1888 to 1897 he remembered the toy key family as a man wife and son and daughter He remembered toy fuck. He had a reputation of being the best English penman in the school. He moved when he was 12 or 13 to Ashland and then Eureka and Then and he's been living in Portland for the last six or seven years he was a foreman at a cannery gang in Alaska and Worked there in the summer and returned to Portland in the fall And about 1905 or 1906 he married a white woman in Portland And she was a widow with a little girl and they lived in Portland at 17th and Overton or Johnson Street Elliott visited with them once or twice a year And he stated positively that the the papers of toy gow He was not the son of the Chinaman who ran a store and laundry in Jacksonville and He said there was only one boy and one girl in toy keys family So next they found toy books teacher Mrs. Charles Moore was living in Baker City, Oregon and she testified that she was the daughter of Washington, Newberry and Formerly resided in Jacksonville. She was known as Miss Hattie, Newberry when she taught public school there from 1884 to 1992 Toy hook was her only Chinese student He was a bright pupil and the best pupil she had in penmanship. He had a little sister called Sook and The last time she saw him was he was close to ten years old She said that he would like to bring her presence. He brought her a Shawl that was had fringe all around it and a red handkerchief and Toy Hook's father Kepa store in Jacksonville and about 1896 her brother Gus, Newberry told her that toy had come by their house and asked about her and That he said that he had just gotten back from China So there are more affidavits in October of 1908 so his file is getting bigger and bigger With all these affidavits so Luke Lee gay who was about 54 or 55 and lived in Medford Said that he came before the railroad was built and he was a cook for Dr. Linton and and Medford he recognized the photo of toy gal From his certificate. He had met toy gal six or seven years ago When gal was a dishwasher in Grant's Pass and he knew him as gal and he knew his father was toy a Lung who had died in California and was buried there He also knew toy. Fuck and said that he was born in Jacksonville and went to Portland and married a white woman and He did not know if toy gal and toy. Fuck were brothers He laying alias Jim Ling alias Bo while long Testified that he was a merchant and a member of the Bo Bo while lung company in Ashland and he lived in the country for about 30 years He knew toy key when he first came to Jacksonville from California And he said he had three children two boys and one girl One boy was born in California and never came to Jacksonville The other boy and girl were born in Jacksonville The boy toy. Fuck was toy. Fuck and he first met toy gal in Ashland six or seven years ago, and he was definitely not toy. Fuck So there was also an affidavit from long walk Okay, also also known as wachung who was a merchant and a member of the wachung company of Ashland He had lived in the county for about 25 years. He knew toy key in Jacksonville and He knew that he had a son. You know, he last saw the boy in Jacksonville and he was about six years old So about ten years ago a Chinaman about 16 years old came to his store in Ashland and told him that he was toy Fuck the son of toy key wachung believed the story at the time But now he didn't know if this boy was really the son of toy key It was really hard for these people to testify because they hadn't seen these People since they were children and then they grew up and looked a lot different and yet they were expected to testify and it it was very important for both parties for the US Parties and for the Chinese for them to get it right so they finally found the real toy Fuck who was now going as George Key and he was in Portland and He had his certificate of residence that he he showed them and he told him about his family He said there were he said there were two boys and one girl and that his brother's name was toy Hing and That his sister named his sister's name was nook. So that was close to what the teacher thought She thought it was sick So that that's pretty close But his brother was older and he was born in Pasadena toy gau said that he was Was born in 1887 in Oregon and that would have made him nine years younger So it's he couldn't have been the the brother So George Key testified that he went to school in Jacksonville and that his teacher was Miss Newberry and that he knew this long list of people here and And that his father was very well known too and He couldn't remember some of the the Chinese people that had testified for him And he didn't recognize the photo of toy gau at all. He didn't know who he was and When he was interviewed in Portland It was the first he knew that someone was saying that he was they were his brother He hadn't heard anything about it before He said he went back to China with his father and mother and sister through San Francisco sometime around 1890 and And that his father died in China and then he stayed in China for a couple years And then he came back through San Francisco with an uncle, but he didn't name the uncle so the conclusion was That the by the inspector that the testimony of Kenny and Elliot who were the classmates that they it was conclusive to the identity of the real son of toy key and Elliot also provided The clue of the the address of toy key in Portland and the conclusion from the testimony of the Chinese people was that Mr. Langel's information was ill-informed Benson and Warden based their knowledge on the information that was supplied to imply Langel so the information was not valuable or enlightening but the Chinese testimony was important and And it helped them figure out who the real Toy cow toy fuck was So the inspector said that toy cow fuck was an imposter So after two months in the detention center in Sumas toy cow fuck was denied Denied admission to into the United States, but he was given the right to appeal But he decided to return to China that he didn't he knew he didn't have a chance of getting him so the questions I have are How did toy cow plan this deception by himself did he have any help I mean it just seems like He knew a lot of information about a lot of people It's just hard to know how he got it, and I don't think there's any way of ever knowing